几种作物NO_3~-吸收动力学参数测定方法初探

本文测定了几种用蛭石培养的作物幼苗对NO- 3 的吸收动力学参数 ,着重对测定方法、要求和数据处理方法进行了初步探讨 .结果表明 ,为使所测参数真实可靠 ,应做到作物根系能在限定时间内吸收足够多的离子 ,吸收系列处理数不小于 8,应该用米氏方程的两种变换式同时对数据进行处理并用相关系数对测得参数的精度作出评价等     

施磷对麦/玉/豆套作体系氮素利用效率及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

在已连续2年(2011-2012年)小麦/玉米/大豆套作体系磷肥效应定位试验基础上,第3年(2013年)开展了不同施磷对该体系氮素吸收与利用效率及土壤硝态氮含量变化的影响研究。结果表明:(1)小麦、玉米、大豆的地上部干物质积累量及籽粒产量均随施磷或土壤磷含量的增加先增加后降低,体系周年总产量P2~P5处理比P1处理分别增加25.5%,31.9%,43.8%,18.3%。(2)施磷明显增加作物地上部氮素积累量,提高作物的氮素吸收利用率,但对3种作物氮素生理利用效率影响较小。体系籽粒氮积累量P2~P5处理比P1处理分别增加33.5%,43.4%,56.1%,17.2%,体系的氮素偏生产力P1处理比P2~P5处理依次低20.0%,26.2%,32.5%,17.9%。(3)土壤硝态氮含量在各个磷处理间差异较小,由于植物地上部氮积累量的增加,3种作物收获期土壤硝态氮含量均处于较低水平。周年体系氮的施入与产出差值P1~P5处理分别为76.1,-18.2,-50.0,-77.7,15.7kg/hm2,除P1和P5处理外其他施磷处理的氮产出均大于氮投入,表明适量施磷能促进作物对氮的吸收,从而提高氮素利用效率。     

施肥模式对菜-稻轮作周年氮素吸收及产量的影响

为探明不同施肥模式对菜-稻轮作体系周年氮素吸收及其产量的影响,以长期定位试验中菜-菜-稻轮作和菜-菜-菜轮作各季作物为研究对象进行田间试验。2种轮作体系分别采用推荐施肥和习惯施肥2种施肥模式,于2020—2022年对各季作物氮含量和产量进行测定,研究不同施肥模式和轮作下各季作物周年氮素吸收积累量、氮肥偏生产力及其对产量效益的影响。结果表明,2个轮作周年内菜-菜-稻轮作方式下推荐施肥模式第二季作物(芥菜)和第三季作物(水稻)氮素年均吸收积累量为415.71 kg/hm²,显著高于习惯施肥模式(381.43 kg/hm²)。第一和第二轮作周年,不同轮作施肥方式下四季豆作物的氮素收获指数为0.61~0.65,各处理之间无显著差异;推荐施肥处理水稻作物氮素收获指数分别为0.72和0.73,显著高于习惯施肥处理(0.62和0.62)。通过各季作物氮素吸收量与产量的相关分析表明推荐施肥处理能够提高作物氮素吸收利用率。菜-菜-稻轮作结合推荐施肥处理的年均产投比(1.79)高于习惯施肥处理(1.47),菜-菜-菜轮作结合推荐施肥处理的年均产投比(1.56)高于习惯施肥处理(1.36)。因此,推荐施肥处理作物的周年氮素吸收积累量和产量均高于习惯施肥,该施肥模式有利于菜-菜-稻轮作方式实现作物高产和氮肥高效利用,可获得较好的经济效益。     

高铝低磷胁迫对胡枝子生长及矿质元素吸收的影响

限制酸性土壤作物生长的最重要、最普遍的因子是Al3+ 的毒害和 P 的缺乏.本文用溶液培养试验研究两种不同生态型的二色胡枝子在高Al低P胁迫下的矿质营养元素积累情况.试验表明,江西胡枝子比河北胡枝子更耐低 P 低 pH 的生长环境,但两者间耐Al性无显著差异;100 μm/L Al 处理显著地抑制了两种胡枝子对 Ca 的吸收,降低了根系 Mg 的积累量,对植株的 K、P、Fe、Zn、Cu 含量没有显著影响;低 P 处理没有显著降低两种胡枝子对 Ca、K、Fe、Zn、Cu 和江西胡枝子对 Mg 的吸收,但是低 P 处理显著降低了河北胡枝子对 Mg 的吸收和转运.二色胡枝子植株吸收的 Al 主要积累在根部,地上部分Al含量仅是根系的1% 左右.     

世界粮食研究模型在黑龙江省作物产量预报中的应用

在现有研究成果的基础上，提出世界粮食研究（WOFOST）模型在黑龙江省四大作物产量预报应用中的参数分区处理方法，运用WOFOST的模拟产量和趋势产量对黑龙江省四大作物产量进行了预测分析。研究表明：该方法效果理想、可行，具有理论研究和实际应用价值，克服了只用一组参数在复杂气候区域进行作物产量模拟的局限性，拓宽了WOFOST模型在复杂气候条件下的应用领域。     

作物对氮素养分高效吸收的根系形态学研究进展

本文综述了近年来与作物对氮素养分高效吸收有关的根系形态学研究情况，简要比较了解释氮索供应诱导作物根系形态变化的几种观点，着重阐述了用氮素诱导碳水化合物定向分配来解释根系变化的合理性和意义，并提出了根系研究在水分、养分效率和植物营养遗传研究中的展望。     

高等植物中镉的耐性和累积特征间的关系

<正> 自从镉被证实是对人类最有害的一种元素,是痛痛病的致病原因以来,镉在作物体内的累积和作物对镉的耐性已成为广泛的研究课题。过去对各种作物影响镉吸收的制约因子的研究虽获得了大量资料(Dage 等1981)。但关于作物种类间镉的累积特征和耐性的系统研究的报道,很少见到。作者曾指出,作物对镉的累积固有特征取决于该作物是属于哪一科的。用分类学的方法可作为了解作物对金属的吸收及其耐性的生物化学机理的基础,同时也可作为对选择恰当的作为监测土壤受重金属污染的供试作物的基础。对供试作物进行组织分析,目前被认为是一种监测手段。     

作物对氯素吸收利用与分布特点的研究

应用＾３６Ｃｌ示踪研究了水稻，棉花，烟草，油菜等１０种作物对含氯化肥中氯素的吸收利用及其在植株体内的分布。结果表明：作物对氯素的吸收利用因其种类，种植茬口而不同。第１茬作物水稻、棉花、烟草和草莓的吸收率在３０％左右；第２茬作物大豆，小青菜，苋菜，莴苣的吸收率在５％－９％；第３茬作物油菜，莴苣的吸收率在１％     

小麦/蚕豆间作体系中的氮节约效应及产量优势

通过田间小区试验,研究了小麦/蚕豆间作条件下作物的产量优势及不同施氮水平和种植方式中土壤硝酸盐累积。研究表明,间作可以提高作物单位面积复合产量,增产幅度在6%3～3%之间,不施氮处理间作小麦产量比单作增加达84%;间作和施氮对蚕豆产量没有显著影响。不同种植方式下土壤剖面中硝酸盐累积量趋势表现为蚕豆单作>小麦、蚕豆间作>小麦单作。不施氮、施氮量为20、406、0.kg/hm2条件下,种蚕豆的土壤硝酸盐累积量分别比种小麦的土壤增加了25.4、63.5、50.9、93.4.kg/hm2,间作降低了土壤中硝酸盐累积。小麦、蚕豆间作体系中的产量优势主要是种间氮营养生态位发生了分化,蚕豆通过固定空气氮而减少对土壤有效氮的吸收,把土壤中的有效氮节约供给与之相伴的作物小麦利用。     

作物相对耐盐性的研究Ⅰ.大麦和小麦不同生育期的耐盐性

本文通过盆栽生物试验和室内培养试验，对大麦和小麦两种作物不同生长发育阶段的耐盐性进行了研究。结果表明，两种作物均在萌芽期、苗期和拔节孕穗期对土壤盐分最敏感。随土壤盐度增加，作物对钠的摄取量剧增，对钾的摄取量明显减少，对钙的摄取量在苗期和拔节孕穗期也有一定程度减少。此外，随土壤盐度增加，作物叶中Ｃａ／Ｎａ比和Ｋ／Ｎａ比均降低，其中尤以Ｋ／Ｎａ比的降低最显著，表明盐分胁迫下作物吸钠对钾吸收的影响最大。     

蘑菇培养废料的土壤培肥增产效果研究

蘑菇培养后的废料做水稻基肥 1～4t/亩 ,可增加土壤有机质 ,有效磷和有效钾 ;提高水稻产量 .     

水稻硅吸收动力学参数固定方法的研究

本文采用常规耗竭法和改进耗竭法研究了水稻苗期硅的吸收动力学参数,着重对测定方法、数据处理方式及参数的量纲表示等进行了初步探讨。结果表明,不同的试验方法、数据处理方式及不同的量纲表示得到的水稻苗期硅吸收动力学参数值的大小不同。为使试验结果真实可靠,应该用不同的数据处理方式对数据进行处理并用相关系数的大小对数据作出评价。在本试验中,根据相关系数的大小得出,改进耗竭法优于常规耗竭法;不同的数据处理方式中,作图法得到的数据准确性最高;Vmax用mg/(g.h),DW作量纲时得到的硅吸收动力参数值较为合理。     

Determining kinetic and nonequilibrium sorption behavior for chlopyrifos using a hybrid batch/column experiment

Pesticide mobility in soil is strongly coupled to the chemical's sorption characteristics. A modified soil column batch experiment was conducted to measure the transient nature of chlorpyrifos sorption and desorption from Cecil soil. This experimental system minimizes many shortcomings associated with obtaining sorption parameters by fitting soil column data to an advective-dispersive transport equation. Several chlorpyrifos formulations were investigated to determine how formulations affect soil sorption, and if this effect is adequately described using transient sorption/desorption algorithms. Both a second-order sorption with first-order desorption kinetic model and the two-site kinetic/equilibrium model were found to yield reasonable comparisons to experimental observations. In general, the formulation temporarily decreases the sorptivity of chlorpyrifos and alters the time for equilibrium to be achieved. Care must be exercised when extrapolating sorption data for a pure molecule in a laboratory setting to formulated materials used in field applications when environmental fate predictions are sought.     

积分方法改进的生物质热解反应速率模型构建

针对经典Arrhenius方程中温度积分项不可积的问题,通过设定热解过程中生物质转化率同时为时间(和温度r的函数,使温度积分项可积分,有效避免积分法动力学分析中因简化而导致的计算误差。基于此热动力学方程(Ⅱ类热动力学方程)采用等转化率线性积分法求解反应活化能E,并结合模型拟合法选取最优反应机理函数,将选取的机理函数重新代入Ⅱ类热动力学方程积分式解得指前因子A的值。基于等转化率线性积分法分别采用Ⅰ类及Ⅱ类热动力学方程对玉米芯等5种生物质热解过程进行动力学分析,结果显示2类热动力学方程求得生物质活化能E的决定系数均高于0.95。Ⅱ类动力学方程求解的动力学参数计算的动力学分析值与试验值的吻合度高于Ⅰ类动力学方程。根据热解反应的活化能E与lnA具有高度线性拟合性,且转化率0.05～0.85间活化能波动不大这一特点,采用最大热解速率处转化率对应的热解动力学参数简化热解过程的动力学参数,可减小数值模拟的计算成本,为工程上热解反应的数值模拟提供一定的基础。     

Adsorption of Phosphate by Amino-Functionalized and Co-condensed SBA-15

In this study, the applications of mesoporous materials based on silica, and those with modifications, namely post-synthetic grafting, co-condensation, and pure SBA-15, were investigated for the removal of phosphate from sewage. The mesostructures were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer?CEmmett?CTeller, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The absorption of phosphate by the mesoporous adsorbents was examined, using different adsorption models to describe the equilibrium and kinetic data. The maximum adsorption capacities of the mesostructured adsorbents were found to be 69.970, 59.890, and 2.018?mg/g for the co-condensation, post-synthetic grafting, and pure SBA-15, respectively. The kinetic data showed that the adsorption of phosphate onto three different mesostructures followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model.     

Impact of pH on the kinetics of acrylamide formation/elimination reactions in model systems

The effect of pH on acrylamide formation and elimination kinetics was studied in an equimolar (0.1 M) asparagine-glucose model system in phosphate or citrate buffer, heated at temperatures between 120 and 200 degrees C. To describe the experimental data, a simplified kinetic model was proposed and kinetic parameters were estimated by combined nonlinear regression and numerical integration on the data obtained under nonisothermal conditions. The model was subsequently validated in a more realistic potato-based matrix with varying pH. By increasing acidity, the reaction rate constants at T(ref) (160 degrees C) for both acrylamide formation and elimination can significantly be reduced, whereas the temperature dependence of both reaction rate constants increases. The introduction of a lyophilized potato matrix (20%) did not affect the acrylamide formation reaction rate constant at reference temperature (160 degrees C) as compared to the asparagine-glucose model system; the elimination rate constant at T(ref), on the contrary, was almost doubled.     

Kinetics of the stability of broccoli (Brassica oleracea Cv. Italica) myrosinase and isothiocyanates in broccoli juice during pressure/temperature treatments

The Brassicaceae plant family contains high concentrations of glucosinolates, which can be hydrolyzed by myrosinase yielding products having an anticarcinogenic activity. The pressure and temperature stabilities of endogenous broccoli myrosinase, as well as of the synthetic isothiocyanates sulforaphane and phenylethyl isothiocyanate, were studied in broccoli juice on a kinetic basis. At atmospheric pressure, kinetics of thermal (45-60 degrees C) myrosinase inactivation could be described by a consecutive step model. In contrast, only one phase of myrosinase inactivation was observed at elevated pressure (100-600 MPa) combined with temperatures from 10 up to 60 degrees C, indicating inactivation according to first-order kinetics. An antagonistic effect of pressure (up to 200 MPa) on thermal inactivation (50 degrees C and above) of myrosinase was observed indicating that pressure retarded the thermal inactivation. The kinetic parameters of myrosinase inactivation were described as inactivation rate constants (k values), activation energy (Ea values), and activation volume (Va values). On the basis of the kinetic data, a mathematical model describing the pressure and temperature dependence of myrosinase inactivation rate constants was constructed. The stability of isothiocyanates was studied at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range from 60 to 90 degrees C and at elevated pressures in the combined pressure-temperature range from 600 to 800 MPa and from 30 to 60 degrees C. It was found that isothiocyanates were relatively thermolabile and pressure stable. The kinetics of HP/T isothiocyanate degradation could be adequately described by a first-order kinetic model. The obtained kinetic information can be used for process evaluation and optimization to increase the health effect of Brassicaceae.     

Kinetics of acrylamide formation and elimination during heating of an asparagine-sugar model system

The kinetics of acrylamide (AA) was analyzed by heating a simple model system consisting of asparagine and glucose, fructose, or sucrose (0.01 M, pH 6) at temperatures between 140 and 200 degrees C. The AA concentration appeared to be the net result of simultaneous formation and elimination. A general kinetic model describing the AA yield was identified, and kinetic parameters were obtained by nonlinear regression on the nonisothermally derived data. On the basis of kinetic parameters, the AA formation appeared to proceed faster and to be more temperature sensitive in the asparagine-glucose than in the asparagine-fructose model system. The AA elimination kinetics, on the other hand, was similar. Significantly less AA was formed in the asparagine-sucrose model system as compared to the model systems with glucose or fructose.     

基于去包络线法的番茄叶霉病发病程度估测方法

阐明番茄叶霉病(Fulvia fulva)光谱特征并对其发病程度进行估测,可为番茄叶霉病大面积遥感监测提供依据。本研究通过分析番茄叶霉病不同发病程度下叶片光谱变化特征,筛选对发病程度识别的敏感波段。并利用去包络线法对光谱反射率进行处理,构建基于光谱特征吸收参量的发病程度估测模型。研究结果表明:随着叶霉病病害等级的加深,番茄叶片的原始光谱反射率、光谱敏感度、相对反射率均呈逐渐降低趋势;可见光波段(550~730 nm)和短波红外波段(1 860~2 260 nm)是识别番茄叶霉病发病程度的最佳波段;且随着病害等级的增加,吸收波段位置(λ)向短波方向移动,最大吸收深度(D_c)和吸收面积(A)均呈递增规律。利用光谱参数构建的番茄叶霉病病害等级预测的逐步回归模型R~2达0.81,且模型验证结果较好。研究结果对利用高光谱遥感技术定量估测番茄叶霉病发病程度以及监测、防治农作物病虫害均具有较高的实用价值。     

Freundlich动力学方程与二级方程的异同

A mathematical expression of Freundlich kinetic equation,lnS=A‘ B‘lnt,is presented,and the physical meanings of its parameters are indicated.Although the Freundlich kinetic equation and the two-constant equation are the same in the form,the derivation of the Freundlich kinetic equation is precise,while the derivation of the two-constant equation has some contradictions and is unreasonable,And it is suggested that the Freundlich kinetic equation should have prority over the two-constant equation to be used.