一个水稻半矮化突变体基因的初步定位

发掘和鉴定控制水稻株高的基因,实现对水稻株高的定向改良,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变水稻恢复系R30,获得了一个能稳定遗传的半矮化突变体(sd-ch)。将sd-ch作母本,与"泸恢17"进行杂交,构建F2群体,进行遗传分析,并用SSR分子标记对sd-ch进行定位。结果表明,F1表现为正常亲本高度,F2群体株高出现性状分离,正常高度植株和半矮化植株数量分别为401和143,比值为2.8,经卡方检测符合3:1,表明sd-ch受隐性单基因控制;通过SSR分子标记对sd-ch进行定位,第8染色体上SSR标记RM6028从F2群体101个隐性表型单株中检测到2个单交换株,交换率为0.99%。该基因被定位于RM6028附近,遗传距离为0.99 c M。本研究对sd-ch的初步定位,以及对其进行精心定位、克隆和应用奠定了基础。     

不同遗传背景下陆地棉衣分和子指性状QTL定位

为陆地棉产量性状有关的分子标记辅助育种奠定理论基础,以高品质中长绒棉品种‘新陆早24号’为父本,转基因抗虫棉常规品种‘鲁棉研28号’和高产、优质棉花新品种‘冀棉516’为母本,构建F2和F2:3分离群体;利用7638对SSR引物对‘鲁棉研28号’和‘新陆早24号’进行多态性进行筛选,共获得225对多态性引物,对238个F2单株DNA扩增获得238个多态性标记位点,其中185个构建了包括44个连锁群,总长为1509.38 cM的遗传连锁图谱,标记间的平均距离为8.16 cM,覆盖棉花总基因组的33.91%。根据已有图谱的定位结果,40个连锁群与染色体建立联系。利用复合区间作图法定位‘鲁棉研28号’与‘新陆早24号’分离群体F2单株和F2:3家系的衣分和子指性状QTL,其中得到3个衣分和5个子指的QTL;根据定位结果,选择了14对SSR引物,分析‘冀棉516’与‘新陆早24号’的多态性,其中6个标记构建了两个连锁群。1个衣分和1个子指的QTL在两个群体中均检测到,这些共同QTLs为分子标记辅助育种奠定了基础。     

水稻少分蘖高秆突变体的遗传分析和基因定位

研究水稻少分蘖高秆突变体的分子机理,鉴定出新的水稻少分蘖高秆基因。本研究利用γ射线辐射诱变籼稻品种泸恢H103,获得一个少分蘖高秆突变体,命名为ltn1(low-tiller number)。研究了该突变的主要农艺性状与遗传方式,并对突变体基因LTN1进行了分子定位。结果显示突变体的株高,有效穗,结实率,千粒重,单株产量均与野生型存在显著差异。遗传分析表明突变体ltn1受一对隐性基因控制,将突变体和沈农265的F2代中的突变型个体作为定位群体,利用SSR和Indel分子标记将突变体定位在水稻第8染色体标记RM3840和RM23611之间,物理距离为135 kb的区间。在这个区间内有个预测注释基因LOC_Os08g44510。     

EMS诱变谷子‘长农35号’M1代成熟期株型突变体的鉴定与分析

为建立谷子突变体库,以便在谷子分子生物学研究中应用,以生产上主要推广种植的谷子品种‘长农35号’干种子为实验材料,采用0.8%和1.0%甲磺酸乙酯(EMS)进行了诱变处理,试验共收获株型相关M1代突变体材料282份,其中,0.8% EMS诱变‘长农35号’获得株型突变体材料100个单株,可分为10个组;1.0% EMS诱变‘长农35号’获得株型突变体材料182个单株,可分为17个组。M1代成熟期株型相关性状突变体分析结果表明：1.0% EMS处理‘长农35号’所获突变体,在株高、穗下节粗、穗下第一节间粗和茎节数4个性状与对照有显著差异,而0.8%处理与对照差异不显著,因此,对于‘长农35号’来讲,采用1.0% EMS进行诱变处理更有利于多类型大量突变单株的获得。     

‘湘农大棉1号’的SSR数字指纹图谱构建及纯度鉴定

为了快速而准确地鉴定杂交棉种子的纯度和真伪,根据亲本材料来源和被推荐使用的SSR核心引物,挑选了33对引物对‘湘农大棉1号’及其亲本进行多态性筛选。结果表明,其中8对SSR引物在父母本及其杂交种扩增出清晰、稳定的多态性性条带,且这些位点在F1中均表现为共显性标记。获得的共显性标记都能用于该杂交种的纯度鉴定,可以用来区别其中混杂的母本、父本及其他种子。将这8对引物在3个材料中扩增得到的01（二进制）数据转换成十进制数据,构建了‘湘农大棉1号’及其亲本的数字指纹图谱。采用多对引物构建的杂交棉数字指纹图谱,能为杂交种的真伪鉴定、纯度检测及亲本提纯等工作提供更加准确的技术指导。     

基于EST-SSR的木薯分子标记遗传连锁图谱的构建

此实验以木薯推广品种‘KU50’为母本,‘SC124’为父本通过杂交得到包含240个单株的F1分离群体,利用300对EST-SSR引物,20对SSR和20对SRAP引物组合对亲本和部分群体株系进行多态性分子标记筛选,共获得具有多态性的引物110对。在此基础上,利用这110对多态性引物对该F1群体进行分子标记的多态性分析,共获得269个多态性标记。利用JoinMap 3.0软件对这269个多态性标记进行分组和遗传图谱构建,最后获得了一张包含140个标记的木薯分子遗传连锁图谱,其中EST-SSR标记111个,SSR标记22个,SRAP标记7个;共21个连锁群,其中连锁群1和3（LG1、LG3）上的标记位点最多（15个）,LG21标记位点最少（2个）。此遗传连锁图谱的总长度为1314.775 cM,单个连锁群最长为132.904 cM（LG3）,最短为0.431 cM（LG19）,标记间平均长度9.391 cM。     

水稻小穗簇生突变体的遗传分析及其基因的初步定位

小穗簇生稻是发生于水稻穗部的一种突变体,复粒稻属于簇生稻的一种类型,为了进一步明确复粒稻中所含簇生基因Cl的遗传机理,本研究利用复粒稻与日本晴、R8258、H103、泸恢99配制4个杂交组合,获得杂种F1、F2分离群体,对F1、F2群体进行簇生性状的形态观察与遗传分析。结果表明,F1群体表现部分显性,F2群体出现3:1显隐性状分离,这表明该性状受1对不完全显性基因控制。利用Gramene数据库查得均匀分布于12条染色体上的695对SSR标记对复粒稻与日本晴,复粒稻与R8258两个杂交组合的F2群体进行了分析,发现第6染色体的RM454、RM20300、RM7434和RM162与Cl基因连锁,距离Cl基因的遗传距离分别为3.85cM,1.19cM,4.29cM和4.33cM。根据Gramene网站上这几个引物已测得的遗传位点,将Cl基因定位于RM20300和RM7434之间。这为Cl基因的分子标记辅助选择育种和图位克隆奠定了基础。     

采用SSR标记辅助选育具有Xa22(t)的云南高原粳稻新种质

以高原粳稻新品种滇粳优1号为轮回亲本,携带Xa22(t)基因的云南地方稻种扎昌龙为供体亲本,回交后代BC3F1290株和BC3F2290个株行为供试材料,采用与Xa22(t)紧密连锁标记RM224及其它11对SSR．标记进行辅助选择。290株BC3F1个体在RM224位点上杂合基因型个体的比率为21．04％;其它11对SSR．标记位点的轮回亲本纯合基因型个体比率平均为93．07％,但不同染色体标记位点上纯合基因型的比率不同。用云南高原粳稻上的白叶枯病优势菌株YH24对亲本、BC3F1单株和BC3F2株行接种鉴定,BC3F1中RM224位点上杂合基因型的61个植株表现为抗至中抗,RM224位点上滇粳优1号纯合基因型单株都表现为感病;由RM224位点杂合基因型BC3F1单株衍生的61个BC3F2代株行表现为抗、感分离。     

利用Pi-1基因邻近SSR标记鉴定稻瘟病抗性

Pi-1是具有广谱抗性的水稻显性主效抗稻瘟病基因,位于水稻11号染色体末端。本研究选择靠近此处的SSR标记15对,用含有Pi-1基因的Lac23与不含Pi-1基因恢复力强的N优69-1进行检测。检测出有差异条带5对引物,分别为RM224、RM254、RM2136、RM6094和RM6293。另外,以N优69-1为母本,以LAC23为父本进行杂交至F8代群体,利用上述差异分子标记,在F8趋亲单株中选择与Lac23标记一致的单株,与田间稻瘟病鉴定结果相比较。结果显示,RM6293对含有Pi-1基因材料的选育有较大的准确度,其次为RM254RM224RM2136RM6094。本实验与其它研究不同的是采用了F8代群体,认为多次自交重组后的遗传稳定株系才可能得到稳定的标记。     

水稻颖花突变体DLR的鉴定

从水稻(Oryza sativa L.)保持系D 62B田间繁殖材料中发现一个披叶和颖花器官突变体DLR(rice with drooping leaf).该突变体叶片无中脉,颖花内稃比外稃长,内、外稃不抱合,雌蕊同源转化成雄蕊,浆片呈稃片状.利用扫描电镜和石蜡切片观察该突变体花器官形态发生过程.用该突变体作父本,明恢63为母本配制杂交组合进行性状遗传分析,根据F2代植株表型表明该突变性状是由单隐性基因控制的,利用SSR标记将突变性状相关的基因定位在第3染色体上,RM 563与RM 282之间,与RM 282相距5.56 cm.     

Molecular marker-assisted selection for yield-enhancing genes in the progeny of “9311×<Emphasis Type="Italic">O. rufipogon</Emphasis>” using SSR

Oryza rufipogon (IRGC105491) is a wild relative of cultivated rice, it contains two favorable yield-enhancing genes (yld1.1 and yld2.1) on chromosomes 1 and 2, respectively, which are capable of improving the yield of hybrid rice by 18 and 17%, respectively. SSR markers RM9, RM24, RM5 and RM306 are flanking yld1.1, while RM166 and RM208 are mapped in the close region to yld2.1. These molecular markers tightly linked to the two yield-enhancing genes were used to screen the plants of backcross population between 9311 (one of the top-performing parental lines in super hybrid rice seed production in China) and O. rufipogon. The results were as follows: (1) in BC₂F₁ population, the percentage of the individuals which contain both of the O. rufipogon alleles at marker loci RM166 and RM9 was 16.8%; (2) 1.5% individuals of total BC₃F₁ population have all the six linked markers (RM166, RM9, RM5, RM208, RM24, RM306); (3) in BC₄F₁ population, the percentage of the individuals which contain both of the two O. rufipogon alleles at marker loci RM166 and RM9 was 18.0%. Based on marker genotypes, the individuals, that contain multiple O. rufipogon markers, were selected and used for further backcross and self cross. Many 9311-type lines with yield-enhancing genes and high yield potential were obtained. After three times self-crossing a stable improved 9311 line was obtained. The results indicated that these molecular markers are feasible for marker-assisted selection (MAS) to screen rice individuals with high yield potential.     

A new rice gall midge resistance gene in the breeding line CR57-MR1523, mapping with flanking markers and development of NILs

Gall midge is the third most destructive insect pests of rice after stem borers and planthoppers. Host plant resistance has been recognized as the most effective and economic, means for gall midge management. With the characterization of a new gall midge biotype (GMB) 4M, unique feature of gall midge resistance in the breeding line CR57-MR1523 was highlighted. Multi-location evaluation of F₃ families derived from the cross TN1 × CR57-MR1523 against different gall midge biotypes helped to identify a new dominant gene conferring resistance against GMB4. This gene has been designated as Gm11t. Though CR57-MR1523 has been extensively used in breeding gall midge resistant rice varieties like Suraksha, neither the genetics of resistance nor chromosomal location of the resistance gene(s) is known. In the present study we have tagged and mapped the new gall midge resistance gene, Gm11t, on chromosome 12, using SSR markers. To map the gene locus, 466 F₁₀ generation Recurrent Inbred Lines (RILs), from the cross of TN1 × CR57-MR1523 were used. Of the 471 SSR markers spread across the rice genome, 56 markers showed polymorphism and were used to screen a subset of the mapping population consisting of 10 resistant (R) and 10 susceptible (S) F₁₀ RILs. Six SSR markers, RM28706, RM235, RM17, RM28784, RM28574 and RM28564 on chromosome 12 were initially found to be associated with resistance and susceptibility. Based on the linkage analysis in selected 158 RILs, we were able to map the locus between two flanking SSR markers, RM28574 and RM28706, on chromosome 12 within 4.4 and 3.8 cM, respectively. Further, two NILs with 99% genetic similarity, were identified from the RILs which differed in gall midge resistance. The tightly linked flanking SSR markers will facilitate marker-assisted gene pyramiding and map-based cloning of the resistant gene. NILs would be valuable materials for functional analysis of the identified candidate gene.     

Validation of molecular markers linked to fertility restorer gene(s) for WA-CMS lines of rice

The present study was carried out with the objective to validate the molecular markers, which have been previously reported to be linked to fertility restorer (Rf) gene(s) for WA-CMS lines of rice. Two mapping populations involving fertility restorer lines for WA-cytoplasm, viz., (i) an F₂ population derived from the cross IR58025A/KMR3R consisting of 347 plants and (ii) a BC₁F₁ population derived from the cross IR62829A/IR10198R//IR62829A consisting of 130 plants were analyzed. Nine SSR and three CAPS markers reported to be linked to Rf genes along with two previously unreported SSR markers were analyzed in the mapping populations. In both the populations studied, the trait of fertility restoration was observed to be under digenic control. Eight SSR markers (RM6100, RM228, RM171, RM216, RM474, RM311, MRG4456 and pRf1&2) showed polymorphism between the parents of the F₂ population, while the SSR markers RM6100 and RM474 showed polymorphism between the parents of both the F₂ and BC₁F₁ populations. Only one CAPS marker, RG146FL/RL was polymorphic between the parents of the BC₁F₁ population. RM6100 was observed to be closely segregating with fertility restoration in both the mapping populations and was located at a distance of ~1.2 cM. The largest phenotypic variation was accounted for the region located between RM311 and RM6100. Using the marker-trait segregation data derived from analysis of both the mapping populations, a local linkage map of the genomic region around Rf-4, a major fertility restoration locus on Chromosome 10 was constructed, and RM6100 was observed to be very close to the gene at a distance of 1.2 cM. The accuracy of the marker RM6100 in predicting fertility restoration was validated in 21 restorers and 18 maintainers. RM6100 amplified the Rf-4 linked allele in a majority of the restorers with a selection accuracy of 94.87%. Through the present study, we have established the usefulness of the marker RM6100 in marker-assisted selection for fertility restoration in segregating populations and identification of restorers while screening rice germplasm for their fertility restoration ability.     

甘蓝型油菜 ‘西农18’ 种子纯度的SSR鉴定

为了建立有效的SSR分子标记方法鉴定甘蓝型油菜‘西农18’品种纯度,以提高‘西农18’大田制种纯度提供分子辅助工具.以甘蓝型油菜杂交种‘西农18’及其父母本为材料,利用SSR分子标记方法对材料进行差异性分析.结果表明,在200对SSR引物中,发现引物BRAS023在杂交种和父母本之间存在显著差异且条带清晰可辨,差异性以杂交种带有父母本的特异带型存在.利用该引物对150株杂交种进行纯度鉴定,结果为86%,与大田杂交种纯度鉴定结果89%相比,SSR标记与大田种植鉴定结果基本一致.这个结果证明,引物BRAS023可用于‘西农18’的纯度鉴定.     

Tagging of four fertility restorer loci for wild abortive—cytoplasmic male sterility system in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) using microsatellite markers

Tagging of restorer genes for wild abortive (WA) CMS source by studying a 222 individual plants from a F₂ population of a cross between IR58025A × IR42686R. The restorer line IR42686R that was used in this study had been previously derived through random mating composite population (RMCP) involving 12 parents facilitated by IR36 genetic male sterility. Four Rf genes were tagged to simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers on chromosomes 1, 7, 10, 12 by recessive class analysis. The recombination frequency between a positive marker and Rf locus was calculated using maximum likelihood estimator assuming that all the 46 extremely sterile individual plants were homozygous at the targeted Rf locus. The recombination frequency between the marker and the restorer trait were converted to genetic distances using Kosambi function. A new Rf locus designated as Rf7 on chromosome 12 was found to be linked to RM7003 at a genetic distance of 13.3 cM (LOD 6.12). We report here first, a new molecular marker (RM 6344) linked to Rf4 locus on chromosome 7 that was previously mapped by trisomic analysis. RM443 and RM315 were flanking the Rf3 gene at a genetic distance of 4.4 (LOD 10.29) and 20.7 cM (LOD 3.98) on chromosome 1, respectively. The Rf6 was flanked on both side with SSR markers RM258 and RM591 at a genetic distance of 4.4 (LOD 10.29) and 23.3 cM (LOD 3.39) located on chromosome 10. The random mating composite population is an excellent breeding approach to develop superior restorer lines and for pyramiding different Rf genes of different CMS systems. Rf genes tagged with closely linked SSR markers would be facilitating marker assisted selection (MAS) in hybrid rice breeding program by reducing time and workload for identifying potential restorers. L. Bazrkar and A. J. Ali equally contributed to this work.     

黄土高原南部地区天水油菜开花生物学研究

为了解和掌握植物的开花生物学特性是开展蜜蜂授粉试验的基础。为更好地利用蜜蜂为黄土高原南部地区的油菜授粉,于2009-2011年连续3年以黄土高原南部地区--甘肃省天水市广泛种植的‘天油六号’为研究对象,对该地区的油菜开花生物学进行了研究。结果表明：对于群体花而言,油菜初花后第9天开始进入盛花期,第31天转入开花末期,盛花期时间为22天;而对于单株油菜,‘天油六号’第9天的单株开花数量显著高于前8天,第19天时达最高,每株开花数可达25.43朵,此后,开花数逐渐减少。而对一天的开花动态研究表明,油菜开花时间主要集中在6:30-12:30之间,其中8:30-10:30为每天的开花高峰期。对油菜花粉活性和柱头可授性研究表明：花后1 h花粉活性最强,柱头的可授性也最强。一天中,9:00-15:00期间所开花花后1 h的花粉活性显著高于其他时间段的花粉活性。     

Detection of quantitative trait locus for leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée)) resistance in rice on linkage group 1 based on damage score and flag leaf width

Rice leaffolder (RLF) (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) is a destructive and widespread insect pest throughout the rice growing regions in Asia. The genetics of resistance to RLF in rice is very complex and not thoroughly explored. The present study was conducted to detect the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with RLF resistance involving 176 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of F₈ generation derived from a cross between IR36, a leaffolder susceptible variety and TNAULFR831311, a moderately resistant indica rice culture. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to construct specific linkage groups of rice. All the RILs were screened to assess their level of resistance to RLF by measuring the leaf area damaged. Besides this, the length and width of the flag leaf of each RIL were measured since these two parameters were considered as correlated traits to the RLF resistance in rice. All the above parameters observed across the RILs showed quantitative variation. Correlation analysis revealed that damage score based on greenhouse screening was positively correlated with length and width of the flag leaf. Out of 364 SSR markers analysed, 90 were polymorphic between the parents. Multi-point analysis carried out on segregating 69 SSR marker loci linkage group wise resulted in construction of linkage map with eleven groups of 42 SSR markers. Through single marker analysis, 19 SSR markers were found to have putative association with the three phenotypic traits studied. Of these markers, RM472 was identified as a locus having major effect on RLF resistance trait based on length of the flag leaf. Interval mapping detected two QTLs on linkage group 1. Among these QTLs, the QTL flanked by RM576–RM3412 were found to be associated with width of the flag leaf and RLF resistance. The putative SSR markers associated with leaffolder resistance identified in the present study may be one of the loci contributing resistance to RLF in rice.     

Genetic mapping of bph20(t) and bph21(t) loci conferring brown planthopper resistance to Nilaparvata lugens St?l in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Brown planthopper(BPH) is one of the most serious and destructive insect pests of rice in most rice growing regions of the world. In this study, two major resistance genes against BPH have been identified in an Oryza rufipogon (Griff.) introgression rice line, RBPH54. Inheritance of the BPH resistance in RBPH54 was studied by screening the resistance in parents, F1, F2 and BC1 generations against BPH biotype 2. A population of BC3F2 lines was developed and SSR markers were employed for the gene mapping, and new markers were designed for fine mapping of the resistance genes, while sequence information of BAC/PAC clones was used to construct physical maps of the genes. The results showed that the BPH resistance in RBPH54 was governed by recessive alleles at two loci, tentatively designated as bph20(t) and bph21(t). The locus bph20(t) was fine mapped to the short arm of chromosome 6 about 2.7 cM to the upper marker RM435 and 2.5 cM to lower marker RM540 and in a 2.5 cM region flanked by two new SSR markers BYL7 and BYL8 which were developed in the present study. The other BPH resistance locus bph21(t) was initially mapped to a region 7.9 cM to upper marker RM222 and 4.0 cM to lower marker RM244 on the short arm of chromosome 10. For physical mapping, the bph20(t)-linked markers were landed on BAC/PAC clones of the reference cv., Nipponbare, released by the International Rice Genome Sequencing Project. The bph20(t) locus was physically defined to an interval of about 75 kb with clone P0514G1. Identification and location of these two genes in the present study have diversified the BPH resistance gene pool, which give benefit to the development of resistant rice cultivars, and the linkage PCR-based SSR markers for the bph20(t) and bph21(t) genes would help realize the application of the genes in rice breeding through marker-assisted selection.     

A novel aphid resistance locus in cowpea identified by combining SSR and SNP markers

The utility of combining simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker genotyping was determined for genetically mapping a novel aphid (Aphis craccivora) resistance locus in cowpea breeding line SARC 1‐57‐2 and for introgressing the resistance into elite cultivars by marker‐assisted backcrossing (MABC). The locus was tagged with codominant SSR marker CP 171F/172R with a recombination fraction of 5.91% in an F₂ population from ‘Apagbaala’ x SARC 1‐57‐2. A SNP‐genotyped biparental recombinant inbred line population was genotyped for CP 171F/172R, which was mapped to position 11.5 cM on linkage group (LG) 10 (physical position 30.514 Mb on chromosome Vu10). Using CP 171F/172R for foreground selection and a KASP‐SNP‐based marker panel for background selection in MABC, the resistance from SARC 1‐57‐2 was introduced into elite susceptible cultivar ‘Zaayura’. Five BC₄F₃ lines of improved ‘Zaayura’ that were isogenic except for the resistance locus region had phenotypes similar to SARC 1‐57‐2. This study identified a novel aphid resistance locus and demonstrated the effectiveness of integrating SSR and SNP markers for trait mapping and marker‐assisted breeding.     

磷胁迫对不同基因型甜菜根系形态及根分泌物的影响

选用了三种不同抗磷胁迫能力的基因型甜菜种质材料‘品14’、‘品17’和‘品20’,通过液培和沙培法对低磷胁迫下甜菜根长、根冠比、根系H+及有机酸分泌等形态和生理特性进行了研究。结果表明：（1）磷胁迫对甜菜根系的形态特征影响显著,与正常磷营养水平比,各基因型甜菜的根系长度和根冠比均有显著增加（p<0.05）,其中抗磷胁迫能力最强的‘品20’增加幅度显著高于其他两个基因型;（2）甜菜根系主要分泌草酸、乳酸、马来酸及反丁烯二酸,其中大部分为草酸和乳酸,在低磷胁迫下,只有抗磷胁迫能力最强的‘品20’此两种酸的分泌达到显著增加水平;（3）不同基因型甜菜受磷胁迫后,近根区生长环境变化各异,其中抗磷胁迫能力最强的‘品20’H+的分泌量的增幅显著高于其他两个基因型。