花生含油量的遗传基础与QTL定位研究进展

花生是我国重要的油料作物,含油量是花生重要的品质性状和育种目标。花生含油量每提高1个百分点,相当于增产2个百分点,油脂加工利润可提高7个百分点。培育高油高产花生品种是增加食用油供给和保障食用油供给安全的重要途径。本文概述了花生含油量表型鉴定的4种常用方法;阐述了花生含油量的遗传特性是多基因控制的数量性状,即受加性效应和显性效应的影响,也存在基因型和环境互作;总结了已报道的含油量QTL 124个,表型变异解释率超过10%的主效位点有36个,分布在A03、A05和A08上的8个主效QTL可重复检测到;构建了一张花生含油量的一致性遗传图谱, A08染色体上33.59～50.24 Mb为热点区间;介绍了油脂合成及调控相关基因等方面的研究进展,以期为花生含油量遗传改良和高油品种培育提供理论指导。     

花生4种重要病害抗性育种研究进展

花生是中国重要的油料作物、经济作物和食用作物,叶斑病、锈病、青枯病和黄曲霉病是花生生产上的4种重要病害,严重制约着中国花生产业的发展。本研究对这4种重要病害发生和危害、抗性资源筛选鉴定和遗传改良、抗性基因挖掘和应用等方面的最新研究进展进行总结,提出了这4种重要病害抗性育种中存在的问题：(1)抗性品种抗源狭窄;(2)抗性与不良性状连锁;(3)辅助育种分子标记缺乏,并展望了这4种重要病害的抗性育种的研究方向,以期为花生叶斑病、锈病、青枯病和黄曲霉病抗性育种提供参考。     

花生品种同害抗性鉴定

花生叶斑病及病毒病是花生常发性病害，筛选推广抗病品种是防治的有效途径，经对15个化生品种进行抗性鉴定表明，珍珠豆型花生对焦斑病、黑斑病抗性较好，但对网斑病抗性较差；中间型、普通型花生对网斑病抗性较好，但对焦斑病、黑斑病抗性较差。     

花生籽仁抗黄曲霉菌生理生化机制研究进展

花生是最易受黄曲霉菌侵染的作物之一。为进一步阐述花生籽仁抗黄曲霉侵染的生理生化机制,前人已从受黄曲霉侵染的花生籽仁中分离提取出多种能直接抑制黄曲霉生长或分生孢子形成的物质。本文综述了花生籽仁中发现的抗黄曲霉物质及花生籽仁受黄曲霉侵染后酶活性的变化。目前花生籽仁中发现的抗黄曲霉物质从成分上可以分为多酚类物质和抗菌蛋白。同时,研究指出苯丙烷类代谢通路及活性氧代谢通路可能参与花生抵抗黄曲霉侵染、定殖及产毒的过程。近年来,随着多组学技术的发展,更多具有抗黄曲霉活性的物质将被发现和验证,以发掘更多抗黄曲霉花生种质资源及基因资源。     

犬SLAM基因真核表达载体的构建及Vero细胞系转染的研究

为了研究犬瘟热病毒细胞受体SLAM基因的特性和功能。将基因SLAM克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)上,构建真核表达载体pCDNA3.1/SLAM,重组质粒纯化后应用脂质体2000转染到Vero细胞中,通过RT-PCR和免疫印迹方法检测犬SLAM基因在Vero细胞中的转录和表达情况。结果表明：成功构建了表达SLAM基因的真核表达载体,RT-PCR和免疫印迹显示SLAM基因获得表达;pcDNA3.1/SLAM载体的构建为研究犬SLAM基因在Vero细胞中的稳定表达奠定了基础。     

重金属对8种园林植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

选择8种常见园林草本植物（黑麦草、高羊茅、早熟禾、剪股颖、狗牙根、金鸡菊、白三叶、非洲凤仙）的种子,分别设置不同浓度梯度,利用水培方法,研究重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd胁迫对植物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,重金属胁迫对园林草本植物种子的发芽和生长的影响因重金属及植物种类而异。Zn、Pb除对白三叶种子萌发有显著抑制作用,对其他7种植物均有促进作用,Cu、Cd对8种植物的种子萌发则以抑制为主。Zn、Pb对植物幼苗的生长具有不同程度的促进作用;Cd促进早熟禾、金鸡菊、狗牙根和剪股颖的苗生长,但会抑制其他4种植物幼苗的生长;4种金属中Cu毒性最强,对植物幼苗生长均以抑制作用为主,低浓度时就会出现“无根苗”现象。 Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd对植物根系生长均表现出强烈的抑制作用。     

富硒（Se）大豆肽胶囊的制备及其溶出度的测定

根据富硒大豆肽吸湿性和流动性的特点,应添加辅料改善其特性。通过对4种辅料的选择,确定CMC为添加辅料,其适宜添加比例为1:4。然后通过制粒、整粒等工序装入胶囊。最后对富硒大豆肽胶囊的溶出特性进行研究,前30min时其溶出速度较快,溶出度已达90%左右。溶出参数T50=14.72min和Td=18.93min。     

BVDV基因E0在人参发根的转化及其分子检测

将重组鹿源BVDV基因E0植物表达载体（pBI121/E0）,通过发根农杆菌Ri介导,用叶盘法转化得到人参发根,分别用PCR、RT-PCR检测其转化情况。结果表明：获得了转鹿源BVDV基因E0人参发根,鹿源BVDV基因E0已整合到人参发根基因组中并得到了转录,为研制转基因人参发根疫苗提供了科学依据和材料。     

The probable genome donors to Arachis hypogaea L. based on arachin seed storage protein

Summary Interrelationships among six diploid species (A. chacoense, A. villosulicarpa, A. batizocoi, A. correntina, A. duranensis and A. cardenasii), tetraploid wild groundnut A. monticola and four accessions of A. hypogaea were studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of total seed proteins and arachin immunoprecipitates. Arachin in A. monticola and A. hypogaea cv. Trombay Groundnut 9 (TG-9) was composed of four acidic subunits (47.5 kd, 45.1 kd, 42.6 kd and 41.2 kd) and one major basic subunit (21.4 kd). The arachin subunit pattern in cv. Spanish Improved (SP) and TG-1 was almost similar to the pattern observed in A. monticola with the exception that the SP lacked the 41.2 kd and TG-1 lacked the 42.6 kd acidic subunits of A. monticola. Seed extracts of all diploid species studied reacted with the anti-arachin antibodies raised against SP arachin. The electrophoretic analysis of immunoprecipitates of diploid species showed a range of acidic subunits from 46.2 kd to 41.2 kd and one or two basic subunits of 21.4 kd and 20.2 kd. None of the diploid species showed the 47.5 kd subunit found in A. monticola or A. hypogaea. Of the diploid species, A. duranensis and A. cardenasii demonstrated two acidic subunits of 45.1 kd and 41.2 kd and a basic subunit of 21.4 kd as found in A. monticola. Likewise A. batizocoi showed two acidic subunits of 45.1 kd and 42.6 kd and the basic subunit of 21.4 kd as was observed in A. monticola. Based on electrophoretic data, our research supports the earlier conclusion that the probable genome donors to A. monticola are A. batizocoi and A. duranensis or A. cardenasii.     

花生种子休眠解除过程中相关基因的表达分析

种子休眠性是花生重要的农艺性状,外源乙烯利能诱导花生种子休眠的解除,为了阐明乙烯利作用下花生种子休眠解除的分子机制,设置吸胀的休眠种子为对照,100 mg L–1乙烯利处理吸胀休眠种子后不同时间的样品(AE1、AE2、AE3)进行转录组分析,比较了花生种子休眠解除过程中ABA、GA、ETH、auxin相关基因的表达。结果表明,15个与GA、40个与ABA、60个与ETH、56个与auxin相关的unigenes在花生种子休眠解除过程中表现显著差异表达。荧光定量PCR结果显示,ABA合成关键基因Ah NCED2和代谢关键基因Ah CYP707A1在种子休眠解除过程中均受外源乙烯利诱导,表达差异显著;在休眠和无休眠种子吸胀萌发过程中,Ah NCED2和Ah CYP707A1的表达趋势不同,Ah NCED2对于种子休眠的维持发挥积极作用,而Ah CYP707A1对于种子休眠解除发挥积极作用。     

Analysis of diallel cross for some physical-quality traits in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

The combining abilities for physical-quality traits in peanut were examined to understand the type of gene action governing these traits, and to identify peanut genotypes suitable for use as parents in breeding for quality improvement. The F₁ hybrids including reciprocals from a six-parent diallel cross along with the parents were evaluated in a randomised complete block design. Data were recorded on five quality traits in peanut viz., shelling outturn, 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, Count and proportion of sound mature seeds. Substantial genetic variability was observed among the hybrids for the traits studied. Diallel analysis indicated that expression of majority of the quality traits is regulated predominantly by additive gene action suggesting possibility of early-generation selection, while non-additive gene action also plays an equally important role in the control of seed size. Significant reciprocal effect for all the traits denoted role of maternal parent in the expression of quality traits and importance of parental selection in quality breeding. Genotypes ICGV 86564 and TPG 41 were good combiners for seed size, while J 11 was a good combiner for improvement of shelling outturn and proportion of mature seeds. Association between general combining ability (GCA) effects and mean performance suggested that the performance per se of the genotype should be a good indicator of its ability to transmit the desirable quality attributes to its progenies. Though performance of crosses was found to be independent of parental GCA status, it is evident that at least one of the parents used in hybridisation should have large pods and seeds for obtaining better segregants.     

Identification and inheritance of male sterility in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Summary Some plants without pods but with gynophores were observed in two F₄ progenies of two crosses of goundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The flowers on these plants had translucent white anthers with no or a few sterile pollen grains. Three such plants in the succeeding generation were hand pollinated with pollen from a short-duration Indian cv. JL 24. The resulting F₁ hybrid plants (male sterile x JL 24) were normal. Chi-square tests for segregation for male fertile and male sterile plants in F₂ and F₃ generations indicated that the male sterility in these crosses of groundnut is governed by two recessive genes. We designate these genes as ms₁ and ms₂ with ms₁ms₁ms₂ms₂ being a male sterile genotype.Submitted as ICRISAT J. A. No. 1812.     

Inheritance of two components of early maturity in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Summary Knowledge of inheritance of early maturity or its components is important to groundnut breeders in developing short-duration cultivars. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of two components of early maturity: days to first flower from sowing, and days to accumulation of 25 flowers from the appearance of first flower, using three groundnut genotypes. Two early-maturing (Chico and Gangapuri) and one late-maturing (M 13) genotypes were crossed in all possible combinations, including reciprocals. The parents, F₁, F₂, F₃, and backcross populations were evaluated for days to first flower from sowing, and for days to accumulation of 25 flowers. The data suggest that days to first flower in the crosses studied is governed by a single gene with additive gene action. Chico and Gangapuri possess the same allele for this component of earliness. Three independent genes with complete dominance at each locus appear to control the days to accumulation of 25 flowers. In crosses between late (M 13) and early (Chico or Gangapuri) parents, a segregation pattern suggesting dominant-recessive epistasis (13 late:3 early) was observed for this component. Segregation in the F₂ generation (1 late:15 early) of both early parents (Chico x Gangapuri) indicated that the genes for early accumulation of flowers in these two parents are at different loci.Submitted as ICRISAT J.A. No. 1557.     

Genetics of nonnodulation in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Studies with single and mixed Rhizobium strains

Summary Genetic studies of nonnodulation in groundnut were carried out in a cross, NC 17×PI 259747, with a single Rhizobium strain, NC 92, and a native Rhizobium population.The normal nodulation of the parents, F₁ generations and backcross progenies, and the F₂ segregation for nodulation and nonnodulation confirmed that nonnodulation in groundnut is controlled by two duplicate recessive genes.Approved ICRISAT Journal Article No. 211.     

The role of mutations in intraspecific differentiation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Summary Based on morphological diversity, cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is classified into two subspecies (fastigiata and hypogaea) and further into four botanical types (Spanish bunch, Valencia, Virginia bunch and Virginia runner). In a cross between two Spanish cultivars belonging to ssp. fastigiata, a true breeding variant (Dharwad early runner) sharing some characters of both the subspecies was isolated. The variant, on mutagenesis with ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) yielded a very high frequency of mutants resembling all four botanical types. Some of the mutants produced germinal reversions to Dharwad early runner in later generations indicating genetic instability. While most of the revertants bred true, some of the mutants continued to segregate, wherein each botanical group of mutants produced all other botanical types. A detailed analysis of the breeding behaviour of mutants revealed several unusual features (such as homozygous mutations, mutation outbursts, segregation distortions, somatic mutations and multiple character mutations) that could not be explained through conventional mutation theory. In the light of these findings, the role of mutations in evolutionary differentiation of the crop and the probable mode of their origin have been discussed.     

铅胁迫对3种豆类作物生理特性的影响

为了研究不同梯度铅污染对3种豆类作物生理特性的影响,了解3种豆类作物之间对Pb抗性的比较,通过温室盆栽实验,测定6种Pb2+处理浓度（0 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、500 mg/kg、1000 mg/kg、2000 mg/kg和3000 mg/kg）下3种豆类作物豌豆(Pisu sativum L.)、麦黑豆(Glycinemax (L.) merr.)和黑芸豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)的叶绿素含量和脯氨酸含量等生理指标。结果表明,低浓度Pb2+(≤1000 mg/kg)对3种作物的总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a含量有促进作用,而高浓度Pb2+（2000 mg/kg和3000 mg/kg）对麦黑豆的总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a含量及豌豆的叶绿素a含量有抑制作用,对黑芸豆的总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a含量及豌豆的总叶绿素含量则没有明显的抑制作用;黑芸豆的叶绿素b含量在100~3000 mg/kg Pb浓度下有促进作用,而豌豆和麦黑豆的叶绿素b含量在一定浓度（1000 mg/kg和100 mg/kg）下有促进作/用;麦黑豆叶绿素a/b值在100~3000 mg/kg Pb浓度胁迫下没有明显变化。3种作物脯氨酸含量与土壤中铅含量呈显著相关,随Pb2+浓度的升高,麦黑豆的脯氨酸含量增高,黑芸豆的脯氨酸含量降低。3种作物的总叶绿素含量、叶绿素a含量和叶绿素b含量在6种Pb2+处理浓度下有显著差异性(P<0.05)。     

Inheritance of albinism in certain interspecific and intersubspecific crosses in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Summary A study of the several interspecific and inter-subspecific crosses indicated that albinism in groundnut is recessive and in these crosses is controlled by triplicate recessive loci.ICRISAT Paper No. JA-336     

The genomes of Arachis hypogaea 2. The implications in interspecific breeding

Summary The existence of structural differentiation between genomes in section Arachis of the genus Arachis has important implications in the utilization of diploid wild species in this section as a germplasm resource. Maximum expression of desirable characters may not be achieved unless tetrasomic dose levels can be achieved. Possible breeding strategies discussed include natural and induced gene exchange between genomes and chromosome substitution which could be brought about by manipulation of ploidy level and where appropriate the use of ionizing radiation. Such strategies could be tested in the improvement of resistance to the Cercospora leafspots.Paper number 5561 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Experimental Station, Raleigh, NC 27650.