四川攀枝花商业块菌种类及印度块菌共生宿主植物范围研究

2005年-2008年间,在攀枝花盐边县和爱乡采用线路踏查和样方调查,共计调查7条样线,52个样方;采集的块菌和菌根样品,在室内对云南松、华山松、板栗等疑似宿主植物进行了接种试验,并采用显微镜检测.结果表明:攀枝花主要的商业块菌种类是印度块菌、假凹陷块菌.共生宿主植物范围包含云南松、华山松、板栗、滇榛等.     

块菌的感染接种与块菌林营建技术初报

对槲栎(Quercus aliena)、白栎(Q．fabri)、青岗栎(Cyclobatanopsis glauca)、小叶青岗(C．myrisinalefolia)、云山青岗(C．Nubium)、青皮青冈(C.gilva)、云贵鹅耳枥(Carpinus pubescens)、云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)等进行了块菌的感染接种试验，块菌的接种成功率除云南松略低(80％)，其它的均很高，达90％以上。接种成功的关键在于介质的配比及消毒杀菌；而块菌林能否形成块菌子实体的关键是栽植地的选择及土壤改良，土壤的pH值要求在7．6以上；在块菌林的生长过程中对土壤养分进行动态监测，了解菌根菌的变化。     

块菌研究及我省开发利用块菌资源前景展望

根据有关资料，对我国已知块菌的种类、生境、菌根合成、促生抗病功能以及营养成分等调查研究情况作了简要介绍，并结合贵州的自然条件和造林任务，就贵州开发利用块菌自然资源的重要性和可能性进行了论述。     

禄丰县中村乡块菌资源市场化利用的调查研究

在调查研究禄丰县中村乡的块菌资源概况、村民参与块菌开发利用的程度、市场流通过程与形式等块菌的市场化现状的基础上，提出以市场为导向，探索协调块菌资源利用与保护间的矛盾的措施。     

中华块菌综合开发技术

中华块菌综合开发技术属我国特产块菌种类的深加工系列技术领域。其产品“中华块菌油”、“油制中华块菌”、“中华块菌酱”都是以优质食用植物油和中国块菌或印度块菌为主要原料,经过传统的干炸等工艺制成;“醋制中华块菌”、“中华块菌醋”则是以优质食醋和中国块菌或印度块菌为主要原料,经过传统的煮制等工艺制成。另外,“油制中华块菌”、“中华块菌酱”、“醋制中华块菌”分装后,还需用罐头生产技术,经排气、密封、杀菌处理。这五种产品主要用于出口创汇。     

黑孢块菌、夏块菌菌根苗培育及菌根检测技术研究

本文研究了黑孢块菌和夏块菌的云南松菌根苗培育技术和检测技术,分别介绍了黑孢块菌和夏块菌菌根苗的培育方法及其宏观和显微特征.     

祁连山北麓开发菌根性食用菌探析

菌根性食用菌为山林珍品,经济价值高。调查发现,祁连山北麓民乐县境内有野生白色块菌、乳牛肝菌、乳菇等多种菌根菌自然生长。两种乳牛肝菌无意识半人工栽培成功实例表明,当地适宜菌根性食用菌栽培。设想选用本地树种和真菌资源,在祁连山北麓营造食用菌林,开展菌根性食用菌的半人工栽培,林菌并举,以推进祁连山生态保护和当地乡村经济发展。     

Growth Analysis ＆ Model of Larix gmelinii Plantation

以黑龙江省拜泉县为试验点，对兴安落叶松人工林的生长及生长模型进行研究，目的在于确定它的适宜生长环境、生长高峰期及生长规律，使林木在最有价值期获得管护。结果表明，兴安落叶松人工林适合阴坡湿润的环境，5-10年为生长高峰，材积平均生长量采用V=a＋b1A＋b2A2模型。     

红壳竹适生环境调查与分析

红壳竹为我国优良的笋、材两用竹种，有着比较广泛的适应性，它集中分布在安徽东南部和浙江西北部，其中广德县是其中心产区。通过对广德县现有红壳竹林的分布及其不同生境中成林和新造竹林的生长表现以及林分质量的调查分析，初步得出红壳竹在其适宜的气候区内，地形、坡向、不同母岩或母质所发育的土壤对其生长发育影响很大，其生长环境可以划成3种类型，即适宜生长环境、一般生长环境、不适生长环境，从而为自然条件大体相同地区扩大栽培提供参考依据。     

贵州雷公山2种块菌属外生菌根的形态学与分子生物学研究

【目的】块菌是一类经济价值极高的食用菌,通过研究贵州雷公山地区2种块菌属外生菌根的形态学及分子生物学特征,确定其分类学地位,丰富我国块菌资源。【方法】以采自贵州雷公山国家级自然保护区的2种块菌属外生菌根为实验材料,分别运用形态学和分子生物学方法进行物种鉴定。外生菌根形态类型的研究从形态学、解剖学两方面展开,对2种外生菌根的形态进行详细描述,依据菌根图鉴,对2种类型的外生菌根从菌根颜色、菌根的外部形态、菌根的菌套表面结构及菌根的内部解剖结构等特征进行归纳总结。采用CTAB法对2个块菌属的外生菌根类型进行提取基因组DNA,采用引物ITS1F、ITS4,对所提取的DNA进行PCR,在此基础上针对rDNA的ITS区段的碱基序列进行测定,所测序列与GenBank数据库中所提交的序列信息予以比对,采用Mega7.0软件,对所测序列与比对序列构建系统进化树,分析其进化关系并确定2种块菌属外生菌根的进化地位。【结果】从形态和解剖结构特征来看,这2种类型的外生菌根都具有块菌属外生菌根的形态特征。2种类型的外生菌根的颜色均比较浅,为黄色和褐色,分支较少,外层菌套为拟薄壁组织,菌丝稀少,均无根状菌索,无囊状体,无菌核。分子生物学进化分析表明,T1、T2两菌株与印度块菌Tuber indicum聚为一支,T1与印度块菌支持率较高,为96%,但T2与印度块菌的支持率相对较低,仅为60%。【结论】T1为印度块菌属外生菌根,T2为块菌属的一种。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.