水稻抽穗期基因研究进展

抽穗期是水稻品种的重要农艺性状之一,它对于水稻适应不同的栽培地区和耕作季节是至关重要的。近年来,在水稻抽穗期基因的发掘、定位、克隆及作用机制等方面,特别是QTL研究方面取得较大进展。在此,回顾了水稻抽穗期基因/QTL的定位和克隆,阐述QTL的互作及与主基因的等位性关系,并通过和拟南芥模式植物的对比进一步阐述了水稻开花的分子机制,为研究禾本科植物的抽穗期基因提供了有意义的启示。旨在为中国水稻抽穗期基因遗传以及在育种上的应用提供理论依据。     

拟南芥隐花色素CRY光信号通路的研究进展

隐花色素又称蓝光/紫外光A受体,是调控植物光形态发育以及动植物生物钟的一类光裂解酶。隐花色素最早在拟南芥中发现,后来广泛地发现于其他植物、微生物和动物中。拟南芥隐花色素CRY1(Cryptochrome1)和CRY2(Cryptochrome2)作为植物感受外界光信号的光受体,主要参与调控了植物光形态建成和光周期开花过程。目前对于拟南芥隐花色素的遗传学功能、光化学特性及其相关蓝光信号转导的分子机制已有较为深入的研究。最近,随着隐花色素光敏原初反应相关分子机制的解析,如:CRY2蓝光特异的二聚化和磷酸化等,为最终揭示蓝光信号传递机制提供了重要的理论基础,并借此有望在将来的研究中进一步解析隐花色素调控植物生物钟等重要生物进程的相关分子机制。     

植物开花光周期反应的分子调控机制

植物开花时间受到日照长短季节性变化的调节,拟南芥和水稻中与光周期反应相关基因的分离,使人们得以认识植物开花光周期反应的分子调控机制。植物感知日照长短的变化主要由CONSTANS(CO)基因的表达所控制。CO能够将光信号与生物钟信号整合,调节开花基因FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)的表达,并最终控制植物的开花时间。本文对这一研究的最新进展进行了综述。     

上海生科院揭示水稻籽粒大小调控机制

正中国科学院上海生命科学研究院植物生理生态研究所国家基因研究中心团队在水稻控制籽粒大小的分子机制研究方面取得重要进展。他们经过多年的努力成功克隆和鉴定了一个控制水稻粒长与千粒重的关键基因GLW7,并深入研究了其分子机理及在水稻遗传改良中的作用,相关研究论文于3月7日在线发表在Nature Genetics(《自然·遗传学》)上。水稻经过长期的自然选择和人工     

水稻淀粉合成代谢相关基因与千粒重QTLs的连锁分析

稻米淀粉的合成和积累是水稻千粒重形成的重要基础之一。在水稻千粒重QTLs定位分析基础上，对本研究克隆的14个水稻胚乳淀粉合成与积累相关基因及已报道的和预测的42个相关基因进行了电子定位分析，比较水稻淀粉合成代谢相关基因与千粒重QTLs的连锁关系。发现有38个基因位点与千粒重QTLs连锁，说明千粒重形成与胚乳淀粉积累与淀粉结构形成代谢密切相关。本研究结果将为进一步研究水稻产量形成的分子机理提供参考。     

水稻抽穗期数量性状基因的定位及遗传效应分析

本研究利用特早抽穗粳稻品种石狩白毛和籼稻品种明恢63杂交的F2分离群体共116株,构建了含88个共显性分子标记的连锁图谱,对水稻(Oryza sativA L．)抽穗期进行基因定位。利用2种分析软件MAPMAKER／QTL和QTLMapper进行分析,共检测到3个抽穗期的数量性状基因座(QTLs)。2个软件共同发现第7染色体上RM214与A5106标记区间内存在1个主效QTL Hd7a（Hd7c),来自明恢63的这个位点的等位基因可使抽穗期延迟。其余2个QTLs分别位于第7、9染色体上。同时检测到有5对位点间存在上位性作用,但相对贡献率较小,表明上位性效应也是影响抽穗期的遗传基础。     

一种筛选拟南芥低铁响应突变体的有效方法

铁是植物必需的一种微量营养元素。农作物的产量及品质经常因土壤缺铁而降低。研究植物在低铁条件下生长发育及对铁缺乏响应的分子机制,有助于揭示植物铁营养的遗传基础,有利于改良和培育耐低铁的农作物。笔者根据野生型拟南芥在低铁条件下的生长和生理表型确定了遗传筛选突变体的指标,并建立了筛选拟南芥与缺铁信号及信号转导相关突变体的方法。利用这种方法,笔者筛选出11株突变体并克隆了一个可能与植物耐低铁胁迫相关的基因,证明该方法适用于鉴别铁营养相关的重要基因以及分子遗传学的研究。     

水稻抗旱性相关性状的QTLs定位研究进展

本文从水稻抗旱性、根系形态性状、生理性状等方面,介绍了近年来水稻抗旱性及相关性状的数量性状基因定位(Quantitative trait loci,QTLs)的研究进展,并比较了不同群体和环境条件下所定位的抗旱性相关性状的QTLs位点、标记及其在染色体上的分布和特点,同时对水稻抗旱性相关性状QTLs的比较基因组学研究及应用基因工程进行水稻抗旱性研究进行了阐述。旨为我国水稻抗旱性遗传育种及基因组研究提供信息和理论依据。     

过量表达水稻EPFL家族基因影响拟南芥气孔的发育

气孔由两个保卫细胞围合而成是植物重要的与外界气孔交换的器官,其在发育过程中受到环境与内部因素的控制,表皮原母细胞由一次不对称分裂开始经过一系列分化,最终形成2个保卫细胞并形成气孔。最近在对EPFL家族基因(epidermis patenting factor like,EPFLs)研究中,发现EPFLs编码的小肽可能在气孔发育中起到调节作用,特别是对气孔密度及在气孔系细胞发生与发展都有调节作用。本研究利用生物信息学方法,比对了水稻(Oryza sativa)基因组,找到与拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)同源的水稻EPFLs基因,构建载体转化拟南芥,以拟南芥为表型研究对象,研究水稻EPFLs在调控气孔形成过程中可能起到的作用,研究发现水稻EPFLs也具有调节气孔发育的作用,其中与Stomagen同源的Os01g0914400水稻基因的表型与拟南芥Stomagen表型非常相似,过表达都增加了气孔的数量与密度,水稻EPFLs中有3个基因Os04g0637-300、Os03g0672500、Os04g0457700转化拟南芥后表现气孔密度显著减少,研究说明水稻中也有调节气孔发育的相关基因,可能对水稻气孔发育与分布密度有影响作用。     

拟南芥ERECTA基因的研究进展

ERECTA是从拟南芥La-0(Landsberg)中分离出来的一个类受体激酶,它可以与多种基因相互协作控制植物器官的形态建成。其拟南芥突变体Ler(Landsberg erecta)被广泛应用于分子遗传学研究。目前已有文章报道该基因在花序结构,叶片形态,气孔发育,抗病性等方面具有重要的作用。随着分子生物学与遗传学的发展,ERECTA基因新的功能被逐渐发现。本文综述了ERECTA基因在拟南芥的分生组织,叶,花以及生物与非生物胁迫等方面的功能。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.