唐菖蒲枯萎病田间消长规律及防治技术

通过田间观察,唐菖蒲出苗后15 d出现枯萎病病株,花苞形成至初花期为发病高峰期。大棚种植和露地种植、茬口、母籽大小与发病有关。播种时用药剂浸泡母籽或处理播种沟,可减轻枯萎病的发生。     

柑橘溃疡病田间消长规律及药剂防治技术

多年田间系统观察表明 ,柑橘溃疡病的消长 ,在春梢期 ,主要影响因子为气温。 4月下旬平均气温 2 0℃持续 1 0～ 1 5d ,田间始病 ;平均气温 2 5℃连续 3d ,田间进入病情激增期。在夏、秋梢期 ,主要影响因子为湿度和降雨。相对湿度低于 70 % ,不利于发病 ;持续阴雨或短时大雨极有利于流行。溃疡病的药剂防治应掌握在春梢展叶后 7d用药 ,夏、秋梢则萌芽后即用药。药剂品种以可杀得和百菌清最理想 ,喷药次数以 3次为好。     

黄瓜灰霉病的发病规律及防治

黄瓜灰霉病是保护地黄瓜的主要病害之一。一般年份可减产１０％～２０％,严重时可达５０％以上,成为当前生产上急待解决的问题。据笔者近几年对该病的研究,黄瓜灰霉病的发生与环境及栽培条件有着极为密切的关系,调节棚室环境和加强管理可预防和控制该病害的发生和蔓延...     

油菜灰霉病发生规律与防治技术初报

油菜灰霉病是油菜病虫害之一,笔者查阅了大量资料,未见有“油菜灰霉病发生规律与防治技术”等方面的报道。为此,笔者于2011年至2012年进行该方面的研究,现报道如下。     

香草兰拟小黄卷蛾田间消长规律及防治

通过大田定点观察及气象因子分析 ,结果表明 :香草兰拟小黄卷蛾的发生与温湿度、降雨量有密切的关系。该虫在一年中的危害可分为 4个阶段 ,防治重点时期为第 3、4阶段。室内和室外药剂筛选结果表明 ,20%乐斯本和杀虫素是防治香草兰拟小黄卷蛾的有效药剂     

铜仁市葡萄灰霉病发生规律及防治

介绍铜仁市葡萄灰霉病为害症状、发生规律,总结防治方法,供果农参考。     

茄果类蔬菜苗期灰霉病的发生规律和无公害防治技术

灰霉病是近年来菜园主要病害之一 ,特别是在冬春季蔬菜苗期易遭遇阴雨低温天气 ,往往导致迅速蔓延。其中尤以茄果类蔬菜受害最重 ,据在荆州市郊、公安、江陵、江北农场等地的调查显示 ,苗床田内一般株发病率 3%～ 5 % ;严重时可达 2 0 % ,大量毁苗。移栽后发病易成为中心病株而继续扩散 ,影响产量和品质。以往在防治上更多侧重化学防治 ,但由于内吸杀菌剂作用单一、病菌易突变 ,因此效果难尽人意。生产上亟待采取更加合理、切实可行的无公害综防措施。1　症状幼苗染病时子叶尖端变黄、水浸状 ,后扩展到幼茎 ,病部溢缩变细后易折断而枯死。真…     

耳叶水苋田间发生消长规律及化学防除技术研究

耳叶水苋是上海地区稻田新优势杂草。田间定点观察结果表明,耳叶水苋发生周期长,有两个明显的发生高峰,分别为水稻播种后第1周和第3周。整地后播种前使用草酮、苄嘧.丙草胺或丁草胺进行土壤封闭处理,能有效控制耳叶水苋的危害。草酮持效期可达40 d,苄嘧.丙草胺和丁草胺持效期约20 d。对于已经出土的耳叶水苋可选用2甲.灭草松、2甲4氯钠或使它隆进行茎叶处理,适宜施药时期为水稻4~6叶期。     

红花岗区莴笋灰霉病的发生及防治技术

灰霉病是红花岗区蔬菜上的一种主要病害,特别是莴笋灰霉病近年来发生普遍且为害严重,对莴笋产量和品质影响较大.根据灰霉病发生为害特点,总结出综合防治措施.     

龙眼长跗萤叶甲成虫田间消长规律及其防治

通过田间观察及气象因子分析,龙眼长跗萤叶甲成虫的发生与龙眼抽梢时间密切相关,而与温湿度无密切关系。该虫在广西南宁一年出现两个高峰期:3月下旬至4月中旬,6月下旬至9月下旬。室内外药剂筛选结果表明,90％晶体敌百虫、80％敌敌畏乳油、2.5％溴氰菊酯乳油、10％氯氰菊酯乳油、20％速灭杀丁乳油、48％乐斯本对龙眼长跗萤叶甲成虫有较好的防治效果。     

芽胞杆菌JZB30-1的鉴定及其对番茄灰霉病的生防作用

为获得对番茄灰霉病具有良好防效的生防芽胞杆菌, 采用对峙培养、双层平板以及生防相关特性检测等方法筛选高活性拮抗菌株, 根据形态学、生理生化特性及多基因测序进行菌株种类鉴定, 通过离体果实和盆栽试验明确供试菌株的防病促生效果。结果表明, 芽胞杆菌JZB30-1对番茄灰霉病菌等10余种植物病原真菌和细菌具有广谱抑菌活性; 该菌株具有合成蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脂肽类物质,分泌铁载体、生长激素及溶磷等特性, 经鉴定其为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; 菌株JZB30-1无菌发酵滤液50倍液喷施处理, 对番茄果实灰霉病防效为95.0%, 发酵液10倍稀释液灌根, 番茄株高、鲜重分别较对照增加25.7%和28.4%。相关结果为利用解淀粉芽胞杆菌JZB30-1进行番茄灰霉病生物防治提供理论依据。     

Evaluation of anilinopyrimidine and other fungicides for control of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) in container-grown Calluna vulgaris

BACKGROUND:Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.) is a damaging disease affecting container-grown Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. Trials were conducted to test anilinopyrimidine fungicides (pyrimethanil, cyprodinil and mepanipyrim), azoxystrobin and tolylfluanid for crop safety on cultivars, and to evaluate spray programmes based on alternating these fungicides with different modes of action for disease control. Timing and application at different spray intervals were also investigated. RESULTS:Cyprodinil was slightly phytotoxic on only one of the seven cvs tested. Alternating nine-spray programmes of azoxystrobin with an anilinopyrimidine or tolylfluanid, or an anilinopyrimidine with tolylfluanid, with the first spray applied immediately after potting, were equally effective in reducing disease incidence and severity compared with untreated plants. Spray programmes of five or eight sprays, using an anilinopyrimidine and at least one other fungicide with a different mode of action, applied alternately or in blocks of two sprays of the same fungicide and immediately after potting, were equally effective in reducing disease. Omission of early fungicide sprays until 9 weeks after potting and subsequent alternate application of pyrimethanil and tolylfluanid with a different mode of action at 6 week intervals gave reduced disease control. CONCLUSION:There is potential to use spray programmes based on alternating anilinopyrimidines with fungicides with a different mode of action to provide effective control of B. cinerea on C. vulgaris.     

节能日光温室中番茄灰霉病发生规律的研究

通过 3年对节能日光温室环境温湿度监测、病菌孢子捕捉和番茄灰霉病发生规律研究明确 ,一般年份 ,灰霉病在番茄叶片上表现为明显的始发期、盛发期和末发期等 3个阶段 ;果实发病后 ,即进入盛发期。温室中病菌的发生与病害呈正相关 ,病菌的高峰期较病害的高峰期提前10～15d。持续的低温、高湿、苗期带病等是引起番茄灰霉病发生的重要因子。提出要从优化设施环境等方面来控制番茄灰霉病的危害。     

转基因棉甜菜夜蛾的为害现状、暴发成因及防治现状

近几年因甜菜夜蛾严重为害转基因棉而受到人们的广泛关注。本文综述了国内外甜菜夜蛾对转基因棉的为害现状;害虫抗药性强、气候高温干旱、作物种植结构不合理、转基因棉自身的问题和品种混杂以及抗虫性参差不齐是导致甜菜夜蛾在转基因棉上暴发为害的系列原因;转基因棉甜菜夜蛾的防治包括化学防治、生物防治和性诱杀。提出了今后的研究方向和防治策略。     

Identification and characterization of Botrytis medusae,a novel cryptic species causing grey mould on wine grapes in Australia

In a collection of 735 Botrytis isolates sampled from Australian wine grape-growing regions, a single isolate from clade I and group I (based on Bc-hch RFLP analysis) was found. As many Botrytis species are known to live sympatrically, it was hypothesized that this isolate might be a new Botrytis species. After phenotypic and molecular assays supported this hypothesis, the species was designated B. medusae. Phylogenetic analyses using the nuclear genes G3PDH, HSP60, RPB2, NEP1 and NEP2 consistently placed B. medusae in an early-diverging clade I Botrytis spp. lineage. Botrytis medusae produced white aerial mycelium, grew faster at 30 °C and produced long-branched conidiophore extensions, compared with B. cinerea and B. pseudocinerea. Botrytis medusae was only able to infect wounded grape leaves and was significantly less virulent on wounded leaves and berries than B. cinerea. Botrytis medusae also lacked villiform appendages on the conidial surface and long conidiophores, which are defining features of B. sinoviticola and B. californica, respectively. Identification and characterization of new cryptic Botrytis species living in sympatry on grapevines could potentially provide information to assist disease management strategies for B. cinerea.     

中国苹果树腐烂病发生和防治情况调查

2008年4～5月,通过国家苹果产业技术体系网络系统,对我国10个苹果主产省市的147个果园进行了苹果树腐烂病发生和防治情况调查。结果显示,在所调查苹果树中,总体发病率达52.7%。随着树龄的增大,腐烂病发病株率提高,4～10年生果树株发病率为26.8%,11～17年树龄的果树株发病率为54.0%,18～24年树龄的树株发病率为59.3%。不同省份之间以及不同品种之间,腐烂病在发生程度上存在一些差异,但不很明显。在腐烂病的化学防治中,石硫合剂是使用最多的药剂。在刮治病斑中,使用最多的是福美胂,其他还包括松焦油、腐殖酸、腐殖酸铜、过氧乙酸等。调查中发现防治腐烂病的用药比较混乱,由于福美胂毒性高,在无公害果园生产中已被禁用,因此研究替代福美胂的药剂成为当务之急。     

梨套袋对柑橘小实蝇的防控效果评价

2007-2009年连续3年在浙江大学果园监测柑橘小实蝇发生动态,调查其危害程度。结果显示,套袋梨区与不套袋梨区的柑橘小实蝇虫口数量和危害程度相差甚大,诱虫量后者比前者多5.35倍。2007-2008年套袋梨区在梨果采收前诱虫量很少,仅占总诱虫量的0.25%,盛发期在9月下旬-10月上旬,梨果几乎不遭受柑橘小实蝇危害;而不套袋梨区在梨果采收前诱虫量占总诱虫量的6.06%,成虫盛发期在8月中旬-10月中下旬,覆盖着梨果的整个转色至成熟采收期,采收期梨果受害率高达78%~95%。由此表明,采取梨果套袋和及时捡拾落果并加以妥善处理,能显著减少柑橘小实蝇对梨果的危害程度,推迟和缩短成虫盛发期,是控制柑橘小实蝇的安全、环保的有效措施。     

耿马县黄胸鼠发生规律与防控研究

1992-2008年,在云南省耿马县城区海拔1 100 m地区农田设置系统监测点,研究害鼠种类及发生消长规律。结果表明,农田害鼠以黄胸鼠为绝对优势种群,占17年所捕获害鼠总数的83%,近4年所捕害鼠全为黄胸鼠。年内捕获率和繁殖力出现双峰,与田间为害高峰相吻合。雌雄性比为1∶1.8,雄性多于雌性。以成体组捕获率最高,占总捕鼠数的50%;幼体组和亚成体组次之,分别占21%和20%。根据年内消长规律,确定化学统一灭鼠时间为4月中旬和10月底的干季。宜选用敌鼠、溴敌隆、氯鼠酮、氟鼠灵等,以稻谷作饵料为好。     

French vineyards provide information that opens ways for effective resistance management of Botrytis cinerea (grey mould)

Resistance to fungicides is an evolutionary process resulting from the selection of advantageous genotypes in naturally diverse populations. Seven fungicide modes of action are authorised to control grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea on grapevine in France, and five of them have encountered specific resistance, with variable frequencies in populations and possible consequences for field fungicide efficacy. Moreover, multidrug resistance is caused by fungicide efflux and allows a weak resistance towards six unrelated modes of action. Here, a review is given of the fungicide resistance status of B. cinerea in France, particularly in the vineyards of Champagne, which are the most affected. Recently developed resistance and recent findings concerning the associated resistance mechanisms are focused upon in particular. Finally, antiresistance strategies are presented, and examples of managed resistance are discussed in a more general manner with the aim of extending this knowledge to other crops and countries undergoing similar resistance problems. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry