水稻免耕不耙节水栽培试验研究

通过对水稻免耕不耙节水栽培试验研究,结果表明:免耕不耙直接灌水插秧技术,在松软较肥沃的土壤上,水稻产量不减,但可节约泡田用水30%以上,提高水的生产效率8%左右,节省成本20%。     

东北黑土稻区免耕轻耙对稻田土壤理化性质及水稻产量的影响研究

2007～2010年,在东北黑土稻作区,探索不同免耕措施对稻田土壤理化性质及水稻产量的影响。结果表明,全年免耕和免耕轻耙土壤容重分别增加19.0%和9.5%,土壤总孔隙度分别降低8.5%和4.2%;分别使土壤0～10 cm表层有机质含量增加50.3%和53.8%,使10～20 cm土层有机质含量降低42.5%和33.9%,土壤其他养分也表现出相同的趋势;全年免耕比常规翻耕单位面积产量降低3.6%,免耕轻耙单位面积产量则变化不大。说明免耕轻耙对土壤理化性质和产量的影响比全年免耕小,可作为水稻免耕的主要方式在东北黑土稻区推广。     

水稻免耕原茬带水压耙试验

针对水田翻耕整地作业繁杂、费时费力、耗水量大等问题。选择具有代表性的稻田进行免耕原茬带水压耙试验。结果表明，这种压耙方法，简便易行，节水100m^3/667m^2，节支17.4元/667m^2，增产13.6kg/667m^2，增收17.68元/667m^2。是抗旱种稻的一项重要技术措施。     

水稻免耕原茬带水压耙试验

针对水田翻耕整地作业繁杂、费时费力、耗水量大等问题,选择具有代表性的稻田进行免耕原茬带水压耙试验。结果表明,这种压耙方法,简便易行,节水100m3/667m2,节支17.4元/667m2,增产13.6kg/667m2,增收17.68元/667m2。是抗旱种稻的一项重要技术措施。     

稻草覆盖还田晚稻免耕节水栽培技术应用研究

2005年在宁远县大枧头村进行了稻草覆盖还田晚稻免耕节水栽培技术试验示范，结果表明，晚稻采用稻草覆盖还田免耕节水栽培技术可以降低田间水温和泥温，有利于插后返青分蘖，能有效改善水稻的经济性状，从而明显提高晚稻的产量。同时可以减少灌水次数，节约大量灌溉用水，具有较好的经济、社会和生态效益。     

水稻抗旱节水栽培技术

针对水田面临严重缺水局面,为了缓解水田旱情,从选用耐旱品种、培育壮秧、免耕轻耙、间断灌水等栽培技术入手,介绍了水稻抗旱节水栽培技术的关键环节。提出了耐旱高产品种、培育壮秧、旱整地、重施底肥、全层施氮、根据水稻不同生育期间断灌溉等具体节水措施。     

川南水稻开厢免耕节水强化栽培集成技术

为探索川南冬水田水稻增产节支新模式,从利用冬水田季节性休耕自养特性出发,结合当前适用先进技术、生产利用情况和年度循环特点,以轻简高效为目标,研究出水稻开厢免耕节水强化栽培技术体系,取得了每667m2增收稻谷100 kg、节约生产成本100元的良好效果,为川南地区水稻高效种植提供了实践示范和技术支持。     

湖南省水稻节水栽培技术的研究与应用

湖南虽然降水丰沛，水利设施较为配套齐全，但每年仍有部分地区和部分时段出现旱灾，常年发生旱灾的面积为３０万～６０万公顷，减产粮食５亿～１０亿公斤。为此，研究和推广了一系列抗旱节水栽培技术，取得了减灾增收的效果，旱灾损失率比１９９０年前下降了４２．５％。并制订了今后的推广计划。     

水稻全程节水栽培技术

1990年以来，对水稻节水高产栽培技术进行探讨，利用负压计测定土壤水势和土壤干量法测定土壤的含水量。初步掌握了水稻对水分较为敏感的生育期。即；有效分蘖期、抽穗前20d、抽穗期、抽穗后20d是水稻对水分较为敏感的时期，并且测定各期土壤水势对水稻生长发育的影响。以此为指标进行了节水栽培技术探讨。同时研究以湿润灌溉、秧苗旱育和旱稻品种利用为中心形成节水高产栽培配套技术，结果：水稻节水达30％以上，早稻用水仅为水稻用水的5％－7％，具有明显的节水效果。     

水稻“节水灌溉”模式探索

根据水稻不同生育时期采取不同的灌溉方法,即:插秧至返青阶段有水不淹心;返青至分蘖高峰期寸水不露泥;拔节孕穗至蜡熟末期间歇灌溉,缺水补水。结果表明:采用节水灌溉模式稻田可节水1800m3/hm2,可增产625.5kg/hm2,纯增收1431元/hm2。     

水稻“节水灌溉”模式探索

根据水稻不同生育时期采取不同的灌溉方法,即：插秧至返青阶段有水不淹心;返青至分蘖高峰期寸水不露泥;拔节孕穗至蜡熟末期间歇灌溉,缺水补水。结果表明：采用节水灌溉模式稻田可节水1800m^3／hm^2,可增产625．5kg／hm^2,纯增收1431元／hm^2。     

不同灌溉方式对水稻生长及产量的影响

为建立湘南双季稻区节水灌溉栽培模式提供依据,设置了不同灌溉方式对水稻生长发育的影响试验。试验结果表明：不同灌溉方式在水稻生长、干物质积累、生理特性以及产量上都存在显著差异。4种灌溉方式下水稻生长与产量表现以浅水灌溉最优,受旱灌溉最差,与受旱灌溉比,浅水灌溉株高、分蘖数、光合速率均有提高,结实率提高了41.5%,千粒重增加了1.6 g,产量增加了15.8 g/盆;浅水灌溉下水稻产量、灌溉用水利用率分别比深水灌溉高出7.6 g/盆和0.69 kg/m3。间歇灌溉产量与深水灌溉差异很小,但间歇灌溉水分利用率高出深水灌溉0.44 kg/m3。因此,在湘南双季稻区,针对季节性干旱的特点,采用浅水灌溉方式有利于晚稻高产稳产,间歇灌溉有利于晚稻种植。     

水稻深层施肥技术试验

通过对水稻只施基肥和穗肥的深施施肥试验研究,结果表明:深层施肥法可提高肥料利用率25%,增加水稻有效分蘖和成穗率,增加产量10%以上,节省人工,并避免贪青晚熟,减轻病害。     

水稻节水栽培技术体系的形成与发展

主要从水稻节水栽培的技术原理、核心技术及重要技术创新、主要关键技术及其技术体系的形成与发展等方面,进行了较全面的论述。通过多年来采取不同学科、跨地区、多层次、联合攻关和潜心研究,在水稻栽培领域取得了突破性进展。研究结果与实践表明,水稻节水栽培是一项系统工程。1981年～2005年,农业科研院所和农业院校及农业技术推广部门通力合作,开展了全方位的水稻节水栽培技术试验研究,不断创新和吸取群众经验,在长达25年间,进行各项技术集成、组装与配套,建立了水稻高产节水栽培技术体系,彻底改变了传统的淹水栽培方式。经过不断深入开发和大面积应用推广,取得了巨大经济效益、社会效益和生态效益,是我国水稻栽培史上的一个里程碑。     

Effects of Water-Saving Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Yield Components of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

The effects of nitrogen (N) application (32, 72 and 112 kg N ha-¹ in 2000, and 32, 92 and 152 kg N ha-¹ in 2001) and water-saving irrigation and their interaction on grain yield and yield components of the rice cultivar Champa-Kamphiroozi, which is a local cultivar in a semi-arid area in the south of Islamic Republic (I.R.) of Iran, were investigated. The plants were cultivated under sprinkler irrigation (1.0 ET_p and 1.5 ET_p), intermittent flooding (1-day and 2-day intervals) and continuous flooding (control). The experiments were conducted on a clay loam-clay soil under a semi-arid environment using four replications in a split plot design with irrigation method as main plots and N levels as subplots. The results indicated that intermittent flooding irrigation at 2-day intervals was as effective as continuous flooding for grain yield, showing high water-use efficiency (WUE). The soil moisture tension in the root zone before each irrigation under this condition was –300 to –400 cm. Sprinkler irrigation and intermittent flooding increased WUE by 20 to 60%, compared with continuous flooding, and the increase in N application rate to 112-152 kg ha-¹ increased grain yield under any irrigation condition. Under sprinkler irrigation, grain yield was low and percentage of unfilled grain was high, although WUE was high. However, by adopting sprinkler irrigation, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application necessary for cultivation was reduced. Furthermore, when nitrogen application must be limited due to groundwater pollution, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer necessary for cultivation can be reduced.     

Long-Term No-Tillage Direct Seeding Mode for Water-Saving and Drought-Resistance Rice Production in Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System

To study the effects of long-term no-tillage direct seeding mode on rice yield and the soil physiochemical property in a rice-rapeseed rotation system,a comparative experiment with a water-saving and drought-resistance rice(WDR)variety and a double low rapeseed variety as materials was conducted under no-tillage direct seeding(NTDS)mode and conventional tillage direct seeding(CTDS)mode for four years,using the CTDS mode as the control.Compared with the CTDS mode,the actual rice yield of WDR decreased by 8.10%at the first year,whereas the plant height,spikelet number per panicle,spikelet fertility,1000-grain weight,grain yield,actual yield,and harvest index increased with no-tillage years,which led to the actual yield increase by 6.49%at the fourth year.Correlation analysis showed that the panicle length was significantly related to the actual yield of WDR.Compared with the CTDS mode in terms of the soil properties,the pH value of the NTDS mode decreased every year,whereas the contents of soil organic matter and total N of the NTDS mode increased.In the 0–5 cm layer of the NTDS mode,the soil bulk decreased,whereas the contents of soil organic matter,total N,and available N increased.In the 5–20 cm layer of the NTDS mode,the available N and K decreased,whereas the soil bulk,contents of soil organic matter,and total N increased.In summary,the NTDS mode increased the rice yield,and could improve the paddy soil fertility of the top layer.