Mars climatology from viking 1 after 20 sols

The results from the meteorology instruments on the Viking 1 lander are presented for the first 20 sols of operation. The daily patterns of temperature, wind, and pressure have been highly consistent during the period. Hence, these have been assembled into 20-sol composites and analyzed harmonically. Maximum temperature was 241.8 degrees K and minimum 187.2 degrees K. The composite wind vector has a mean diurnal magnitude of 2.4 meters per second with prevailing wind from the south and counterclockwise diurnal rotation. Pressure exhibits diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations. The diurnal is ascribed to a combination of effects, and the semidiurnal appears to be the solar semidiurnal tide. Similarities to Earth are discussed. A major finding is a continual secular decrease in diurnal mean pressure. This is ascribed to carbon dioxide deposition at the south polar cap.     

Preliminary meteorological results on Mars from the viking 1 lander

The results from the meteorology instruments on the Viking 1 lander are presented for the first 4 sols of operation. The instruments are working satisfactorily. Temperatures fluctuated from a low of 188 degrees K to an estimated maximum of 244 degrees K. The mean pressure is 7.65 millibars with a diurnal variation of amplitude 0.1 millibar. Wind speeds averaged over several minutes have ranged from essentially calm to 9 meters per second. Wind directions have exhibited a remarkable regularity which may be associated with nocturnal downslope winds and gravitational oscillations, or to tidal effects of the diurnal pressure wave, or to both.     

Soil and surface temperatures at the viking landing sites

The annual temperature range for the martian surface at the Viking lander sites is computed on the basis of thermal parameters derived from observations made with the infrared thermal mappers. The Viking lander 1 (VL1) site has small annual variations in temperature, whereas the Viking lander 2 (VL2) site has large annual changes. With the Viking lander images used to estimate the rock component of the thermal emission, the daily temperature behavior of the soil alone is computed over the range of depths accessible to the lander; when the VL1 and VL2 sites were sampled, the daily temperature ranges at the top of the soil were 183 to 263 K and 183 to 268 K, respectively. The diurnal variation decreases with depth with an exponential scale of about 5 centimeters. The maximum temperature of the soil sampled from beneath rocks at the VL2 site is calculated to be 230 K. These temperature calculations should provide a reference for study of the active chemistry reported for the martian soil.     

气象要素(气温、太阳辐射、风速和相对湿度) 日变化进程的数理模拟

在建立植物生态生理模型（如光合作用、蒸腾作用数理模型）的过程中，气温、太阳辐射、风速、相对湿度等气象要素的日变化及瞬时资料是必不可少的。本文根据常规台站的日常观测资料，建立了气温、太阳辐射、风速、相对湿度等气象要素日变化的数理模型。并应用实测资料对所建模型进行了验证。实验表明：（1）描述气温日变化的正弦－指数模型通常其模拟结果不甚理想，但通过引用最高温度的时间延迟参数及惯性系数，可增加模拟结果的准确性。（2）根据日平均风速资料，应用两条正弦曲线模型可模拟的日变化及瞬时值，并可根据具体地点，确定日最小风速及两条正弦曲线的起至时间。（3）根据测量的太阳辐射日总量值以及太阳高度的日变化值等，可准确地模拟太阳辐射的日变化;(2)根据日平均风速资料，应用两条正弦曲线模型可模拟的日变化及瞬时值，并可根据具体地点，确定日最小风速及两条正弦曲线的起至时间.(3)根据测量的太阳辐射日总量值以及太阳高度的日变化值等，可准确地模拟太阳辐射的日变化；（4）根据露点温度和气温常规资料可准确模拟相对湿度的日变化。如果区域参数已知或被正常估计，上述方法可得到较为理想的气象要素日变化的模拟结果。     

Thermal Structure and Energy Influx to the Day-and Nightside Venus Ionosphere

Pioneer Venus in situ measurements made with the retarding potential analyzer reveal strong variations in the nightside ionospheric plasma density from location to location in some orbits and from orbit to orbit. The ionopause is evident at night as a relatively abrupt decrease in the thermal plasma concentration from a few hundred to ten or fewer ions per cubic centimeter. The nightside ion and electron temperatures above an altitude of 250 kilometers, within the ionosphere and away from the terminator, are comparable in magnitude and have a value at the ionopause of approximately 8000 K. The electron temperature increases from a few tens of thousands of degrees Kelvin just outside the ionopause to several hundreds of thoussands of degrees Kelvin further into the shocked solar wind. The coldest ion temperatures measured at an altitude of about 145 kilometers are 140 to 150 K and are still evidently above the neutral temperature. Preliminary day-and nightside model ion and electron temperature height profiles are compared with measured profiles. To raise the model ion temperature to the measured ion temperature on both day-and nightsides, it was necessary to include an ion energy source of the order of 4 x 10(-3) erg per square centimeter per second, presumably Joule heating. The heat flux through the electron gas from the solar wind into the neutral atmosphere averaged over day and night may be as large as 0.05 erg per square centimeter per second. Integrated over the planet surface, this heat flux represents one-tenth of the solar wind energy expended in drag on the sunward ionopause hemisphere.     

贵港地区气温日较差特征分析

[目的]分析1960～2009年贵港地区气温日较差的演变趋势。[方法]利用贵港地区1960～2009年来具有连续完整记录的3个气象台站的平均气温、日最高和最低气温等资料,对该地区气温日较差变化特征进行了分析,研究该地区气温日较差的演变趋势。[结果]年最低气温、最高气温均呈明显上升趋势,最高气温上升幅度小于最低气温,气温日较差呈减小趋势;夏秋季气温日较差大于冬春季,各月变化呈单峰单谷型;气温日较差空间变化倾向值形成以北回归线为中心向两侧逐渐减小趋势;远离北回归线的台站极端日较差减小幅度最大,显著性强;靠近北回归线的台站极端日较差减小幅度较小,甚至呈弱增加趋势,但显著性水平不高。不同因子对日较差影响不同,日照与日较差正相关显著,总云量、相对湿度和降水量与日较差负相关显著,而与平均风速相关性不显著。[结论]该研究为了解贵港地区气候变化规律提供依据。     

干旱区苹果园小气候特征分析

以干旱区成龄苹果园为研究对象,分析了宁夏灵武陶林园艺场果园内不同季节不同层次气象要素的时间变化特征。结果表明:日平均光照度为春季夏季秋季冬季。果园内不同季节1.5 m和3.0 m高度气温都呈现出昼高夜低型的日变化波形;晴天气温变化出现单峰型曲线,阴天出现双峰型曲线,雨天变化振幅较小,两高度间差异也较小。果园内湿度较大,不同季节1.5 m和3.0 m高度相对湿度日变化均为夜高昼低的波形曲线。从风速看,春季和冬季日变化特征最明显,日振幅也最大,夏、秋季风速相对较小。不同季节地表0 cm地温受气温变化影响最大,5 cm、10 cm次之,20 cm地温受气温变化影响最小。     

Seasat scanning multichannel microwave radiometer: results of the gulf of alaska workshop

The scanning multichannel microwave radiometer results for the Gulf of Alaska Seasat Experiment Workshop are quite encouraging, especially in view of the immaturity of the data-processing algorithms. For open ocean, rain-free cells of highest-quality surface truth wind determinations exhibit standard deviations of 3 meters per second about a bias of 1.5 meters per second. The sea-surface temperature shows a standard deviation of approximately 1.5 degrees C about a bias of 3 degrees to 5 degrees C under a variety of changing meteorological conditions.     

Ulysses solar wind plasma observations at high southerly latitudes

Solar wind plasma observations made by the Ulysses spacecraft through -80.2 degrees solar latitude and continuing equatorward to -40.1 degrees are summarized. Recurrent high-speed streams and corotating interaction regions dominated at middle latitudes. The speed of the solar wind was typically 700 to 800 kilometers per second poleward of -35 degrees . Corotating reverse shocks persisted farther south than did forward shocks because of the tilt of the heliomagnetic streamer belt. Sporadic coronal mass ejections were seen as far south as -60.5 degrees . Proton temperature was higher and the electron strahl was broader at higher latitudes. The high-latitude wind contained compressional, pressure-balanced, and Alfvénic structures.     

一年两熟夏黑葡萄日光温室温度变化与果实品质差异性分析

【目的】研究新疆南疆日光温室内夏黑葡萄第一熟和第二熟两个时期温度变化规律,分析两茬果的果实产量和品质差异性。【结果】夏黑葡萄整个生育期内,第二熟温室内温度整体上要高于第一熟,而且第二熟整个生育期内温度日均值在10℃以上;第一熟与第二熟温室内温度日变化趋势基本相似,第一熟在果实快速膨大期之前温室内温度日变化幅度大,而第二熟在果实快速膨大期之后温室内温度日变化幅度较大;昼夜温差值在开花期和果实转色期差值最明显,在开花期,第一熟温室内昼夜温差均值比第二熟昼夜温差均值高58.1%。在果实转色期,第二熟温室内昼夜温差均值相较于第一熟昼夜温差均值高46.3%;第一熟果实单粒重、单穗重、单产均高于第二熟,但商品果率较第二熟低5个百分点。【结论】温室内日均温变化和昼夜温差变化存在较大差异,但各生育期温室内温度日变化均呈‘单峰’变化趋势。第二熟时温室内温度对果实生长和品质形成的适宜性要好于第一熟,商品果率高。但受树体营养、光照等其它因素的影响,第一熟果在产量上较好。     

黄土丘陵区山杏人工林蒸腾速率与环境因子的关系

为探究山杏蒸腾耗水规律与环境因子的关系，以内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市清水河县山杏造林树种作为研究对象，测定了山杏蒸腾速率，并结合太阳辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度、水汽压亏缺、风速等因子，研究了山杏蒸腾速率与环境因子的连日动态变化。结果表明：①山杏蒸腾速率表现出明显的昼夜变化规律，变化趋势呈现双峰曲线，第一个峰值为148.82 g·h^-1，第二个峰值为144.75 g·h^-1，并存在“午休现象”，白天蒸腾速率较高，夜晚蒸腾速率较低且变化幅度相对平缓。②山杏蒸腾速率与太阳辐射、空气温度、水汽压亏缺、风速成极显著正相关，与空气相对湿度成极显著负相关，并且与环境因子的响应存在时滞性。③各环境因子对蒸腾速率的影响程度顺序为太阳辐射＞空气温度＞水汽压亏缺＞空气相对湿度＞风速。     

黄土丘陵区山杏人工林蒸腾速率与环境因子的关系

为探究山杏蒸腾耗水规律与环境因子的关系,以内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市清水河县山杏造林树种作为研究对象,测定了山杏蒸腾速率,并结合太阳辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度、水汽压亏缺、风速等因子,研究了山杏蒸腾速率与环境因子的连日动态变化。结果表明：①山杏蒸腾速率表现出明显的昼夜变化规律,变化趋势呈现双峰曲线,第一个峰值为148.82 g·h^-1,第二个峰值为144.75 g·h^-1,并存在“午休现象”,白天蒸腾速率较高,夜晚蒸腾速率较低且变化幅度相对平缓。②山杏蒸腾速率与太阳辐射、空气温度、水汽压亏缺、风速成极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度成极显著负相关,并且与环境因子的响应存在时滞性。③各环境因子对蒸腾速率的影响程度顺序为太阳辐射＞空气温度＞水汽压亏缺＞空气相对湿度＞风速。     

Jovian Atmosphere: Structure and Composition between the Turbopause and the Mesopause

The occultation of the star Beta Scorpii by Jupiter was observed at high time resolution in three wavelength channels. The results imply a temperature of 220 degrees K at an altitude in the Jovian atmosphere corresponding to 10(14) molecules per cubic centimeter, and temperature fluctuations of 2 degrees to 10 degrees K over vertical scales of 2 to 10 kilometers. They suggest that the vertical eddy diffusion coefficient near the turbopause has a lower limit of 7 x 10(5)K square centimeters per second, and that the turbopause lies above the altitude where the density is 5 x 10(13) molecules per cubic centimeter. Below the turbopause, the ratio of hydrogen to helium is consistent with cosmic abundances.     

西南弱光地区机插杂交籼稻“减穴稳苗”栽培的群体冠层质量特征

【目的】探明机插条件下减穴稳苗配置对杂交籼稻群体冠层质量的影响,为西南弱光稻区杂交籼稻机插栽培技术的推广应用提供理论支撑。【方法】2016—2017年采用两因素随机区组田间试验,因素1,2年均为不同田间配置,设常规配置（30 cm×12 cm）和减穴稳苗（30 cm×23 cm）;因素2,2016年为不同株型水稻品种（F优498,中后期株叶型松散;宜香优2115,中后期株叶型上紧下披）,2017年为不同基本苗（42×10⁴/hm²和63×10⁴/hm²）;研究了不同田间配置对机插杂交籼稻群体冠层结构、光合特性和微环境（冠层温度、湿度和透光率）的影响。【结果】（1）减穴稳苗齐穗期能维持与常规配置相当的单茎绿叶面积、粒叶比和上三叶比叶重,其中2017年倒二叶与倒三叶比叶重显著增大;齐穗期剑叶光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率分别较常规配置显著提高23.84%、23.53%和13.79%。（2）较常规配置,减穴稳苗显著增大各时期冠层幅度,提高冠层透光率,降低收敛指数,群体通透性更好;减穴稳苗处理提高了2016年F优498孕穗期和齐穗期的一次分蘖角度,而宜香优2115的一次分蘖角度2年均表现为减穴稳苗小于常规配置。（3）相关分析表明,孕穗期冠层日均温、昼夜温差和昼夜湿差与齐穗期剑叶和倒二叶比叶重呈显著或极显著正相关,与齐穗期收敛指数呈显著负相关;此外,孕穗期冠层日均温和昼夜湿差还与齐穗期冠层幅度呈显著正相关;齐穗期冠层日均温和昼夜温差与分蘖盛期、拔节期及齐穗后20 d的一次分蘖角度呈显著或极显著负相关,日均相对湿度则相反。减穴稳苗有效地改善了植株冠层结构,从而显著提高孕穗期和齐穗期的冠层温度和昼夜温差,提高孕穗期、齐穗期和齐穗后20 d的昼夜湿差,并显著降低日均相对湿度。【结论】减穴稳苗田间配置优化了机插杂交稻的群体冠层结构和光分布,增大了群体内部昼夜温差和湿差,降低了相对湿度,提高了群体质量和光合速率,为高产稳产奠定了基础,是西南弱光稻区进一步推进机插秧发展的重要技术途径。     

Viking lander location and spin axis of Mars: determination from radio tracking data

Radio tracking data from the Viking lander have been used to determine the lander position and the orientation of the spin axis of Mars. The areocentric coordinates of the lander are 22.27 degrees N, 48.00 degrees W, and 3389.5 kilometers from the center of mass; the spin axis orientation, referred to Earth's mean equator and equinox of 1950.0, is 317.35 degrees right ascension and 52.71 degrees declination.     

Charge Transfer between Raindrops: Microwave temperatures of thunderstorms can be deduced from radiation emitted by colliding drops

Electric discharges between free-falling drops have been observed and studied quantitatively in the laboratory. These data and information from terrestrial thunderstorms suggest that augmentation of the UHF temperature of thunderstorms by discharges could amount to 117 degrees K. If similar discharges occurred in the atmosphere or on the surface (or in both regions) of Venus, 1.4 x 10(6) discharges per second per square meter would be required to produce the microwave temperature observed (approximately 650 degrees K). It is not probable that such radiation supplies the whole microwave temperature observed; some fraction must be true thermal radiation as described by Plummer and Strong (9), in which case the probable number of required discharges is reduced accordingly.     

温光胁迫对黄瓜产量和品质的影响

本试验采用4种温光管理方式,研究苗期不同温光条件对日光温室黄瓜产量和品质的影响。结果表明,低温弱光处理A(日平均温度16℃,日平均光照强度504μmol.m-2.s-1)、B(日平均温度19℃,日平均光照强度385μmol.m-2.s-1)、C(日平均温度19℃,日平均光照强度504μmol.m-2.s-1)、D(日平均温度16℃,日平均光照强度385μmol.m-2.s-1)中处理C黄瓜产量、单瓜重、果长、果粗、果皮厚度、瓜把长最大;处理C的可溶性糖、可溶性固形物含量也最高;单株结瓜数、单株分支数最小;其中单瓜重、瓜把长、单株结瓜数、单株分枝数与其他处理差异显著。     

温度对冬小麦灌浆时间和灌浆速度的影响

[目的]研究温度对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum Linn.)灌浆的影响,揭示灌浆期间温度条件对小麦灌浆的影响规律。[方法]分析了1981～1997年郑引一号冬小麦灌浆期间的平均温度、日最高气温以及气温日较差对小麦灌浆时间及灌浆速度的影响。[结果]小麦灌浆期间平均气温与灌浆时间呈抛物线关系,5月上、中旬平均气温与灌浆速度呈线性正相关,而下旬平均温度与灌浆速度呈线性负相关,日最高气温过高对二者都不利。气温日较差与灌浆时间呈极显著的线性正相关,与灌浆速度呈"S"型曲线关系,气温日较差大,对二者均有提高作用。[结论]小麦灌浆期间日平均气温对灌浆时间、灌浆速度的影响各不相同,应及早采取措施,拓宽管理时间,稳定提高粒重。     

山西太岳山油松林木夏季树干液流速率的研究

2005年6—8月在山西太岳山32年生油松林内,用TDP探针,采用热平衡技术,测定油松林木树干液流速度.研究结果表明:晴天液流速度曲线略呈现双峰形状,为11:00和13:00时(0.002 97,0.002 94 cm/s),12:00流速略有下降(0.002 73 cm/s),反映出林木蒸腾轻度午休现象.树干液流速度晴天大于阴天,雨天液流速度很低.相同天气条件下树干液流速度存在随林木胸径增大而上升的趋势,树干液流速度主要受太阳辐射强度、气温和空气相对湿度影响.夏季林木日平均液流量与树干胸高横断面积呈正比.试验林夏季日平均单株液流量为白天8.666 3 dm3/d,日总量10.373 3 dm3/d,30年生油松林分夏季日平均蒸腾速率为12 843 dm3/(hm2.d),其中白天蒸腾10 730 dm3/(hm2.d),占日蒸腾总量的83.55%.     

冀北沙荒地黄柳光合与蒸腾速率日变化特征

[目的]探讨不同坡位黄柳光合与蒸腾的日变化规律,明确不同坡位黄柳光合生产与蒸腾耗水的关系。[方法]以冀北沙荒坡地黄柳沙障为研究对象,采用LI-6400光合测定仪,测定不同坡位黄柳光合、蒸腾及其光合有效辐射、气温、叶面温度的日变化,并以光合、蒸腾速率计算水分利用效率日变化数据。[结果]不同坡位黄柳光合速率(Pn)日变化有差异。下坡黄柳光合日变化为双峰曲线。中坡光合为下降曲线。上坡黄柳光合日变化呈现曲折下降趋势。下坡黄柳光合速率日最大值、日均值分别为0.340和0.220μmol/(m2·s);中坡黄柳光合速率日最大值、日均值分别为0.290和0.210μmol/(m2·s);上坡黄柳光合速率日最大值、日均值分别为0.350和0.220μmol/(m2·s)。[结论]研究结果为提高冀北沙漠化土地黄柳防风固沙功能及其黄柳资源的合理利用提供了理论依据。