实验性牛卵形巴贝西虫病的研究

本实验以感染有卵形巴贝西虫(Babesia ovata)的长角血蜱(Haemaphysalis longicornis)幼蜱、叮咬感染实验除脾牛。结果,幼蜱叮咬后第6天,牛未梢血红细胞内首次观察到了卵形巴贝西虫裂殖子,第12天感染率出现高峰为9.05%,随后即下降,第15天虫体从未梢血中消失。实验感染牛主要临床表现为稽留高热,呼吸急促,血尿,可视粘膜苍白黄染,高度贫血。血液学检查Hb降至380/L,PCV降至10%,红细胞降至1.80×10~(12)/L。     

卵形巴贝西虫在长角血蝉若蜱唾液腺内的发育

本实验以感染有卵形巴贝西虫的长角血蜱若蜱叮咬家兔,对若蜱从叮咬到饱血脱落为止5d内唾液腺中卵形巴贝西虫的发育进行了观察.结果证实,卵形巴贝西虫在若蜱唾液腺细胞内经过母孢子(Sporont)阶段发育为子孢子(Sporozoite),因此卵形巴贝西虫取孢子生殖方式.随着子孢子的增加与释放,唾液腺细胞出现明显的空洞化.     

对分离于中国河南省的一株牛的巴贝西原虫的鉴定

将分离于中国河南省的一株牛的巴贝西原虫用长角血蜱(Haemaphysalis longicomis)幼虫对牛进行了实验感染.依据感染牛呈现的临床症状、媒介蜱、红细胞内裂殖子出现的时间及形态学特征,以及荧光抗体试验结果,确认该原虫为卵形巴贝西虫(Babesia ovata).     

牛血孢子虫单一种的分离技术及其保藏方法的研究——卵形巴贝斯虫在我国的发现及分离

本文报道从我国河南省卢氏县混合感染有瑟氏泰勒虫的犊牛体,利用虫种间潜伏期的差异性,分离到一种形态较大的巴贝斯虫。将清洁长角血蜱成虫释放到感染该种的牛体上,雌虫饱血产卵后,用次代幼虫和若虫叮咬健康牛。结果证实,该种可由长角血蜱经卵传递,次代幼虫和若虫均能传播病原,潜伏期皆为8天。虫体形态呈卵形、圆形、出芽形、阿米巴形、单梨子形及双梨子形等,内含1—2个染色质团,核外逸现象较常见,中央往往形成空泡。虫体大小为2.3—3.9×1.1—2.1μm,平均为3.57—1.71μm。根据媒介(?),虫体形态和大小、病原性及感染动物的临床症状和病理变化,该种被鉴定为卵形巴贝斯虫(Babesia ovata Minami and Ishihara,1980)。     

双芽巴贝斯虫在长角血蜱肠内发育的形态学研究

以耳袋法将长角血蜱(Haemaphysalis longicornis)幼虫饲于实验感染双芽巴贝斯虫(Babesia bigemina)牛,幼虫饱血后24h内,其肠管内容物中红细胞内、外见有单梨子型(3.5～4.5μm×1.2～2.6μm)和双梨子型(4.1～4.8μm×1.8～3.0μm)两种裂殖体.饱血后24～48h,随着裂殖体细胞膜及核变性而发生形态变化.48～72h,绝大多数裂殖体出现溶解.72h后,这些裂殖体从肠道消失.其后,在蜱肠上皮及血淋巴中也未能找到双芽巴贝斯虫体.本实验从形态学上证明双芽巴贝斯虫在长角血蜱若虫肠道内不能发育.     

卵形巴贝斯虫在长角血蜱幼虫体内的发育观察

文献报道,巴贝斯虫可经卵传递。然而有关经卵传递时巴贝斯虫的形态学研究尚未见报道。本实验以长角血蜱成虫对卵形巴贝斯虫感染牛饱血脱落后的次代幼虫叮咬除脾实验牛,对幼蜱体内卵形巴贝斯虫的发育进行形态学观察,同时幼蜱叮咬后实验牛末梢血液进行观察研究。     

牛羊蜱传性血液原虫超微结构研究——大巴贝斯虫的超微结构观察

电镜观察显示，人工感染大巴贝斯虫的黄牛红细胞有一层绒毛外衣。虫体有双梨子形，单梨子形和形状多变的滋养体。细胞质内有前，后极地环及微丝体，棒状本，线粒体和内质网，除核外还观察到一个球形体。典型的双梨子虫体可见有双生的子细胞在末端相连，维持一段时间后分离，形成单梨子形虫体。滋养体的形态是多变的。大巴贝斯虫红内期的超微结构与双芽巴贝斯虫，卵形巴贝虫相似。     

牛焦虫病流行及防治

近年在贵阳、独山等畜牧场牛焦虫病呈地方性流行,有固定的地域性和明显的季节性,一般与放牧有关和与刈割山草饲养有关。引进牛、奶牛发病率远高于纯本地牛,老疫区牛具耐受性,新区牛较易感。病原体以牛双芽巴贝西虫、瑟氏泰勒虫、混合型虫体多见,处于放牧条件下的虫种感染往往具有多样性,初步报告贵州省有卵形巴贝西虫的存在。传播媒介以微小牛蜱为最常见,镰形扇     

牛血孢子虫单一种的分离技术及其保藏方法的研究——卵形巴贝斯虫的传播试验

将实验室培育的“洁净”长角血蜱的幼虫、若虫、成虫及微小牛蜱的幼虫,先后分别释放到人工感染卵形巴贝斯虫单一种牛体上不同部位事先粘贴好的布袋中,使其自行叮咬吸血。待饱血脱落后亦分别收集,置28℃、相对湿度约90％的条件下蜕皮或产卵孵化。而后用不同世代和各变态期的蜱,分别叮咬感染除脾和非除脾健康易感牛。结果表明,长角血蜱的当代若虫和成虫对卵形巴贝斯虫没有传播能力,幼虫和若虫吸入的病原亦不能经卵传递;饱血雌虫吸入的病原可经卵传递,次代幼虫、若虫和成虫三个阶段都具有传播能力。次代感染幼虫经兔体后的若虫和成虫也具有感染力。 微小牛蜱不能传播该种病原。     

一起暴发性牛焦虫病病例

焦虫,形态多样化,寄生在红细胞和网状内皮系统的细胞内,红细胞内的虫体又称血液型虫体.网状内皮系统细胞内的虫体又称石榴体,是蜱唾液腺中的子孢子接种到动物体内之后,未进入红细胞之前的一个发育阶段,是它们在淋巴细胞、组织细胞中进行裂殖生殖时形成的多核虫体.     

Prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs under veterinary care in Maracaibo, Venezuela

The prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs presented to the Veterinary Policlinic of the University of Zulia (PVU) was measured between January and December 2001. A total of 614 fecal samples were evaluated by the fecal flotation method. One or more species of parasites was identified in 218 (35.5%) dogs. The parasites most frequently detected were: Ancylostoma spp. (24.5%), Toxocara canis (11.4%) and Isospora spp. (8.1%). Single parasitic infections were present in 149 (24.3%) dogs. The age distribution of intestinal parasites in dogs less than 1 year old had a higher overall prevalence than those dogs over 12 months of age. There was no significant difference in the prevalence between male (38.9%) and female (31.7%) dogs. There was a significantly (P < 0.05) greater prevalence of parasites in mixed-breed dogs (40.3%) as compared with pure-breed dogs (30.8%). A significant difference (P < 0.05) was detected between the general prevalence of January and December compared to August.     

Ultrastructural study of globidian parasites infecting the abomasum of sheep in Germany.

Globidian parasites infecting the abomasum of sheep in Germany were investigated by means of electron microscopy. The frequency of infection was found to be 93 %. The globidian cyst-like bodies contained multinucleate schizonts, developing merozoites or fully developed merozoites. Among the latter there were two different types, namely short and long forms. The process of merozoite formation was described in detail. The giant schizonts were subdivided into multinucleate cell portions of irregular size and shape. Their nuclei were then arranged at the periphery of the cell portions and underwent their last division which was combined with the differentiation of merozoites. The long form merozoites were elongated cylindrical in shape with terminal nucleus. They measured 7.7 μm in length and 1.0 μm in width. The merozoites of the short type were spindle-shaped with a central nucleus. They were 5.0 μm long and 1.0 μm wide. The globidian parasites were located in a parasitophorous vacuole of an intact host cell.     

Histopathology of the duodenum and rumen of goats during experimental infections with Paramphistomum cervi

On microscopic examination after experimental infection with Paramphistomum cervi, tissue reactions in the duodenum were more pronounced during early stages of the infection (20th day post-infection (DPI)). Immature parasites were seen migrating to the muscularis layer, and focal infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes was observed in the lamina propria and in the interstitial tissue of Brunner's gland. At places, there was cystic dilatation of Brunner's gland. At 40 DPI, the parasite was not present in the duodenal sections, and cellular infiltration was more diffuse and consistent. With the passage of time, the tissue reactions and cellular infiltration in the duodenum became less pronounced, but at 80 days parasites were attached to the villi of the rumen. Infiltration of mononuclear cells in the supporting connective tissue of the rumen was also observed. Thus, it is concluded that the immature forms of Paramphistomum cervi caused more severe damage in the duodenal tissue, whereas the adult form inflicted mild tissue damage in the rumen of the experimental kids.     

Antibodies to spotted fever-group rickettsiae in dogs and prevalence of infected ticks in southern Connecticut

Blood samples and ticks were obtained from dogs to assess canine exposure to spotted fever-group (SFG) rickettsiae during 1978-1980 in southern Connecticut. Of the 1,576 dog sera screened by microimmunofluorescence. 174 (11.0%) contained specific antibodies at titers greater than or equal to 1:64 against Rickettsia montana (n = 34), R rickettsii (n = 31), R rhipicephali (n = 19), or the unclassified 369-C rickettsia (n = 90). End points greater than or equal to 1:8,192 to R rickettsii and to R rhipicephali were recorded for 6 and 3 sera, respectively. Seropositivity rates from southwestern and southeastern Connecticut were similar (about 11%), with positive sera obtained from each region in nearly all months of the investigation. Rates were between 10% for dogs 2 to 7 years old and 14% for those greater than or equal to 8 years. Eight of 629 Dermacentor variabilis, 1 of 18 Ixodes dammini, and 2 of 3 Amblyomma americanum were positive by direct immunofluorescence for SFG rickettsiae. Thirteen D variabilis contained unidentified, long, bacillus-like organisms that differed from the short, ovoid (coccal) forms typical fo the spotted-fever agent, R rickettsii. With the exposure to infected ticks and production of type-specific antibodies against at least 4 SFG antigens, dogs may serve as suitable enzootic or epizootic indicators of rickettsial activity.     

Ultrastructural Studies of Chicken Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane during Incubation

Structural changes taking place in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated hen's eggs during incubation were followed up by histological, histochemical and electron microscopic methods. The allantoic sac surrounds the amnionic sac and also the yolk sac by the 7th to 11th day, respectively, and forms together with the chorion the CAM. The mesenchymal layer placing between the chorion of ectodermal and the allantoic layer of entodermal origin develops from the somatic and splanchnic-pleure of the parietal mesoderm. The CAM is composed of three different layers, i.e. chorionic epithelium, mesenchyme and allantoic epithelium. The chorion comprises 2 layers of cubical epithelial cells. In between the 2 layers capillaries and directly under the shell membrane vascular sinuses can be found. Blood circulating in the sinuses is separated from the air in the pores of the shell membrane by the adacent epithelial cell-projections of 0,2 μm thickness, the basal membrane (0.1 μm) and the sinus endothelial layer of 0.2 μm thickness. The mesenchymal cells are of star-like form. The allantioc epithelium is built of one layer of fusiform cells with oval-shaped or rod-like nuclei.     

Morphological changes of Trypanosoma vivax in mice

Morphological changes were observed in the blood forms of Trypanosoma vivax strain Y486 in mice on Days 12-13 of infection, following the peak parasitaemia. During this period elongate trypomastigotes, 25-40 micron long, were observed, most showing an anterior movement of the kinetoplast towards the nucleus and some having a blunt posterior end. In a few parasites a complete transformation to the epimastigote form, 40-42 micron long, was observed. Small sphaeromastigotes were also present, especially in the fine capillaries of various organs. Smears and electron microscopy suggested the presence of extra-vascular forms in the spleen.     

Efficacy of epsiprantel against Echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs

Dogs with 41-day-old experimental infections of Echinococcus granulosus were treated orally with epsiprantel. Single doses of 2.5 mg kg-1, 5.0 mg kg-1 or 7.5 mg kg-1 were effective in removing more than 99 per cent of these parasites, but total clearances of worms only occurred in dogs given the highest dose.     

Efficacy of closantel plus albendazole liquid suspension against natural infection of gastrointestinal parasites in camels.

Oral administration of closantel in a dose of 10 mg/kg plus albendazole in a dose of 5 mg/kg liquid suspension was studied in 75 camels naturally infected with various types of gastrointestinal parasites. The camels involved were 15 pregnant she-camels, 20 non-pregnant she-camels and 40 male camels of various ages. Each camel received a single oral dose of closantel (10 mg/kg) plus albendazole (5 mg/kg) orally. Two weeks later, 20 camels of this group were re-dosed again with the same dose of the anthelmintic. Fecal samples were collected per rectum from all camels at the time of treatment and again 14 and 42 days post treatment. Fecal egg counts and generic determination of third stage larvae was performed. Results indicated that six different species of gastrointestinal tract parasites were identified in camels. Single treatment of closantel plus albendazole mixture reduced egg counts in camels by 100%, 100%, 98% and 77% for Haemonchus longistipes, Ascaris spp., Monezia expansa and Fasciola hepatica, respectively. However, administration of the drug twice on the base of 2 weeks apart significantly raised the efficacy of the drug for clearance of the parasites from 92.5% to 100% in camels infected with various parasites. Camels were not adversely affected by treatment.     

Development of Trypanosoma congolense, T vivax and T brucei in the skin reaction induced in goats by infected Glossina morsitans centralis: a light and electron microscopical study

The development and distribution of Trypanosoma congolense, T vivax and T brucei in the skin of goats was examined after the animals were bitten by infected Glossina morsitans centralis. Following the tsetse bite, the trypanosomes in the skin multiplied, reaching maximum numbers when the skin reaction (chancre) of the host attained its maximum size. In goats infected with T vivax and T brucei, trypanosomes were observed circulating in the blood before the peak of the chancre, while in T congolense-infected goats microscopically detectable parasites were found in blood only during the decline of the chancre. In contrast to T vivax, large numbers of T congolense and T brucei parasites were found in the skin following tsetse-transmitted infection. Ultrastructural differences were observed in T congolense and T brucei indicating an intracutaneous transformation from metacyclic to blood stream forms. T congolense forms in the skin reactions had a well developed secretory reticulum, small mitochondria and lacked large lipid inclusions compared to metacyclic and blood stream forms. The intracutaneous forms of T brucei had smaller mitochondria, the glycosomes were of more uniform size and the rough endoplasmic reticulum was less developed than in metacyclic or blood stream forms.     

Erythrocyte membrane alterations associated with the attachment and replication of Eperythrozoon suis: a light and electron microscopic study

Erythrocytes from pigs with experimental porcine eperythrozoonosis were examined using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Three distinct forms of Eperythrozoon suis were attached to the plasma surface of erythrocyte membrane. Erythrocytes were initially parasitized by one or several immature forms. Immature forms enlarged and developed into juvenile and mature forms. The parasite replicated by budding of small immature forms from larger immature forms, juvenile forms, and mature forms. Small immature forms attached to adjacent membrane of the same erythrocyte or a nonparasitized erythrocyte. E. suis organisms were intimately associated with, but distinctly separated from erythrocyte membrane by a 30-nm electron lucent zone. Cell membrane in this area was denser than adjacent nonparasitized membrane. Early interaction between erythrocyte membrane and small immature forms resulted in no membrane deformation, but as this form enlarged, it later became embedded in a deep cup-like membrane invagination. As the immature form developed into the juvenile form a shallow, broad-based depression was observed in the membrane. A similar depression that covered a greater surface area was observed in the membrane parasitized by the mature form. The interaction between the parasitic forms and erythrocyte membrane resulted ultimately in severe membrane deformation. Parasite-membrane interactions may play an important role in the development of misdirected immune responses in experimental porcine eperythrozoonosis.