PHYCOMYCOSIS OF THE HORSE CAUSED BY BASIDIOBOLUS HAPTOSPORUS

A case of subcutaneous phycomycosis of a horse from which Basidiobolus haptosporus was isolated is described. Although some clinical signs were similar to the disease caused by Hyphomyces destruens , the gross and microscopic pathology were different in several respects. Main characteristics of the histopathology were the narrow eosinophilic sleeve around wide, frequently septate hyphae scattered throughout the affected tissue and found commonly at the advancing border of the lesion. A retrospective study of 63 cases of phycomycosis diagnosed at this laboratory since 1970 indicated a further 11 cases with similar histological features. The significance of this finding for the epidemiology and pathogenesis of equine dermal granulomas is discussed.     

COMPLICATIONS IN EQUINE LARYNGEAL SURGERY

Surgery on the larynx as is seen in most cases today is either a laryngotomy in which the laryngeal saccules are removed or a laryngoplasty procedure in which the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage is sutured to the cricoid cartilage or the combination of both. Continued research in this area might lead to a better surgical technique than laryngoplasty. At this time laryngoplasty has apparently increased the efficacy of surgery treatment on the larynx by at least 20% over the long advocated laryngeal saccule removal. It is of interest to note that in comparing the larynx of man and the horse that innervation and musculature are very similar. Perhaps in viewing laryngeal paralysis in man better understanding of the etiology and perhaps the surgical approach may be obtained. But, as pointed out by Cook¹, man is not judged by how fast he can run a mile as opposed to the horse.     

RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE AND ANATOMY OF THE EQUINE SACROILIAC REGION

Radiography is part of evaluating horses with poor performance and pelvic limb lameness; however, the radiographic appearance of the sacroiliac region is poorly described. The goal of the present study was to describe the use of a simple technique to obtain radiographs of the sacroiliac region in the anesthetized horse and to describe the radiographic appearance of this region. Seventy-nine horses underwent radiography of the pelvis under general anesthesia in dorsal recumbency. During a 5s exposure time the horse was actively ventilated to blur the abdominal viscera, which allowed assessment of individual bone structures in 77 horses. A large variation in the shape of the sacral wings, their articulation with the transverse processes of L6, and the relation of the sacrum to the ilium were observed. Females had significantly narrower width of the sacral wings. Broad sacral wings and bony proliferations at the caudal aspect were commonly observed features and their size was highly correlated with gender. In males, caudal osteophytes were significantly larger than in females. Five horses had transitional or hemitransitional vertebrae. Radiography with the ventilation-induced blurring technique is a simple approach that results in diagnostic quality radiographs and delineation of the highly variable bone structures of the sacroiliac region.     

RADIOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE THORAX: ANATOMY AND TECHNIC

Radiographic evaluation of the entire adult equine thorax in the standing position requires a minimum of four overlapping lateral radiographs. Small horses could often be studied with fewer radiographs. This basic examination provided the optimal radiographic opportunity for detecting lung diseases in the horse. An understanding of normal gross and radiographic anatomy is an absolute necessity if one is to avoid the potential diagnostic pitfalls inherent in radiographic interpretation of the equine thorax. Of equal importance is an appreciation for the technic required to produce thoracic radiographs. The advent of rare-earth intensifying screen and highspeed film systems has enhanced the opportunity for obtaining diagnostic standing lateral equine thoracic radiographs.     

XERORADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE EQUINE DIGIT AND METACARPOPHALANGEAL REGION

The purpose of the project was to use xeroradiography to provide a reference for radiographic anatomy of the equine digit and metacarpophalangeal region. The left foredigits and metacarpophalangeal joints of a mature horse and a 30-day-old foal were radiographed, using xeroradiographic techniques. Fifteen xeroradiographs, illustrating standard projections of each area, were selected and appropriately labeled to demonstrate normal radiographic anatomy of these regions. These xeroradiographs have been used successfully for several years to teach radiographic anatomy of these areas to first-year veterinary students at North Carolina State University.     

药物防治蝇害的研究进展

蝇害已经成为危害规模化畜禽养殖的重要问题。文章回顾了防治蝇害的三代杀虫剂的发展过程和存在的问题 ;展望了作为新一代环境友好防治蝇害药物的昆虫生长调节剂的开发前景。     

COMPARISON OF COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY AND CONVENTIONAL FILM-SCREEN RADIOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE STIFLE

Major advantages of computed radiography are the potential reduction of dose and the possibility of postprocessing. In our study, we compared conventional radiographs to digital radiographs of the equine stifle by subjective evaluation of diagnostic quality when using a decreasing photon flux (mAs). Twelve equine stifle joints from horses of different weight and size were examined. Conventional and digital radiographs were performed identically in a caudocranial projection with the tube angled 15 degrees. A series of four radiographs was performed in each technique with an increasing photon flux starting with 2.5 mAs and going up to 5, 10, and 20 mAs. All radiographs were evaluated subjectively in a blinded fashion by seven readers in terms of contrast, bone structure, and diagnostic value and were graded using a 1-5 scale. Results from conventional and digitized radiographs were compared, and differences between the individual observers were analyzed statistically. Contrast, bone structure, and diagnostic value from digital images were rated significantly better than from conventional images (p < .001). For both techniques, a decrease in ranking was found with a decrease of photon flux. There was only slight interobserver variability. A dose reduction up to a factor of 4 compared to a 100 speed film-screen system seems to be possible without loss of information. Weight and size of the horse are not major influences.     

ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE SHOULDER: TECHNIQUE AND NORMAL APPEARANCE

This study was intended to document normal ultrasonographic appearance of the equine shoulder and anatomic landmarks useful in clinical imaging. Both forelimbs of five equine cadavers and both forelimbs of six live adult horses were used. To facilitate understanding of the images, a zoning system assigned to the biceps brachii and to the infraspinatus tendon was developed. Ultrasonography was performed with a real-time B-mode semiportable sector scanner using 7.5- and 5-MHz transducers. On one cadaver limb, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed using a system at 1.5 Tesla, T1-weighted spin-echo sequence. Ultrasonography images were compared to frozen specimens and MRI images to correlate the ultrasonographic findings to the gross anatomy of the shoulder. Ultrasonography allowed easy evaluation of the biceps brachii and the infraspinatus tendon and their bursae, the supraspinatus muscle and tendons, the superficial muscles of the shoulder, and the underlying humerus and scapula. Only the lateral and, partially, the caudal aspects of the humeral head could be visualized with ultrasound. Ultrasonographic appearance, orientation, and anatomic relationships of these structures are described. Ultrasonographic findings correlated well with MRI images and with gross anatomy in the cadavers' limbs.     

干热空气处理防治家蚕微粒子病胚种传染的研究

采用干热空气对广东现行10个家蚕品种进行热处理,结果表明,蚕卵产后常温（25～27℃）保护12h,46℃热处理60min或47℃热处理40min,不影响实用孵化率,而对微粒子病胚种传染的防治效果达到93％～100％;蚕卵的溶菌酶和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,过氧化物酶（POD）,过氧化氢酶（CAT）等三种保护酶系统活力均升高;电子显微镜观察到治愈病卵正常发育至蚁蚕,未经热处理的病卵产下132h后形成孢子,孵化出带病蚁蚕。