枇杷气调冷藏保鲜的研究

根据枇杷在不同温湿度和气体成分比例条件下的贮藏特性,通过试验确定枇杷气调冷藏保鲜的适宜温湿度和气体成分比例等技术参数.结果表明:枇杷采用气调冷藏保鲜效果明显优于一般的冷藏保鲜,在温度为3℃,相对湿度为90%-95%,O2含量4%-5%,CO2含量5%-6%的贮藏条件下,贮藏30d以后,枇杷仍可保持果柄青绿,果实丰满,表皮色泽鲜亮,且汁多肉脆,保持很好的外观和内在品质.     

桃采后生理研究进展

从呼吸生理、乙烯生理、软化机理、果肉褐变及贮藏期间营养成分的变化规律5个方面综述了近年来国内外对桃采后生理的研究状况,为进一步研究桃贮藏保鲜技术提供理论参考。     

闽南水果加工与保鲜概况

本文概述当前世界水果的气调，低温和低压保鲜贮藏技术和研究趋势，结合漳州地区水果保鲜贮藏保存的问题，开展水果生产保鲜贮藏与加工等方面的研究。     

稻米贮藏保鲜研究进展

稻米（Oryza sativa L.）富含丰富的营养物质,是我国重要的口粮,年消费总量约1.2亿t,人均年消费约100 kg。稻米主要食用部分是稻谷的胚乳[1],而稻谷作为水稻的种子[2],贮藏过程中伴随着生理化学变化及物理变化[3],直接影响稻米品质和商品价值[4]。从稻米陈化机理[5]、贮藏和保鲜的监测指标及方法[6]等方面概述了稻米贮藏保鲜的研究现状,比较分析了目前稻米贮藏保鲜技术方法,探讨今后稻米贮藏保鲜的研究方向。     

国内外荔枝采后生理贮藏保鲜研究的进展

综述了国内外在荔枝采后生理、病理及贮藏保鲜研究的最新进展,并对今后荔枝保鲜研究的发展方向提出建议。     

茶叶保鲜贮藏技术的研究进展

本文综合了近年来茶叶贮藏保鲜的研究结果，认为茶叶贮藏中陈化劣变的主要内在实质是茶叶内含膳类、茶多酚，维生素、氨基酸等物质的自动氧化和降解。造成茶叶陈化的外界因素主要是水分、氧气、温度和光线。因此．茶叶的保鲜贮藏首先要严格控制茶叶的含水量;其次是选择优良的包装材料；再次是运用先进科学的贮藏方法。     

剑麻提取液对台湾青枣采后生理及贮藏效果的影响

探讨剑麻提取液在台湾青枣果实贮藏保鲜上的作用。以剑麻提取液为材料,浸泡处理台湾青枣采后果实,然后在常温条件下贮藏,研究剑麻提取液处理对台湾青枣果实采后生理及品质的影响。结果表明:剑麻提取液处理可有效降低果实失重率和腐烂率,延缓果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C、可滴定酸的下降,保持了果实的品质;同时,剑麻提取液处理还提高了采后贮藏台湾青枣果实POD、CAT活性,减轻了台湾青枣细胞膜脂过氧化程度,从而有效延缓果实的衰老;剑麻提取液在台湾青枣贮藏保鲜上有良好的保鲜效果。     

荔枝采后腐败褐变机理及保鲜技术研究进展

新鲜的荔枝（Litchi chinensis Sonn）果实营养丰富,经济价值高,但采后易褐变腐烂,不耐贮运,是荔枝远销和出口的瓶颈,阻碍了荔枝产业的发展。因此,荔枝采后生理特性研究及贮藏保鲜技术成为当前的研究热点。本文对当前荔枝腐烂褐变机理及保鲜技术的研究进展进行综述,并分析总结荔枝保鲜存在的问题,提出荔枝保鲜技术的研究方向。     

茶叶保鲜贮藏包装技术的研究

本综述了近年来国内外和广东省农垦商业总公司自身在贮藏保鲜包装方面所做一些研究结果。分析了茶叶贮藏过程中多酚类，氨基酸，脂类物质，维生素C等品质成分的变化规律及其陈化质变机理，以及水分，温度，氧气，光线等环境条件对茶叶品质的影响，并提出了改进茶叶包装材料及茶叶保鲜技术措施。     

热处理对木薯的保鲜效果研究

为研究热处理对木薯鲜薯储存后品质的影响，本文以华南9号木薯鲜薯为实验材料，将其分别置于 50、60和70℃ 的热水中浸泡 5 min 后沥干，PE袋真空包装后置于4℃ 冷库中贮藏，每 2 d 测定其相关生理生化指标。结果表明，适当的热处理可抑制微生物繁殖、延缓褐变、保持鲜薯的感官品质，对鲜薯有较好的保鲜效果；其中60℃热水浸泡处理5 min对鲜薯的保鲜效果最好，其能在0～4℃ 冷库中贮藏10 d仍维持鲜薯较好的品质。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.