卤虫卵的加工工艺

无论人工繁殖海水生物还是淡水生物，卤虫(丰年虫)是最为普遍的活性饲料之一。然而卤虫卵的整理清洗和孵化技术并非始终保持在应有的水平上，因而导致无节幼体的出膜率比较低。卤虫卵较为合理的使用方法之一是将它们去膜。卤虫卵有三层外壳：两层硬质的卵壳膜，一般呈褐色；里面还有一层透明的胚胎角壳膜。多数鱼类和无脊椎动物都不能吸收这种象甲壳质一样的卵壳膜，     

丰年虫卵质量的鉴定

1 质量鉴定的主要内容1.1 孵化率一般来讲，丰年虫卵孵化率在90％以上的为A级，70％以上的为C级。1.2 每克卵的粒数进口丰年虫卵每克的粒数，A级一般为27万～29万粒，C级为23万粒左右。如水分和杂质含量高，每克粒数相应减少。1.3 含水率进口丰年虫卵的含水率A级为6％～7％，C级7.3％左右。国产丰年虫卵的含水率上下幅度较大。1.4 杂质含量进口丰年虫卵的杂质含量一般为0.3‰左右，而国产丰年虫卵的杂质含量上下幅度也较大。2 质量鉴定方法2.1 孵化率的测定步骤a.随机取样并拌匀，取100粒为1份，共取6份，分别放入培养皿中；b.在培养皿中…     

卤虫卵壳营养成分分析

采用一般营养物质测定方法及液相色谱和气相色谱方法测定了卤虫卵壳营养成分。结果表明:蛋白质58.91％,脂肪5.63％,灰分8.92％;17种氨基酸总量为干物质的57.73％,必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的36.60％;卤虫卵壳含有多种不饱和脂肪酸,其中EPA占8.54％;卤虫卵壳含有多种无机元素,其中钙为13865.23μg/g,铁为9928.17μg/g。卤虫卵壳含有丰富的营养成分,因此可将其开发为营养强化剂或其它动物饲料。     

甲壳素和壳聚糖的制备及副产物的利用

甲壳素和壳聚糖的制备及副产物的利用蒋挺大（中国科学院生态环境研究中心，北京１０００８５）关键词：甲壳素壳聚糖制备副产物利用甲壳素（Ｃｈｉｔｉｎ）是由Ｎ—乙酰—２—氨基＿２—脱氧—Ｄ—葡萄糖以β—１、４糖苷键形式连接而成的均多糖，是自然界里存在量仅次于...     

“海狮牌”丰年虫卵质量高

天津“海狮牌”丰年虫卵，是幼虾在生长期内的高级饵料，含丰富的脂肪和蛋白质，经多年的推广和使用，在国内外沿海养殖业都有很高的声誉。今年以来，该厂进一步应用新的科学技术提高产品质量，使丰年虫成活率达到70％以上，卵黄含量达60％以上。该产品由广东省盐业进出口公司经销总代理，优惠供应广大用户。     

甲壳素/壳聚糖及其衍生物的应用情况

一、引　言　　甲壳素又名甲壳质、几丁质,是一种天然高分子聚合物,广泛存在于甲壳类动物、昆虫的外壳以及真菌的胞壁中。在自然界,甲壳素的年生物合成量约为１×１０９～１×１０１１ｔ,是仅次于纤维素的第二大生物资源,是人类取之不尽,用之不竭的巨大再生资源宝库。甲壳素属于氨基多糖,是Ｎ－乙酰基－Ｄ－氨基葡萄糖通过β－（１,４）糖苷键连接而成的直链状多糖,其分子式为（Ｃ８Ｈ１３ＮＯ５）ｎ。甲壳素经过化学修饰和改性,如水解、烷基化、磺化、硝化、卤化、羧甲基化、酰化、缩合、络合等,可获得具有特殊性质和特殊用途的…     

甲壳素、壳聚糖生产工艺研究

本文以虾壳为原料探讨了甲壳素、壳聚糖的最佳提取工艺。试验中利用稀氢氧化钠溶液除去虾壳中的粗蛋白质,稀盐酸溶液除去虾壳中的灰分,并通过单因素试验得出制备甲壳素的最佳工艺条件为:先用5.0%氢氧化钠溶液脱粗蛋白质,处理时间5h,然后用5.0%盐酸溶液脱灰分,处理时间3h,循环处理直至加酸无气泡产生,甲壳素得率为6.0%,色泽白度为50.3,灰分为2.0%。通过正交试验探讨出甲壳素脱乙酰制备壳聚糖的最佳条件为:氢氧化钠溶液浓度50%,温度90℃,时间12h,料液比1∶70。壳聚糖脱乙酰度(D.D%)为84.8%,粘度(浓度1%)为38.3mPa.s。     

卤虫卵孵化率和空壳率测定的新方法——次氯酸钠盐溶壳法

本文提出了卤虫卵孵化率和空壳率测定的新方法,利用次氯酸盐溶壳技术来测定卤虫卵的孵化率和空壳率。     

甲壳素/壳聚糖的研究进展及应用

壳聚糖具有良好的生物相容性、可生物降解性、无毒、无副作用，其大分妇中所含的氨基、羟基（尤其是C6－OH）反应性质活泼，能与多种有机物发生反应；介绍了其在多个领域中的应用情况。     

卤虫生物包囊在水产动物疾病防治中的研究现状及展望

在水产养殖中,“生物包囊”就是指以饵料生物作为载体包裹营养物质或药物,鱼虾通过摄食这种饵料生物达到营养强化、防治疾病等目的。本文以卤虫为代表,介绍了国内外利用生物包囊防治水产动物疾病方面的研究现状：包囊的优点、强化研究、药代学分析、防治效果等。并对研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向进行了分析探讨。     

Fish antibiotherapy: bioencapsulation of flumequine using adult brine shrimp (Artemia salina)

Optimization of antibiotic delivery strategies to aquatic environment and to the specific characteristics of the target species is essential for the improvement of bacterial infection control measures. This work aimed at standardizing the use of Artemia salina to deliver flumequine to fish as antimicrobial treatment. Adult Artemia were used to bioencapsulate flumequine. A flumequine concentration of 358 μg mL⁻¹ was found adequate to perform bioencapsulation during 24 h without causing mortality. Antibiotic concentration in Artemia, quantified by means of a microbiological assay based on MIC determination, using Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as control strain was 256.55 mg g⁻¹ (±71.22). The therapeutic doses of 10 mg kg⁻¹ BW, calculated on the basis of a consumption of about 4% BW/day, would then be delivered by the consumption of 7.8 Artemia g⁻¹ of fish.     

In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of shrimp chitosan against some intestinal bacteria

ABSTRACT:   The effects of shrimp chitosan with deacetylation degrees (DD) of 50%, 70% and 95% (DD50, DD70, DD95) on the growth of the intestinal bacteria were investigated in vitro in the laboratory media, and in vivo by an oral feeding test using hamsters as the animal model. The antibacterial activities of these chitosan products against one strain of pathogenic Clostridium perfringens and 13 strains of probiotics, including seven strains of Lactobacillus , and six strains of Bifidobacterium were evaluated. In vitro , the antibacterial activities of DD95 and DD70 were much higher than that of DD50. The strains of probiotics were more resistant to chitosan than the pathogen of C .  perfringens . The minimal lethal concentration for DD95 against C. perfringens was 250 p.p.m., whereas the survival percentages for most probiotics tested were above 90% for DD95 at 500 p.p.m. The animals were fed on either a control diet, or diets containing powdered chitosan instead of 5% cellulose in the control diet for 4 weeks. The cecal bacterial counts of total aerobes, total anaerobes, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and clostridia were similar for the control and experimental groups. The reasons for the differences in the antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo are discussed.     

Data envelopment analysis for production efficiency improvement: An empirical application on brine shrimp Artemia franciscana culture in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

Artemia culture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, is becoming more and more important to satisfy the global demands of cyst production. Nevertheless, Artemia cyst productivity in the Mekong Delta has been fluctuating largely due to not only technical inefficiencies and external factors but also farms’ characteristics. This study employed a data envelopment analysis to evaluate the production efficiencies in correlation with biological and cost inputs of Artemia culture in Vinh Chau and Bac Lieu located in the Mekong Delta. The key factors affecting technical efficiency (TE) were determined using ordinary least squares regression model. The empirical results indicated that production efficiencies of farms in Vinh Chau and Bac Lieu were similar with metatechnology ratios of 0.97 and 0.96 respectively. About 62.8% of surveyed farms were operating in technically inefficient circumstances. Farmers’ experience, educational level and culture technique training participation had positive effects on TE, while climate effects and water problems have been proved to have negative effects on TE. To improve production efficiency, inefficient farms are suggested to have moderately increasing combinations of organic fertilizer, chemical and feed. The use of probiotics should be reduced as it increases production cost and affects TE. Notably, a collaboration of scientists and feed processing companies is recommended to produce a specific formulated feed for Artemia in commercial scales. This study also proposes adaptive policies for local governments and cooperatives to assist coastal famers in the Mekong Delta overcome technical inefficiencies, improve cyst productivity and obtain economic sustainability in Artemia culture.     

内源酶辅助提取虾壳虾青素的研究

文章探讨了内源酶对虾青素提取效果的影响,并以高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定样品中虾青素的质量浓度,研究了pH、温度和酶解时间这3个因素对虾青素提取效果的影响,采用正交试验进行优化,以虾壳虾青素的萃取率作为评价提取效果的指标。结果表明,当酶解最佳工艺条件为pH 4.0,温度50℃,酶解时间1.5 h时,虾青素的萃取率最高,可达32.16μg.g-1湿虾壳,比直接超声提取提高28%。通过空白试验可知,外加脂肪酶对虾青素提取无促进作用,仅利用内源酶即可达到较好的提取效果,且经济节约。     

稀土元素镧Ⅲ对海水卤虫孵化率及变态率的影响

本文研究了单一稀土镧元素对海水卤虫孵化率、变态率、成虫率的影响及卤虫对镧元素的吸收.实验发现:1.8mg/L镧元素实验组比对照提高孵化率16.5％,且二者之间有显著性差异(P<0.05);0.3～0.9mg/L实验组可提高由无节幼体变为蚤扶幼体的变态率57.3～57.8％,它们与对照组之间存在着显著性差异(P<0.01);1.5mg/L、1.8mg/L两实验组比对照组提高成虫率12.0～13.0％,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

对虾虾头、虾壳副产品综合利用的研究概况

对虾在加工过程中会产生大量的虾头及虾壳等副产品,其副产品中含有丰富的营养物质.近年来,随着对虾产量的递增,其副产品的产量也越来越多,但产生的副产品大多被低值化利用或直接被废弃.既浪费资源又对环境造成了污染.为解决这一问题,本文就虾副产品在食品、化工、医学等方面的综合利用作简要概述,以期为对虾食品加工企业提高虾的综合利用...     

pH调节法分离凡纳滨对虾壳中虾青蛋白的研究

采用pH调节法对凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）虾壳中影响虾壳红变的虾青蛋白进行分离回收,以蛋白质回收率、纯度和二级结构含量为分离特性参数,以1.0为pH变化梯度,研究pH调节法从虾壳中提取虾青蛋白的规律。结果显示,pH调节法的回收率为47.5%,所得蛋白质纯度为78.23%、分子量为45 000 Da。该蛋白质在pH 3.0和11.0时有最大溶解度,分别为60.5%和55.7%;在pH 5.0时溶解度最低为15.4%;等电点为5.6。通过圆二色光谱图分析得知虾青蛋白是一种以螺旋为主要二级结构存在的物质,pH调节法所得螺旋含量为70.1%。     

Effects of dietary chitosan on growth,survival and stress tolerance of postlarval shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

The effect of chitosan, a polymer of glucosamine obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, on growth, survival and stress tolerance was studied in postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei. An experiment was performed with postlarval shrimp (mean initial wet weight 1.2 mg) fed five isoenergic and isonitrogenous diets containing five supplemented levels of chitosan (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g kg^?1 diet, respectively). The five compound diets (C0, C0.5, C1, C2 and C4) sustained shrimp growth throughout the experiment. Growth performance (final body weights; weight gain; SGR: specific growth rate) in shrimp fed diet C2 was significantly higher than that in shrimp fed diets C0, C0.5 and C1 (P < 0.05), diet C4 treatment provided intermediate growth result. The survival in shrimp fed diet C1 was significantly higher than that in shrimp fed C0 diet (P < 0.05), other diets treatments gave the intermediate survival results. No significant differences were found in growth and survival between diet C2 and C4 treatments. After 9 days of a stress tolerance test, survival in shrimp fed diets C1, C2 and C4 was significantly higher than that in shrimp fed diets C0 and C0.5. We concluded from this experiment that the incorporation of a moderate dietary chitosan was beneficial to the development of postlarval L. vannamei. Considering the effect of chitosan on both growth and survival of postlarval L. vannamei, second‐degree polynomial regression of SGR and survival indicated optimum supplement of dietary chitosan at 2.67 and 2.13 g kg^?1, respectively, so the level of chitosan supplemented in the diet should be between 2.13 and 2.67 g kg^?1.     

Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp. in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and Artemia

Use of antibiotics for the control of bacterial diseases in shrimp culture has caused several adverse impacts to the industry. This has resulted in the search for alternative environment friendly approaches to overcome bacterial infections. This study was conducted to investigate the use of beneficial bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics. Ten pathogenic bacterial species isolated from shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and Artemia cysts were tested for susceptibility to indigenous marine Bacillus subtilis AB65, Bacillus pumilus AB58, Bacillus licheniformis AB69 and compared with oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and bacitracin, which are common antibiotics used in Asian aquaculture. The Bacillus spp. were isolated from the local marine environment for bioremediation use in shrimp hatcheries and were proven to reduce total ammonium nitrogen. The pathogenic bacterial isolates were 90% susceptible to B. subtilis AB65, 70% susceptible to B. pumilus AB58 and B. licheniformis AB69 and 100% susceptible to oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol and gentamicin but only 40% to bacitracin. Two representative isolates of the vibrio group, Vibrio alginolyticus VaM11 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus VpM1, when tested for competitive exclusion by a common broth method using the marine Bacillus spp., showed decreased viable counts from 10(8) to 10(2) cfu mL(-1). The results suggest that the action of the marine bacteria appears to be significant in protecting the host shrimp against pathogenic bacteria. In addition to the alternative use of antibiotics, the selected marine bacteria had additional bioremediation properties of reducing ammonia.