Responses of Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Community Composition to Moisture Regimes in Paddy Soils Under Long-Term Fertilization Practices

The effects of fertilization on activity and composition of soil microbial community depend on nutrient and water availability;however,the combination of these factors on the response of microorganisms was seldom studied.This study investigated the responses of soil microbial community and enzyme activities to changes in moisture along a gradient of soil fertility formed within a long-term(24 years)field experiment.Soils(0–20 cm)were sampled from the plots under four fertilizer treatments:i)unfertilized control(CK),ii)organic manure(M),iii)nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers(NPK),and iv)NPK plus M(NPK+M).The soils were incubated at three moisture levels:constant submergence,five submerging-draining cycles(S-D cycles),and constant moisture content at 40%water-holding capacity(low moisture).Compared with CK,fertilization increased soil organic carbon(SOC) by 30.1%–36.3%,total N by 27.3%–38.4%,available N by 35.9%–56.4%,available P by 61.4%–440.9%,and total P by 28.6%–102.9%.Soil fertility buffered the negative effects of moisture on enzyme activities and microbial community composition.Enzyme activities decreased in response to submergence and S-D cycles versus low moisture.Compared with low moisture,S-D cycles increased total phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs)and actinomycete,fungal,and bacterial PLFAs.The increased level of PLFAs in the unfertilized soil after five S-D cycles was greater than that in the fertilized soil.Variations in soil microbial properties responding to moisture separated CK from the long-term fertilization treatments.The coefficients of variation of microbial properties were negatively correlated with SOC,total P,and available N.Soils with higher fertility maintained the original microbial properties more stable in response to changes in moisture compared to low-fertility soil.     

长期不同施肥措施下塿土细菌群落结构变化及其主要影响因素

? 【目的】 ?研究不同施肥处理下土壤细菌群落的特征,为建立促进土壤生态系统稳定和健康的养分管理制度提供依据。? 【方法】 ?陕西省杨凌示范区“国家黄土肥力与肥料效益监测基地”的28年长期定位试验始于1990年秋,种植制度为冬小麦–夏休闲,无灌溉。本研究选取定位试验中不施肥 (CK)、施用氮磷钾肥 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O分别为135、108、67.5 kg/hm2,NPK) 和有机无机肥配施 (70% N来自牛粪,MNPK) 3个处理。于2018年6月小麦收获后采集0—20 cm耕层土样,测定养分含量、含水量、微生物量碳含量、微生物量氮含量及目标土壤微生物。以1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳法检测土壤中DNA,根据97%相似度对序列进行OTU聚类、α多样性分析 (包括Shannon、ACE和Chao1等指数),使用CANOCO 4.5软件对土壤细菌门水平群落结构、细菌相对丰度等与土壤理化性质进行冗余分析。? 【结果】 ?与CK相比,NPK和MNPK处理显著提高了土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳、微生物量氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量,显著降低了土壤pH值。不同处理细菌基因拷贝数为每克干土6.69 × 109～16.46 × 109,与CK相比,NPK和MNPK处理细菌数量分别提高了77%和146%。MNPK处理的土壤细菌Shannon多样性指数显著高于CK和NPK处理,而Simpson指数显著低于CK和NPK处理,NPK与CK处理间两个指数无显著差异。3个处理的细菌丰富度指数 (Chao1指数和ACE指数) 和均匀度指数均没有显著差异。在门水平上,共获得35个细菌类群,其中,放线菌门 (Actinobacteria)、变形菌门 (Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门 (Acidobacteria) 和绿弯菌门 (Chloroflexi) 为主要优势菌门 (相对丰度 > 10%),占到全部菌门的80.1%～81.7%。与CK相比,MNPK处理显著降低了放线菌门 (F = 5.845,P < 0.05) 的相对丰度,增加了拟杆菌门 (F = 4.461,P < 0.05) 的相对丰度,3个处理间其他菌门均无显著差异。冗余分析结果显示,CK与NPK、MNPK处理的土壤细菌群落结构具有明显差异,且MNPK处理对土壤细菌群落组成的影响更大。土壤理化性质对细菌菌群影响表现为:土壤硝态氮 > 可溶性有机碳 > pH > 铵态氮 > 有机碳 > 土壤含水量,这些理化因子均是影响微生物生长的关键因子。? 【结论】 ?关中土区旱作雨养条件下,化肥平衡施用和有机无机肥配施均显著提高了土壤中细菌数量、多样性和丰富度,有机无机肥配施还改变了细菌群落结构,特别是降低了放线菌门、增加了拟杆菌门的丰度,更有利于土壤生态系统的稳定和健康。     

Effects of combined organic manure and mineral fertilization on soil aggregation and aggregate-associated organic carbon in two agricultural soils

Abstract

The effect of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on soil aggregate size distribution and stability, and associated carbon (C) within aggregates varies greatly in previous studies because of the differences in soil conditions, cropping systems, and management practices. This study was conducted as two field fertilization experiments, with different cropping systems, under a subtropical climate in China. The two field experiment sites were located in Jinhua (established in April 2011) in the Jinqu basin in Zhejiang province and Jintan (established in October 2010) in the low-middle Yangtze River plain in Jiangsu province. Both experiments consisted of four treatments, including unfertilized (CK), mineral fertilizer nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P)–potassium (K) (NPK), NPK plus straw (NPK?+?SR), and NPK plus cattle manure (NPK?+?FYM) or half NPK plus cattle manure (1/2NPK?+?FYM). Water stable aggregate size classes (>5, 2–5, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5, and <0.25?mm) and associated soil organic C (SOC) at 0–15?cm depth were measured. The mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), and water stable aggregates (WSA)?>?0.25?mm were also determined. The results showed that aggregate-size distribution varied with soil types. Combined application of NPK and organic matter (straw residue or cattle manure), unlike the CK and NPK treatments, significantly increased the WSA >0.25?mm, MWD, and GMD, while obviously reducing the proportion of <0.25?mm aggregates. However, no differences in WSA >0.25?mm, MWD, GMD, and associated C were observed between CK and NPK at both sites. The addition of FYM to the NPK treatment yielded the highest SOC contents in bulk soil, and showed significantly higher associations of C within all size aggregates at both sites. In contrast, NPK?+?SR significantly increased SOC within aggregate classes (2–5?mm, 0.5–1?mm, 0.25–0.5?mm, and <0.25?mm) at Jinhua and (>5?mm and 1–2?mm) at Jintan compared to the CK and NPK treatments. Overall, the combined application of FYM and mineral NPK was the best sustainable management practice for the improvement of aggregate stability and SOC sequestration.     

Physical and chemical properties of a sandy loam receiving animal manure, mineral fertilizer or no fertilizer for 90 years

Ninety years after the start of the Askov long-term fertilization experiment on sandy loam, bulk soil was taken from the 0–20 cm and 30–35 cm depths of unfertilized (UNF), animal-manure (FYM) treated and mineral-fertilized (NPK) plots and analysed for textural composition, carbon content, pH, CEC, particle density and plasticity limits. Undisturbed soil cores (100 cm³) from the 8–12 cm layer were brought to six different matric potentials and subjected to confined uniaxial compression, drop-cone penetration and annulus shear tests. Water-retention curves based on seven matric potentials were produced for undisturbed cores from the 8–12 and 30–35 cm layers. In the field, in situ shear strength of plough-layer soil was determined by a vane shear tester and a torsional shear box. FYM and NPK treatments increased the soil organic carbon content by 23 and 11% of the amount in UNF, respectively. Corresponding increases observed in CEC were 17 and 11%. The water content at the lower and upper plastic limits both decreased from FYM to NPK to UNF. Soil bulk density in the 0-20 cm layer was reduced in FYM and NPK treatments relative to UNF, whereas the volume of soil pores larger than 30 μm was unaffected by past fertilization. Soil receiving animal manure showed the greatest soil strength when exposed to annulus shear, drop-cone penetration and confined uniaxial compression tests, Shear strength measurements indicated that the UNF sandy loam soil reacted like a sand, the increase in soil strength upon drying primarily being due to increased internal friction. In contrast, soil from FYM and NPK treatments showed reactions typical of a loamy soil, the increase in soil strength during drying being caused by increased cohesion in the soil matrix. The field tests employed were unable to detect the management-induced differences in soil physical parameters found in the laboratory tests. This study shows that physical soil properties related to conditions for tillage and traffic, to crop development and erosion are significantly influenced by differences in soil organic matter levels resulting from contrasting methods of fertilizer management. Exhausting a loamy soil by long-term lack of fertilizer application severely affects the physical properties of the soil.     

Long-term impacts of manure, straw, and fertilizer on amino sugars in a silty clay loam soil under temperate conditions

There is increasing evidence that microorganisms participate in soil C sequestration and stabilization in the form of resistant microbial residues. The type of fertilizers influences microbial activity and community composition; however, little is known about its effect on the microbial residues and their relative contribution to soil C storage. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term impact (21 years) of different fertilizer treatments (chemical fertilizer, crop straw, and organic manure) on microbial residues in a silty clay loam soil (Udolls, USDA Soil Taxonomy). Amino sugars were used to indicate the presence and origin of microbial residues. The five treatments were: CK, unfertilized control; NPK, chemical fertilizer NPK; NPKS₁, NPK plus crop straw; NPKS₂, NPK plus double amounts of straw; and NPKM, NPK plus pig manure. Long-term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments increased the total amino sugar concentrations (4.4–8.4 %) as compared with the control; and this effect was more evident in the plots that continuously received pig manure (P?<?0.05). The increase in total amino sugar stock was less pronounced in the straw-treated plots than the NPKM. These results indicate that the accumulation of soil amino sugars is largely influenced by the type of organic fertilizers entering the soil. Individual amino sugar enrichment in soil organic carbon was differentially influenced by the various fertilizer treatments, with a preferential accumulation of bacterial-derived amino sugars compared with fungal-derived glucosamine in manured soil.     

Changes in soil aggregate‐associated enzyme activities and nutrients under long‐term chemical fertilizer applications in a phosphorus‐limited paddy soil

Paddy soils in subtropical China are usually deficient in phosphorus (P) and require regular application of chemical fertilizers. This study evaluated the effects of chemical fertilizers on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N) and available P, and on the activity of the associated enzymes in bulk soil and aggregates. Surface soils (0–20 cm) were collected from a 24‐yr‐old field experiment with five treatments: unfertilized control (CK), N only (N), N and potassium (NK), N and P (NP), and N, P and K (NPK). Undisturbed bulk soils were separated into >2, 1–2, 0.25–1, 0.053–0.25 and <0.053 mm aggregate classes using wet sieving. Results showed that both NP‐ and NPK‐treated soils significantly increased mean weight diameter of aggregates, SOC, available P in bulk soil and aggregates, as compared to CK. Most SOC and total N adhered to macro‐aggregates (>0.25 mm), which accounted for 64–81% of SOC and 54–82% of total N in bulk soil. The activities of invertase and acid phosphatase in the 1–2 mm fraction were the highest under NPK treatment. The highest activity of urease was observed in the <0.053 mm fraction under NP treatment. Soil organic carbon and available P were major contributors to variation of enzyme activities at the aggregate scale. In conclusion, application of NP or NPK fertilizers promoted the formation of soil aggregates, nutrient contents and activities of associated enzymes in P‐limited paddy soils, and thus enhanced soil quality.     

长期施肥对中国亚热带水稻土土壤稳定性和机械属性的影响

Wet stability, penetration resistance （PR）, and tensile strength （TS） of paddy soils under a fertilization experiment for 22 years were determined to elucidate the function of soil organic matter in paddy soil stabilization. The treatments included no fertilization （CK）, normal chemical fertilization （NPK）, double the NPK application rates （2NPK）, and NPK mixed with organic manure （NPK＋OM）. Compared with CK, Fertilization increased soil organic carbon （SOC） and soil porosity. The results of soil aggregate fragmentation degree （SAFD） showed that fast wetting by water was the key fragmentation mechanism. Among the treatments, the NPK＋OM treatment had the largest size of water-stable aggregates and greatest normal mean weight diameter （NMWD） （P ≤ 0.05）, but the lowest PR and TS in both cultivated horizon （Ap） and plow pan. The CK and 2NPK treatments were measured with PR 〉 2.0 MPa and friability index 〈 0.20, respectively, in the Ap horizon, suggesting that the soils was mechanically unfavourable to root growth and tillage. In the plow pan, the fertilization treatments had greater TS and PR than in CK. TS and PR of the tested soil aggregates were negatively correlated to SOC content and soil porosity. This study suggested that chemical fertilization could cause deterioration of mechanical properties while application of organic manure could improve soil stability and mechanical properties.     

Long-term effect of straw and farmyard manure on soil organic matter in field experiment in the Czech Republic

The effect of long-term (45 years) mineral and organic fertilization on soil organic matter (SOM) quantity (organic C and N content) and quality (hot-water-soluble C content, microbial biomass C content, hydrophobic organic components of SOM, soil enzyme activities) was determined in a field experiment established in Trutnov (North Bohemia, sandy loam, Eutric Cambisol). Six treatments were chosen for investigation: unfertilized control, mineral fertilization (NPK), straw N, farmyard manure (FYM) and straw and FYM completed with mineral NPK. Soil samples were taken from the arable layer (0–20 cm) in spring over the period of 2004–2010. The positive effect of FYM on the total organic C and N content, hot-water-soluble C content and hydrophobic organic components of SOM was more than 50% higher than that of straw and mineral N fertilization. Application of straw N increased microbial biomass C content in soil and generated invertase activity above the level of FYM. Hot-water-soluble C content, hydrophobic organic components of SOM and urease activity were positively correlated with total organic C and N content (R = 0.58–0.98; p < 0.05). Addition of mineral NPK to both the straw and FYM emphasized the effect of organic fertilization in most of monitored characteristics.     

不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应

采用淹灌、间歇灌2种灌溉模式与不施氮肥、含氮复合肥、缓控释氮肥、有机无机氮肥4种施肥模式配成8个处理开展水稻种植田间试验,研究了不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应。结果表明:指数模型能较好地描述不同灌溉施肥模式下的土壤收缩过程与土壤膨胀过程;各模式下土壤干缩特征曲线与湿胀特征曲线指数模型中的a值(干土的比容积,即干土体积质量的倒数)和b值(单位含水量变化时土壤比容积变化的自然对数单位值)存在差异;土壤干缩曲线与湿胀曲线不完全重合,二者的b值及其差异也不同,存在滞后现象;土壤湿胀干缩效应受多种土壤性质的影响,其中主要通过土壤孔隙结构与持水性质的影响体现。     

油/麦-稻轮作和施肥对土壤养分及团聚体碳氮分布的影响

通过田间定位试验探究油菜-水稻与小麦-水稻轮作在不同施肥措施下的土壤养分及团聚体碳氮分布差异,为长江中游油麦交错区水旱轮作模式选择及培肥地力提供依据。利用湖北沙洋的定位试验,选择油-稻和麦-稻轮作的不施肥（CK）、施用化肥（NPK）、化肥与秸秆还田相结合（NPK+S）3个处理,在试验布置的第4年于油菜和小麦收获后取0～20 cm土壤样品,测定土壤有机质和氮磷钾养分含量、孔隙度、团聚体分布和稳定性、团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率等指标。结果表明：（1）与麦-稻轮作相比,油-稻轮作土壤有机质和有效磷含量在各施肥处理中分别提高了13.1%～19.2%和18.8%～59.5%,土壤全氮含量在秸秆不还田时提高了28.1%(CK处理)和29.2%(NPK处理);（2）秸秆不还田时,油-稻轮作土壤总孔隙度较麦-稻轮作显著提高了8.1%(CK处理)和10.3%(NPK处理),相应的毛管孔隙度分别提高了11.7%和10.5%;(3)与麦-稻轮作相比,油-稻轮作土壤团聚体的平均重量直径（MWD）、平均几何直径（GMD）和大团聚体含量（WSMA）在各施肥处理中均显著提高,且提高了大团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率;（4）...     

不同土壤管理措施下塿土团聚体的大小分布及其稳定性

土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分,其大小分布影响土壤的功能。本文利用22年土长期定位试验,研究不同土壤管理措施和不同施肥对土壤机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体的分布及其稳定性的影响。土壤管理措施包括裸地休闲、 撂荒和小麦/玉米轮作体系,其中小麦/玉米轮作体系中有9种施肥处理,分别为不施肥（CK）,化肥氮（N）、 磷（P）和钾（K）不同配施5个处理（N、 NP、 NK、 PK、 NPK）,秸秆还田与化肥配合（SNPK）,有机肥与化肥配施2个处理（M1NPK、 M2NPK）。结果表明,不同管理措施显著影响表层（010 cm）和亚表层（1020 cm）土壤的机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体的分布。与作物体系比较,长期休闲可显著增加机械稳定性微团聚体（0.25 mm）的含量,对水稳性团聚体的含量和分布没有显著影响。而长期撂荒显著增加了大于2 mm 的团聚体含量及团聚体的稳定性。长期不同施肥显著影响 030 cm 土层的机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体的分布,总趋势为施肥比不施肥处理降低了1 mm的团聚体含量,增加了0.25~1 mm的团聚体含量,但对土壤团聚体的稳定性没有显著影响。因此,土撂荒22年后显著增加了土壤团聚体的稳定性,而种植作物和不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体的稳定性影响甚微。     

长期有机培肥提高红壤性水稻土生物学特性及水稻产量的微生物学机制

  【目的】  依托位于江西红壤研究所的有机肥长期定位试验,探究长期施用紫云英、猪粪和秸秆还田对土壤微生物量、酶活性和产量的影响,阐明土壤微生物学特性对土壤肥力的生物指示功能,揭示影响作物产量和微生物学特性的关键环境因子。  【方法】  长期定位试验始于1981年,选取的6个处理分别为:CK (不施肥)、NPK (单施化肥)、M1 (早稻施绿肥)、M2 (早稻加倍施绿肥)、M3 (早稻施绿肥+晚稻施猪粪) 和M4 (早稻施绿肥+晚稻秸秆还田),此外,有机处理 (M1、M2、M3和M4) 在施用有机物料的基础上,每季还补充一定量化肥（N 69 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 30 kg/hm2、K₂O 67.5 kg/hm2）。于每季收获后测定水稻产量。2018 年早稻收获后,采集耕层 (0—20 cm)土壤,测定土壤化学指标、微生物量碳氮、脲酶及其他参与土壤碳、氮、磷和硫循环的胞外酶活性。  【结果】  1) 2009—2018年间,长期施肥处理明显提高了水稻产量,其中M3处理的产量最高,其次为M2处理,二者均明显高于NPK处理;2) 土壤微生物量及酶活性均以有机处理 (M1、M2、M3和M4) 较高,其中M3处理土壤微生物量碳含量及各类土壤酶活性最高,M2处理土壤微生物量氮含量最高。有机处理较CK和NPK处理提高了土壤微生物熵。此外,微生物量碳氮和土壤酶活性与有机碳、全氮间存在显著或极显著相关关系;3) 有机碳与土壤微生物量 (0.895)、碳循环相关酶活性 (0.903)、氮循环相关酶活性 (0.854) 及水稻产量 (0.827) 呈显著正影响 (P < 0.05);土壤pH与土壤碳循环相关酶活性 (0.378) 和氮循环相关酶活性 (0.365) 呈显著正影响 (P < 0.05),对水稻产量 (0.211) 也表现为正影响,但不显著 (P > 0.05)。相较于pH,土壤有机碳含量在提高水稻产量、改善土壤微生物学特性上发挥了更为重要的作用。  【结论】  土壤微生物量碳氮和参与土壤碳、氮、磷和硫循环的胞外酶活性均可作为土壤微生物学指标表征土壤肥力的变化。土壤有机碳含量是提高作物产量、调控土壤微生物量和酶活性的关键因子。在供试条件下,长期实行早稻施绿肥+晚稻施猪粪的有机培肥,是提高土壤微生物量及酶活性并提高水稻产量的最佳选择。     

氮肥和羊粪对内蒙古典型草原土壤多糖含量及组成的影响

采用三氟乙酸(TFA)水解、糖醇乙酸酯衍生、气相色谱法测定土壤多糖含量,研究了内蒙古羊草草原围栏封育并连续5年施用氮肥和羊粪的表层土壤的多糖含量和组成特征。结果表明:长期施用氮肥显著降低土壤多糖含量6%～19%;施用羊粪显著提高土壤多糖含量20%。施氮肥或羊粪都降低了(半乳糖+甘露糖)(/阿拉伯糖+木糖)(GM/AX)和甘露糖/木糖(M/X)的比例,表明施肥降低了微生物多糖对土壤多糖的贡献,但是施氮肥的土壤降低幅度大于施羊粪的土壤。这表明,长期施氮肥和羊粪都将改变土壤多糖含量和组成。     

Long‐term‐fertilization effects on soil organic carbon,physical properties,and wheat yield of a loess soil

The large dryland area of the Loess Plateau (China) is subject of developing strategies for a sustainable crop production, e.g., by modifications of nutrient management affecting soil quality and crop productivity. A 19 y long‐term experiment was employed to evaluate the effects of fertilization regimes on soil organic C (SOC) dynamics, soil physical properties, and wheat yield. The SOC content in the top 20 cm soil layer remained unchanged over time under the unfertilized plot (CK), whereas it significantly increased under both inorganic N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK) and combined manure (M) with NPK (MNPK) treatments. After 18 y, the SOC in the MNPK and NPK treatments remained significantly higher than in the control in the top 20 cm and top 10 cm soil layers, respectively. The MNPK‐treated soil retained significant more water than CK at tension ranges from 0 to 0.25 kPa and from 8 to 33 kPa for the 0–5 cm layer. The MNPK‐treated soil also retained markedly more water than the NPK‐treated and CK soils at tensions from 0 to 0.75 kPa and more water than CK from 100 to 300 kPa for the 10–15 cm layer. There were no significant differences of saturated hydraulic conductivity between three treatments both at 0–5 and 10–15 cm depths. In contrast, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the MNPK plot was lower than in the CK plot at depths of 0–5 cm and 10–15 cm. On average, wheat yields were similar under MNPK and NPK treatments and significantly higher than under the CK treatment. Thus, considering soil‐quality conservation and sustainable crop productivity, reasonably combined application of NPK and organic manure is a better nutrient‐management option in this rainfed wheat–fallow cropping system.     

Long‐term effects of fertilization on some soil properties under rainfed soybean‐wheat cropping in the Indian Himalayas

This study aims to examine the effects of long‐term fertilization and cropping on some chemical and microbiological properties of the soil in a 32 y old long‐term fertility experiment at Almora (Himalayan region, India) under rainfed soybean‐wheat rotation. Continuous annual application of recommended doses of chemical fertilizer and 10 Mg ha^–1 FYM on fresh‐weight basis (NPK + FYM) to soybean (Glycine max L.) sustained not only higher productivity of soybean and residual wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop, but also resulted in build‐up of total soil organic C (SOC), total soil N, P, and K. Concentration of SOC increased by 40% and 70% in the NPK + FYM–treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha^–1) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha^–1), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean was 29% and that from wheat was 24% of the harvestable aboveground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment from initial soil in the 0–15 cm layer were 4362 and 333 kg C ha^–1, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was observed that the soils under the unfertilized control, NK and N + FYM treatments, suffered a net annual loss of 5.1, 5.2, and 15.8 kg P ha^–1, respectively, whereas the soils under NP, NPK, and NPK + FYM had net annual gains of 25.3, 18.8, and 16.4 kg P ha^–1, respectively. There was net negative K balance in all the treatments ranging from 6.9 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in NK to 82.4 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in N + FYM–treated plots. The application of NPK + FYM also recorded the highest levels of soil microbial‐biomass C, soil microbial‐biomass N, populations of viable and culturable soil microbes.     

长期施肥对黄棕壤细菌多样性的影响

[目的]基于武汉黄棕壤长期定位试验(1981—2016年),探究不同施肥措施下土壤肥力演变和土壤微生物多样性变化,为黄棕壤培肥以及农业绿色可持续发展提供依据.[方法]本研究采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术和偏最小二乘路径模型(PLS-PM)综合分析了不施肥(CK)、氮磷钾(NPK)、常量有机肥(OM)、氮...     

The effect of site characteristics and farming practices on soil organic matter in long-term field experiments in the Czech Republic

Parameters for evaluating both the soil organic matter quantity (total organic C [TOC]) and quality (hot water extractable C [HWC], hydrophobic and hydrophilic components, soil hydrophobicity) were determined in soil samples taken from selected plots of 13 field experiments under different soil and climatic conditions in the period 2004–2008. Four variants were selected in each experiment: non-fertilized control (Nil), mineral fertilized variant (NPK), farmyard manured variants (FYM) and organic and mineral fertilized variants (FYM + NPK). The TOC and HWC content of topsoil differed mainly as a result of the site conditions. Both organic and mineral fertilization increased the TOC content of soil; the percentage increase in the HWC content was greater than that for the TOC content. Mineral and organic fertilization increased the hydrophobic organic component content but not the hydrophilic organic component content. A significant positive correlation was found between hydrophobic organic components and HWC content (R = 0.746, P < 0.01). Hydrophilic organic component content was highly significantly correlated with the TOC content (R = 0.728, P < 0.01). Soil hydrophobicity was affected by soil texture and clay content, and a positive effect of long-term organic fertilization on soil hydrophobicity, and thereby soil stability, was determined.     

Organic Fertilization in Traditional Mediterranean Grapevine Orchards Mediates Changes in Soil Microbial Community Structure and Enhances Soil Fertility

Soil microbial populations and their functions related to nutrient cycling contribute substantially to the regulation of soil fertility and the sustainability of agroecosystems. A field experiment was performed to assess the medium‐term effect of a mineral fertilizer and two organic fertilization systems with different nitrogen sources on the soil microbial community biomass, structure, and composition (phospholipid fatty acids, pattern, and abundance), microbial activity (basal respiration, dehydrogenase, protease, urease, β‐glucosidase, and total amount of phosphomonoesterase activities), and physical (aggregate stability) and chemical (total organic C, total N, available P and water‐soluble carbohydrates) properties in a vineyard under semiarid Mediterranean conditions after a period of 10 years. The three fertilization systems assayed were as follows: inorganic fertilization, addition of grapevine pruning with sheep manure (OPM), and addition of grapevine pruning with a legume cover crop (OPL). Both treatments, OPM and OPL, produced higher contents of total organic carbon, total N, available P, water‐soluble carbohydrates, and stable aggregates. The organic fertilization systems increased microbial biomass, shifted the structure and composition of the soil microbial community, and stimulated microbial activity, when compared with inorganic fertilization. The abundances of fungi and G+ bacteria were increased by treatments OPM and OPL, without significant differences between them. Organic and inorganic fertilization produced similar grapevine yields. The ability of the organic fertilization systems for promoting the sustainability and soil biological and chemical fertility of an agroecosystem under semiarid conditions was dependent of the organic N source. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长期定位施肥对玉米根际土壤团聚体有机碳与钾素含量及其相互关系的影响

  目的  探讨长期定位施肥对玉米根际土壤中不同形态钾素含量变化及其与团聚体组分有机碳含量间的耦合关系,为红壤合理施肥提供理论依据。  方法  依托红壤长期施肥定位试验（始于1986年）,采集不施肥（CK）、氮磷肥（NP）、氮磷钾肥（NPK）、2倍氮磷钾肥（DNPK）和氮磷钾配施有机肥（NPKM）5个处理玉米根际土壤,测定不同粒级土壤团聚体的有机碳、交换性钾和非交换性钾含量,探明它们之间的相关关系。  结果  各施肥处理玉米根际土壤不同粒级团聚体组分中 > 2 mm组分均显著低于0.25 ~ 2 mm和 < 0.25 mm组分,但NPKM处理 > 2 mm的组分最高,< 0.25 mm组分则显著低于其他处理;而各团聚体组分间、同一粒级不同处理间全钾含量均无显著差异。与NP处理相比,NPK处理在 > 2 mm、0.25-2mm和 < 0.25mm团聚体的交换性钾含量分别增加了64.83%、31.12%和32.43%,非交换性钾含量分别提高了11.74%、16.86%和14.54%。相关分析表明,> 2 mm团聚体中有机碳与交换性钾、非交换性钾含量均呈现出显著的正相关关系（R2分别为0.72和0.77,P < 0.05）,且 > 2 mm团聚体中有机碳含量增加0.1 g kg?1,交换性钾和非交换性钾含量分别提高5.69 mg kg?1和 2.37 mg kg?1。  结论  在南方红壤地区,长期有机无机肥配施是提高玉米根际土壤大团聚体比例的重要措施,且大团聚体中有机碳含量的增加促进了交换性钾和非交换性钾含量的提高,可为满足作物根系的钾素需求奠定基础。     

Stabilization of carbon from maize in a sandy soil in a long-term experiment

The sequestration of carbon (C) in soil is not completely understood, and quantitative information about the amounts of organic carbon in the various fractions and their rates of turnover could improve understanding. We aimed (i) to quantify the amounts of C derived from maize at various depths in the soil in a long‐term field experiment with and without fertilization using ¹³C/¹²C analysis, (ii) to model changes in the organic C, and (iii) to compare measured and modelled pools of C. The organic C derived from the maize was measured in soil samples collected to a depth of 65 cm from four plots, two of which had been under continuous maize and two under continuous rye during long‐term field experiments with NPK and without fertilization. The fractionation procedures included particle‐size fractionation and extractions in water and in pyrophosphate solution. We used the Rothamsted Carbon Model to model the dynamics of the carbon from ¹³C data. The amounts of C derived from maize in the Ap horizon after 39 years of continuous maize cropping were 9.5% of the total organic C (where unfertilized) and 14.0% where NPK had been applied. Fertilization did not affect the residence time of carbon in the soil. The amounts of C derived from maize in water extracts were 21% of the total organic C (where unfertilized) and 22% where NPK had been applied. The extracts that were soluble in pyrophosphate and insoluble in acid were depleted in C from maize (the amounts were 5% and 7% of the total organic C, respectively). The results of the ¹³C natural abundance technique were used to model the dynamics of the organic C. Both the total organic C and the C derived from maize in the particle‐size fraction 0–63 μm agreed well with the total and maize‐derived sums of the model pools ‘inert organic matter’, ‘humified organic matter’ and ‘microbial biomass’. The model suggested that 64% (unfertilized) or 53% (NPK) of the organic C in the Ap horizon were inert. Only one of three published equations to determine the size of the inert pool agreed well with these model results.