核不育亚麻不育性与标记性状的遗传观察

通过对Ｈ５Ａ不育系的Ｆ、Ｆ２（地不育株与可育株姐妹交及可育株自交）兄妹交、回交后代的性状观察，发现上述各群体后代中，只出现了白花、白种皮不育株和蓝花、褐种皮可育途中亲本型，而未出现重组类型。证明了不育性与花色、种皮颜色表现出不是紧密连锁就是完全连锁或一因多效。     

核不育油用亚麻研究初报

1975年,于本院亚麻试验田里发现一株不育油用亚麻,经鉴定是一株无花粉型的、细胞质正常的、受一个显性雄性不育单基因(Ms)控制的天然突变体,在我国尚系首次发现.它的花为淡紫色、种皮近似白色.不育株与可育株杂交后,F_1代分离出来的不育株与可育株的比例为1:1;其中可育株自交后代育性不分离;不育株的育性分离没有中间类型,不是全育,就是全不育.这种核不育亚麻是进行亚麻育种的良好杂交材料.     

水稻三明显性核不育基因的初步鉴定

2001年在福建省尤溪县西城镇凤元村进行两系核不育系育性鉴定时, 在SE21S/Basmati 370组合编号为S221的800多株F₂代分离群体中发现1株与其他不育株的花粉败育形态不同的植株。经测交、回交、姐妹交的后代育性分离调查, 不育株与可育株呈1︰1分离, 以不育株为母本与普通品种配制杂交组合, 其后代育性呈1︰1分离, 可育株后代分离不出不育株, 表明S221不育性受核内1对显性不育基因控制。     

光敏核不育水稻存在BT型等位不育基因及其遗传关系的研究

农垦58s及其转育于不同遗传背景的光敏核不育水稻与BT型不育水稻六千辛A和寒丰A杂交,得到的F_1植株完全不育,证明农垦58s不育的2对隐性基因中有1对来源于农垦58,即为与BT型水稻等位的不育基因.由此推论农垦58s源于农垦581个基因位点的突变,而它的光敏不育性则为此突变基因和原有不育基因重叠作用的结果.当用作光敏不育的恢复亲本原已存在或不存在BT型水稻不育基因,决定了它们杂种F_2代的可育株和不育株呈3:1或15:1不同的比率分离.     

核不育亚麻不育株与可育株同工酶分析

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,对核不育亚麻不育株和可育株分别进行了过氧化物酶同工酶、酯酶同工酶的比较研究,找到了过氧化物酶同工酶在不育株和可育株整个营养生长时期的变化规律;同时发现了不育株和可育株雄蕊的两种同工酶酶谱存在着显著差异。也就是说,雄性不育基因调控了同工酶的形成和差异,进而影响了相应组织的生长     

核不育亚麻不育株与可育株同工酶分析

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,对核不育亚麻不育株和可育株分别进行了过氧化物酶同工酶、酯酶同工酶的比较研究,找到了过氧化物酶同工酶在不育株和可育株整个营养生长时期的变化规律;同时发现了不育株和可育株雄蕊的两种同工酶酶谱存在着显著差异。也就是说,雄性不育基因调控了同工酶的形成和差异,进而影响了相应组织的生长     

太谷核不育和T型不育小麦的发育解剖学特征

对回交转育的太谷核不育小麦的可育株、不育株、T型不育小麦植株及回交亲本植株的茎、叶、叶鞘的解剖学特征进行了比较研究.通过对数量化的解剖结构特征的单一自由度方差分析表明.茎、叶、叶鞘组织和维管束在发育过程中受到了不育基因的影响.初步证明不育基因不仅影响小麦生殖器官的发育,并引起败育.而且也影响营养器官的发育.     

甘蓝型油菜隐性核不育材料ZWA的遗传利用研究

通过遗传测交试验表明:甘蓝型油菜核不育系ZWA的不育性由两对隐性重叠基因和一对上位抑制基因共同控制.当两对重叠隐性基因呈双隐性纯合体(m1m1m2m2),而另一对抑制基因的基因型为RfRf或Rfrf时,植株表现为不育(m1m1m2m2RfRf或m1m1m2m2Rfrf,其相应临保系的基因型为三对隐性纯合体(m1m1m2m2rfrf.纯合两型系不育株(m1m1m 2m2RfRf与可育株(M1m1m2m2RfRf或m1m1M2m2RfRf兄妹交,后代可育株与不育株的分离比例为1:1;可育株自交,其可育株与不育株比例为3:1.利用纯合两型系中m1m1m2m2RfRf不育株与临保系(m1m1m2m2rfrf测交可获得基因型为(m1m1m2m2Rfrf全不育系,全不育系与相应恢复系(M1M1 或M2M2 )杂交可获得全可育杂交种,从而将隐型核不育系ZWA的三系杂交种应用于生产.     

湖北光周期敏感核不育水稻农垦58s花药中的某些生化代谢特点

湖北光周期敏感核不育水稻农垦58s单核早期的不育花药的线粒体呼吸速率和LOX活性分别较可育株低11.9％和5％,而单核晚期相应较可育株低18.4％和17.3％。花药发育从单核期至三核期,可育花药的AsA和GSH含量增高,而不育花药仅分别相当于可育株的35—55％和22—32％,并有脂质氢氧化物积累。随着花药发育,可育花药的AsA-POD,GR和6-GPDH活性逐有增高,至三核期达到最高。而不育花药,随花粉败育,在单核早期至三核期,AsA-POD,GR和6-GPDH活性逐渐降低,至三核期,其活性分别为可育株的26％,22％和19％,不育花药的ME和MDH活性亦较可育株低。IDH活性在单核晚期为可育株的47—80％。细胞还原势低是不育花药特征之一。低的还原势可能导致活性氧代谢失调和花药不育。     

萍乡核不育水稻的新恢复系及遗传分析

在构建萍乡核不育水稻显性核不育基因定位群体时,我们意外发现一些前人报道的保持系表现出恢复性,为此本试验对这几个品系与萍乡核不育水稻杂交后代育性分离做了系统的分析。结果表明,萍乡核不育水稻不育单株与可育单株杂交F₁代的不育株与可育株按1∶1分离,高温自交后代不育株与可育株按3∶1分离。萍乡核不育水稻不育单株分别与桂99、特青和9311BB23杂交,它们的F₁代均可育,表现恢复性。由F₁代产生的F_1:2家系中出现全可育群体和育性分离群体的比例为1∶1。其中育性分离群体中不育株与可育株按3∶13进行分离。从育性分离的F_1:2家系中的可育株自交产生的F_2:3家系出现全可育群体和育性分离群体的比例为7∶6。这些分离规律表明,桂99、特青和9311BB23具有恢复基因,并对萍乡核不育水稻的显性核不育基因表现出显性上位作用,能抑制显性不育基因的表达,从而使不育性转变为可育。     

Identification of a Monogenic Dominant Male Sterility Mutant in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck)

After mutagenic treatment with NMU (nitroso-methylurea) flower buds and flower-bud pedicels of broccoli were cultivated in vitro. Among regenerated MJ plants, one male sterile, but female fertile mutant was found, for which a monogenic dominant inheritance of male sterility was demonstrated. A scheme to utilize dominant controlled genie male sterility in Brassica oleracea for hybrid breeding is discussed.     

甘蓝型隐性核不育杂交油菜制种中父本和可育株花粉授精竞争力的研究

用花时指示性状作父本，隐性核不育系1601A（圆叶）作母本，父母本行比为1：10，在花期不拔除可育株让其父本和母本中可有株花粉对其不育株自由授粉，其父本花蕾总数占该群体可育株花蕾总数的17.3%的情况下，父本花粉授精竞争能力较强，不育株所结种子花叶株率达34.94%，父本花粉授精竞争力为1.02。其中，靠近父本的不育株所结种子花叶株率达80%，竞争力达3.63。母本可育花蕾虽占总花蕾的82.7%，但不育株所结种子中圆叶株率略只占65%，其母本中的可育株花粉授精竞争力为-0.27,而且即使母本中的可育株所结的种子，在靠迫父本的数行中，其父本花粉的竞争力仍为正值，强子可育株本身花粉的竞争力。     

Bud pollination and hybrid seed production in detergent-induced male sterile plants of Brassica juncea

The efficacy of a synthetic detergent (Surf Excel) as a potential chemical hybridizing agent in Brassica juncea was studied. Foliar sprays with various concentrations of the detergent caused reductions in plant height, number of branches and leaves per plant, size of leaves, anther size, pollen per flower, ovules per flower, pollen fertility, fruits per plant, fruit size, seeds per fruit, total yield per plant and 100 seed weight as compared with those of untreated plants. The style in the floral buds of plants sprayed with different concentrations of Surf Excel elongated and so the receptive stigma protruded from the buds which facilitated cross‐pollination by honey bees. The plants sprayed once with 2% Surf Excel exhibited an elongated style with a raised receptive stigma and 100% pollen sterility without causing a significant reduction in total yield.     

中国首例燕麦雄性不育的发现及遗传鉴定

对1994年发现的我国首例燕麦雄性不育材料进行了特征特性的观察和细胞学鉴定、以及不育性遗传的研究,结果表明:(1)该材料不育度为100%,属“无花粉型”的雄性不育,不育株小抱子败育发生在四分体形成后期到花粉粒形成早期阶段。(2)不育株与不同品种测交的F1代,6个组合表现育性恢复,2个组合出现一些完全不育株;恢复育性的植     

棉花雄性不育研究和应用进展

综述了棉花雄性不育类型、不育机理和雄性不育系杂种优势利用状况,着重讨论了棉花雄性不育的细胞学、生理生化和分子生物学研究进展。并对本领域研究和应用中存在的问题及发展前景提出了看法。     

山黄杏叶片氮磷钾年动态变化

山黄杏叶片内氮、磷、钾年动态变化研究结果表明.花后60d内随果实的增大叶片氮磷钾水平呈下降趋势.氮在花后60～90d随着杏花芽生理分化的进行呈上升趋势.花后90d随着杏花芽形态分化的开始又呈下降趋势;磷在花后60d一直到落叶变化不大.趋于平稳;钾在花后95d以后随着杏花芽形态分化的进程呈上升趋势.通过对山黄杏叶片氮磷钾年动态综合分析得出.在采收后落叶前.施用有机肥或氮磷钾复合肥.花后60d以前应追施一次氮肥.花后65～95d应追施钾肥.通过氮磷钾三元素之间平稳期关系分析.杏是一个喜钾肥树种.     

Genetic linkage between male sterility and non‐spiny trait in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Genetic male sterility (GMS) exists naturally in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). In the existing safflower GMS lines, sterile and fertile plants are distinguishable at flowering. This causes delay in fertile plants rouging and reduction in hybrid purity. In this investigation, a cross between a spiny GMS parent 13‐137 and a spiny non‐GMS parent ‘A1’ was effected. One sib cross, SC‐67, producing non‐parental‐type non‐spiny sterile and spiny fertile plants in F₃ was advanced to F₉ through sib crossing between non‐spiny sterile and spiny fertile plants. Mendelian digenic segregation was not observed for non‐spiny trait and male sterility. The results revealed strong linkage between these traits. The linkage was confirmed in F₂ generations of crosses between a non‐spiny marker‐linked GMS line (MGMS) and five elite lines. Male sterility–linked non‐spiny trait could distinguish sterile and fertile plants at elongation stage. The MGMS would be useful in production of pure F₁ hybrid seed and development of elite populations.     

甘蓝型油菜NCa CMS育性相关候选线粒体基因及其恢复基因的转录调控

用10个线粒体基因为探针，对NCa不育系、保持系和可育F1幼蕾的线粒体RNA进行了Northern检测。结果表明，atp6、atp1、cox1、cox2、cob、rrn5S和rnn26S等7个线粒体基因探针在不育系、保持系、可育F1中的转录没有差异，只有orf222、orf139和atp9等3个探针检测到转录本的差异。orf222和orf139分别在不育系和可育F1中产生相同大小和丰度的转录本，但是在保持系中没有检测到转录本；orf222检测到的3条转录本分别为1．1、0．9和0．6kb，orf139检测到0．8和0．6kb2条带。atp9探针在不育系和保持系中都检测到1条0．6kb转录本，而在可育F1中检测到0．6和1．2kb的转录本。NCaCMS不育的形成可能与orf222、orf39和atp9基因的表达有关。讨论了恢复基因在F1育性恢复过程中对育性相关候选基因的可能调控方式。     

Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Identification of maintainers,inheritance of male sterility and effect of environmental factors

Summary Research has been carried out on identification of maintainers for cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile lines in Japanese and European radish, on the mode of inheritance of male sterility and on the effect of environmental factors on the expression of this character.In a Japanese radish population and in most early European radish populations maintainers were found in high frequency. Segregations for male sterility in full-sib families, obtained by crossing male sterile and male fertile plants, and in backcross generations, indicated that male sterility is probably determined by one dominant and two recessive independently acting genes, but also minor genes may be involved.The expression of male sterility was not affected by seasonal influences. In some populations a reversible temperature effect was found, most ms plants occurred at 10, 14 and 26°C and most mf plants at 17 and 20°C.