July temperatures in europe from pollen data, 6000 years before present

Mean July temperatures across Europe 6000 years before present were reconstructed from palynological data by the transfer function method. Reconstructed summer temperatures were warmer than those at present over most of Europe with the greatest heating, more than 2 degrees C, in the midcontinent and the far north. This pattern is explained by high summer insolation and a weak zonal insolation gradient 6000 years before present and the effective heating of the landmass relative to ocean and coastal areas. A strong land-sea pressure gradient may in turn have increased westerly air flow into southern Europe, which is consistent with cooler reconstructed summer temperatures in the Mediterranean region, and reduced the environmental lapse rate in the central European mountains.     

Computer simulation of heating requirement and evaluation of the effects of permanent and movable external thermal insulations on energy conservation in greenhouses

The accurate determination of greenhouse heating requirements under varied weather and operating conditions is an important management problem. To minimize heat losses during heating and heat gain during cooling, and also to enhance solar energy utilization in greenhouses, various energy conservation measures are currently being applied in greenhouse construction and operation. In this study, a method of simulating heating requirements in greenhouses is presented, and the method was used to evaluate the effects of permanent and movable external thermal insulations on heating requirements on energy conservation in ten new and conventional greenhouse designs. A greenhouse heating requirement (heat loss) computer simulation model was developed by using basic energy conservation and heat transfer principles. The computer model was used to simulate energy consumption in the ten greenhouses and a test greenhouse designed and built at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada. The effectiveness of applied thermal insulations was found to be a strong function of outdoor temperatures and day-length for a given location. The computer model can be used to estimate greenhouse heating requirements under varied operating and weather conditions in any given location.     

A 22,000-Year Record of Monsoonal Precipitation from Northern Chile's Atacama Desert

Fossil rodent middens and wetland deposits from the central Atacama Desert (22 degrees to 24 degrees S) indicate increasing summer precipitation, grass cover, and groundwater levels from 16.2 to 10.5 calendar kiloyears before present (ky B.P.). Higher elevation shrubs and summer-flowering grasses expanded downslope across what is now the edge of Absolute Desert, a broad expanse now largely devoid of rainfall and vegetation. Paradoxically, this pluvial period coincided with the summer insolation minimum and reduced adiabatic heating over the central Andes. Summer precipitation over the central Andes and central Atacama may depend on remote teleconnections between seasonal insolation forcing in both hemispheres, the Asian monsoon, and Pacific sea surface temperature gradients. A less pronounced episode of higher groundwater levels in the central Atacama from 8 to 3 ky B.P. conflicts with an extreme lowstand of Lake Titicaca, indicating either different climatic forcing or different response times and sensitivities to climatic change.     

Energy Sources for Triton's Geyser-Like Plumes

Four geyser-like plumes were discovered near Triton's south pole in areas now in permanent sunlight. Because Triton's southern hemisphere is nearing a maximum summer solstice, insolation as a driver or a trigger for Triton's geyser-like plumes is an attractive hypothesis. Trapping of solar radiation in a translucent, low-conductivity surface layer (in a solid-state greenhouse), which is subsequently released in the form of latent heat of sublimation, could provide the required energy. Both the classical solid-state greenhouse consisting of exponentially absorbed insolation in a gray, translucent layer of solid nitrogen, and the "super" greenhouse consisting of a relatively transparent solid-nitrogen layer over an opaque, absorbing layer are plausible candidates. Geothermal heat may also play a part if assisted by the added energy input of seasonal cycles of insolation.     

基于小气候模型的温室能耗预测系统研究

【目的】建立一个基于温室小气候模型的温室冬季加温所需基础能耗计算机预测系统，为进一步研究中国温室环境的优化调控提供依据。【方法】根据能量平衡原理，综合考虑作物蒸腾对温室运行能耗的影响，建立了温室加温所需基础能耗预测系统。利用温室作物蒸腾和小气候观测试验资料确定了温室小气候模型中的作物参数，并用上海两个Venlo型自控温室2001年～2003年3个冬季的实际耗煤量对系统预测结果进行了检验。【结果】对两个温室冬季加温能耗预测结果与实际耗煤量统计分析回归方程分别为（x和y分别为实际值和预测值）y＝0.8526x和y＝0.8321x；决定系数R2分别为0.85和0.90；相对误差分别为27%和29%。结果表明，系统对能耗预测结果与实际耗煤量趋势一致。【结论】本研究建立的温室加温能耗预测系统是建立在温室小气候模型的基础上，其原理具有普适性，因此具有通用性强的特点。     

Self-organization, transformity, and information

Ecosystems and other self-organizing systems develop system designs and mathematics that reinforce energy use, characteristically with alternate pulsing of production and consumption, increasingly recognized as the new paradigm. Insights from the energetics of ecological food chains suggest the need to redefine work, distinguishing kinds of energy with a new quantity, the transformity (energy of one type required per unit of another). Transformities may be used as an energy-scaling factor for the hierarchies of the universe including information. Solar transformities in the biosphere, expressed as solar emjoules per joule, range from one for solar insolation to trillions for categories of shared information. Resource contributions multiplied by their transformities provide a scientifically based value system for human service, environmental mitigation, foreign trade equity, public policy alternatives, and economic vitality.     

太阳能-热泵除湿机-微计算机监控联合干燥系统的研究

太阳能-热泵除湿机-微计算机监控(TRCW)联合干燥系统中,木材干燥室的供热与湿空气的排湿,由太阳能供热系统和热泵除湿机两者配合起来完成。整个联合干燥系统的工作过程由微机监控系统来实现自动控制。太阳能集热器为平板式空气型,采光面积为75m~2,,热泵除湿干燥机按压缩式制冷循环工作(压缩机功率为3.75kW),以热泵供热的方式供给木材干燥所需的热量,而以制冷除湿方式除去木材蒸发到空气中的水分。联合系统的干燥能力为15～25m~3木材,在1989年4月至1990年7月的实验中,干燥的材种有水曲柳、柞木、榆木、红松、白松等。木材板厚为3～6cm,初含水率40％～60％,终含水率8.5％～15％,年平均干燥能耗每m~3木材为80kW·h及每kg水为0.53kW·h。     

密集烤房的太阳能改造与应用研究

为在烤烟烘烤期间利用太阳能替代部分燃煤,以达到节能减排的目的,对现有的密集烤房进行太阳能改造,在屋顶加装太阳能加热室,吸收太阳能并加热太阳能加热室内空气,高温空气通过内循环管道与烤房的加热室、装烟室连通,提供辅助热源。太阳能循环风机由温差控制器控制。对改造的太阳能密集烤房进行烘烤效应研究,结果表明密集型烤房的太阳能改造简单易行,经济实用,节能效果明显;太阳能提供的热量可满足烟叶烘烤前期的需要,每千克干烟耗能比改造前降低20%~24%,烘烤烟叶质量与普通密集烤房所烤烟叶质量相当,社会效益与经济效益明显,在光照好的烟区具有一定的推广价值。     

油罐冬季不加热运行的热力计算

鄯善外运油库原油罐热力系统冬季运行期间暴露了两个问题。一是水击严惩,影响油罐的运行安全;二是油罐冬季非运行期间油温过高,造成能源浪费。为妥善解决这些问题,对油罐的保温性能进行了分析,同时对油罐的伴热系统进行了热力计算。计算结果对油罐冬季退出热力运行提供了理论依据。经济分析结果表明,油罐热力系统冬季退出运行后,原油输送成本降低,节能降耗效果显著。     

连栋式育苗专用温室供暖系统节能的改进设计——以新疆新和县依其艾日克乡育苗温室为例

[目的]探讨适用于连栋式育苗专用温室采用燃煤热水供暖时暖气管道的最佳布置形式.[方法]以选定的标准温室为研究对象,探讨水平异程式和水平同程式暖气管路布置上存在的特点,再从选定标准温室的耗煤核算做对比,以具体实例来讲述连栋温室供暖的节能设计.[结果]连栋式育苗温室在冬季供暖采用同程式管路布置较异程式节能20.1;.[结论]在选定的标准温室中,暖气布置采用同程式不但可有效解决异程式因压力不均而引起的冷热不均现象,同时可降低采暖煤耗,节约能耗,更是育苗温室暖气管道的最佳布置形式.     

密集烤房的太阳能改造与应用研究

为在烤烟烘烤期间利用太阳能替代部分燃煤,以达到节能减排的目的,对现有的密集烤房进行太阳能改造,在屋顶加装太阳能加热室,吸收太阳能并加热太阳能加热室内空气,高温空气通过内循环管道与烤房的加热室、装烟室连通,提供辅助热源。太阳能循环风机由温差控制器控制。对改造的太阳能密集烤房进行烘烤效应研究,结果表明密集型烤房的太阳能改造简单易行,经济实用,节能效果明显;太阳能提供的热量可满足烟叶烘烤前期的需要,每千克干烟耗能比改造前降低20%~24%,烘烤烟叶质量与普通密集烤房所烤烟叶质量相当,社会效益与经济效益明显,在光照好的烟区具有一定的推广价值。     

太阳能-水源热泵联合加热温室系统研究

为了探索太阳能-水源热泵技术在设施农业领域的应用方法和发展潜力,寻求解决温室加温费用高、存在污染等问题的方法,对一种用于温室的太阳能和水源热泵联合加温系统进行了试验研究。结果表明:此项研究对太阳能-水源热泵这项新能源技术在农业领域的应用具有重要的意义,可减少连栋温室水源热泵加温系统一次性投资和运行成本,降低能源消耗,为太阳能水源热泵联合作为温室有效的加温系统提供了一定的理论依据。     

真空集热太阳能辅助加热烤房节本增效效果

为实现烤烟烘烤过程中节能减排、降耗增效,将当前推广的大型密集烤房改造成真空集热太阳能辅助加热烤房,并分析真空集热太阳能辅助加热烤房的节能效果。结果表明:使用太阳能辅助加热烤房节能效果较好,对烤后烟叶等级质量的影响不大;中、上部叶每kg干烟节煤率均可达46%,烘烤能耗成本中、上部叶分别降低0.35元/kg和0.29元/kg,烘烤收益分别增加0.84元/kg和0.64元/kg,节本增效效果显著,推广前景可观。     

Periodic insolation variations on Mars

Previously unrecognized insolation variations on Mars are a consequence of periodic variations in eccentricity, first established by the theory of Brouwer and Van Woerkom (1950). Such annual insolation variations, characterized by both 95,000-year and 2,000,000-year periodicities, may actually be recorded in newly discovered layered deposits in the polar regions of Mars. An additional north-south variation in seasonal insolation, but not average annual insolation, exists with 51,000-year and 2,000,000-year periodicities.     

Triton's Global Heat Budget

Internal heat flow from radioactive decay in Triton's interior along with absorbed thermal energy from Neptune total 5 to 20 percent of the insolation absorbed by Triton, thus comprising a significant fraction of Triton's surface energy balance. These additional energy inputs can raise Triton's surface temperature between approximately 0.5 and 1.5 K above that possible with absorbed sunlight alone, resulting in an increase of about a factor of approximately 1.5 to 2.5 in Triton's basal atmospheric pressure. If Triton's internal heat flow is concentrated in some areas, as is likely, local effects such as enhanced sublimation with subsequent modification of albedo could be quite large. Furthermore, indications of recent global albedo change on Triton suggest that Triton's surface temperature and pressure may not now be in steady state, further suggesting that atmospheric pressure on Triton was as much as ten times higher in the recent past.     

太阳能地板辐射采暖系统的设计研究

根据我国北方农村住宅相对分散和太阳能资源比较丰富的特点,以石家庄地区农村住宅为对象,提出了一种适合我国北方农村住宅的室内供暖系统——太阳能地板辐射采暖系统,并对该系统进行分析和计算。结果表明：在冬季农村地区,应用太阳能地板辐射采暖系统为室内供暖是可行的。     

基于光热资源的中国温室气候区划与能耗估算系统建立

 【目的】建立基于光热资源的中国温室气候区划与能耗估算计算机系统,实现中国温室的动态区划,明确中国温室作物周年生产光热资源与能耗分布状况。【方法】针对温室作物生产特点,确定10个温室气候区划指标,采用模糊C-均值聚类方法进行气候区划,并建立基于光热资源的中国温室气候区划系统。将温室气候区划系统与温室作物周年生产能耗预测模型相结合,建立基于光热资源的中国温室气候区划与能耗估算计算机系统,并以Venlo型玻璃温室及温室主栽作物黄瓜和番茄作物为例,利用中国621个标准气象站30年(1971—2000)的逐日气象资料,对系统进行应用实例分析。【结果】系统将中国区划为温室作物生产适宜、次适宜和不适宜3个一级区域和9个二级区(每个一级区分为I级、II级、III级区)。适宜区的特点是一年中适宜温室作物生产时期长,温室冬季加温能耗低,决定温室作物生产经济效益的主要因子是适宜温室作物生产时期的总太阳总辐射量。次适宜和不适宜区的特点是温室冬季加温时间长、能耗高,夏季降温能耗少,决定温室作物生产经济效益的主要因子是温室需要进行加热时期的负积温。【结论】本研究建立的系统一方面可以根据历史气候资料年代的变化进行温室气候动态区划,明确不同气候区温室作物生产光热资源分布动态,另一方面可以应用于计算不同类型温室和不同作物在不同温室温度控制目标下,各个温室气候区域的温室作物周年生产能耗,为中国不同类型温室投资风险评估、以及从能耗角度优化温室结构设计和环境调控提供理论依据与决策分析工具。     

谈太阳能技术的发展与应用

随着全球科技的发展以及人类利用太阳能技术的突破,太阳能的可利用性将会更加明显。从太阳能的概念入手,讨论太阳能资源应用技术的意义,总结了太阳能在发电和发热系统中的应用。     

太阳能新风系统在北方农村地区的应用研究

我国太阳能资源丰富,尤其是我国北方地区,日照时间长、日照强度强,相对其他地区的太阳能利用有很大的优势,可以利用太阳能生产生活热水、采暖、干燥等。目前太阳能热水系统在我国应用十分广泛,尤其是农村地区,几乎每家都装有真空管式热水集热器,但是太阳能空气集热器作为采暖方式应用较少。我国北方地区冬季以晴朗天气居多,但是温度较低,一般需要进行建筑的供热,太阳能集热器采暖基于自身的优势将成为未来采暖的趋势。该文介绍了我国太阳资源的分布情况,描述了北方采暖的现状,提出将太阳能集热器应用在北方采暖系统中,尤其是在农村地区应用具有实际意义,并通过试验验证了其推广的可行性。     

新农村建设中太阳能采暖技术的应用

阐述了太阳能采暖技术应用现状,并结合北京郊区新农村建设实际工程,详述太阳能采暖系统的设计方案、特点及运行状况,分析了太阳能采暖系统的可行性和经济效益,探讨了太阳能地板采暖的社会效益和推广前景。