不同添加剂对红三叶青贮品质的影响

本研究探讨了不同添加剂对红三叶(Trifolium pretense L.)青贮饲料发酵品质与化学成分的影响。实验处理分别是对照组、青宝Ⅱ号添加组、青宝Ⅱ号+纤维素酶添加组、甲酸添加组和糖蜜添加组。青贮45 d后打开取样,测定其发酵品质与化学成分。结果表明,与对照相比,添加剂处理可显著降低红三叶青贮饲料的pH值和非蛋白氮含量;青宝Ⅱ号、青宝Ⅱ号+纤维素酶处理可显著提高青贮饲料乳酸含量,青宝Ⅱ号+纤维素辅酶处理青贮饲料可溶性碳水化合物含量显著低于对照组;甲酸处理青贮饲料的可溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于对照组,乳酸含量和氨态氮含量显著低于对照组。通过利用添加剂可以改善红三叶青贮饲料的发酵品质和化学成分。     

调制青贮饲料六步走

青贮饲料是将新鲜的青饲料和牧草切碎后装入青贮窖内,在厌氧环境下经过微生物作用发酵制成的具有特殊芳香气味、营养丰富的饲料。1收割优质青贮原料是调制优良青贮饲料的物质基础。对其适时收割,不但可从单位面积上获得最大产量的青草料,而且水分和可溶性碳水化合物含量适当,     

添加剂对沙打旺青贮质量的影响

通过添加蔗糖(2.0%)和甲酸(0.4%),调制沙打旺青贮饲料,研究了添加剂对沙打旺青贮发酵品质,营养价值和有氧稳定性的影响。结果表明:沙打旺直接青贮品质差;2.0%蔗糖处理能有效促进乳酸菌发酵,显著增加青贮饲料的乳酸含量,快速降低青贮饲料的pH值,较好地抑制了不良微生物的活动,使沙打旺保持良好的青贮发酵品质。0.4%甲酸处理对沙打旺青贮饲料的品质有一定的改善作用,显著提高了沙打旺青贮饲料的干物质和可溶性碳水化合物的含量。沙打旺青贮饲料的有氧稳定性较好,添加蔗糖和甲酸后可抑制二次发酵的发生。     

添加玉米秸秆对两种三叶草青贮品质的影响

本试验以白三叶和红三叶草等做为主要原料,玉米秸秆为添加料进行混合青贮,经密闭发酵贮藏60d后,分析混合处理对三叶草青贮发酵品质和营养成分的影响.结果表明:三叶草能单独青贮,但不能调制出发酵品质良好的青贮饲料.与玉米秸秆混合青贮可显著降低三叶草青贮饲料的pH值和氨态氮/总氮(NH<,3>-N/TN)比值(P<0.05);与玉米秸秆混合处理后青贮饲料的可溶性碳水化合物留存量明显高于对照组.通过与玉米秸秆混合青贮可以明显改善三叶草青贮饲料的发酵品质.     

乳酸菌对苜蓿青贮质量和黄酮含量的影响

本试验研究添加乳酸菌对苜蓿(Medicago sativa.)青贮过程中发酵品质、营养成分和黄酮含量的影响。结果表明:添加乳酸菌可快速降低青贮饲料的pH值,提高乳酸和苜蓿黄酮含量,降低酸性洗涤纤维含量,而粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、可溶性碳水化合物、丙酸和丁酸含量无明显变化。综合分析表明添加乳酸菌可改善苜蓿青贮发酵品质,增加黄酮的提取量。     

甜菜茎叶青贮初步研究

本试验以甜菜茎叶为青贮原料,设置对照、LaLsIL Dry(0.001%)、LaLsIL Dry(0.002%)、LaLsIL Dry(0.004%)四个处理,每个处理三次重复.常温条件下发酵90d开封,测定甜菜茎叶青贮饲料发酵品质和化学成分.结果表明:甜菜茎叶直接青贮不能调制出优质的青贮饲料.LaLsIL Dry(0.002%)和LaLsIL Dry(0.004%)处理乳酸含量和总酸含量显著高于对照(P<0.05),并且氨态氮/总氮比值(NH3N/TN)显著低于对照组(P<0.05),明显改善了甜菜茎叶青贮饲料的发酵品质:LaLsIL Dry所有处理水平均显著降低了甜菜茎叶青贮饲料的中性洗涤纤维含量,且粗蛋白和可溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),从而提高了青贮饲料的营养价值.     

不同添加剂处理对小黑麦和黑麦青贮营养品质和发酵品质的影响

采用二因素试验设计,以无添加剂处理作为对照,研究了甲酸以及两种乳酸菌类青贮添加剂(Sila-Max,Sila-Mix)对小黑麦和黑麦青贮营养品质和发酵品质的影响,以期为小黑麦和黑麦青贮饲料的调制奠定基础。结果表明:甲酸处理组的中(酸)性洗涤纤维含量显著低于其他处理(P0.05),可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量和干物质消化率(DMD)显著高于对照组(P0.05),青贮营养品质最优;Sila-Max和Sila-Mix处理组的DMD和乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),pH值和NH_3-N/TN显著低于对照组(P0.05),青贮营养品质和发酵品质均优于对照组,其中Sila-Max用量最少,发酵品质最优;青贮原料间小黑麦的营养品质和发酵品质均优于黑麦,更适于调制青贮饲料。综上,小黑麦添加甲酸调制青贮饲料的营养品质最优,小黑麦添加Sila-Max处理调制青贮饲料的发酵品质最优。     

添加乙醇对象草青贮发酵品质的影响

本试验研究了不同添加水平的乙醇对象草青贮发酵品质的影响。乙醇的添加比例分别为0,1.5%,2.5%,3.5%和4.5%(占鲜重的比例)。在青贮后的第1,3,5,7,14和30天打开青贮罐,测定青贮饲料发酵品质的动态变化。试验结果表明,乙醇抑制了好氧性微生物对蛋白质的分解,在青贮过程中,各添加处理青贮饲料的氨态氮/总氮低于(P>0.05)或显著低于(P<0.05)对照处理。最初3 d乙醇处理的pH值下降速度较对照慢,3 d后pH值下降幅度较大。随着青贮发酵的进行青贮饲料的乳酸含量呈增加趋势,第7天左右达到最大值,而且30 d后乙醇处理的乳酸含量均高于对照。在发酵的开始阶段,青贮饲料的水溶性碳水化合物含量下降较快,添加乙醇后青贮饲料的水溶性碳水化合物利用效率比对照高,发酵30 d后各添加处理的水溶性碳水化合物含量均高于对照。在第1和14天乙醇添加处理的青贮饲料乙酸含量显著(P<0.05)低于对照,但各处理间含量差异不显著 (P>0.05)。在象草青贮中添加乙醇能抑制发酵初期好氧性微生物对蛋白质和水溶性碳水化合物的利用,减少发酵过程中的损失,为乳酸菌发酵提供更多的发酵底物,产生更多的乳酸,从而提高象草的青贮发酵品质。     

青贮饲料添加剂

一、青贮饲料添加剂的生产和应用现状 世界上畜牧业发达国家青贮技术进步很快,青贮料生产逐步取代了干草的生产。现代青贮技术中最重要的方法之一是采用了青贮添加剂,使用的目的是为了保证乳酸菌在发酵中占优势,以便能进行良好的青贮。在欧洲,许多国家对于物质和可溶性碳水化合物含量均低的     

切割长度和含水量对玉米秸秆青贮发酵品质及营养成分的影响

本文通过研究切割长度和含水量对玉米秸秆青贮发酵品质及营养成分的影响，旨在为制备优质青贮饲料提供数据依据。试验以原料切割长度和含水量为试验因素，切割长度设置L1=1～2cm、L2=3～5cm2个水平，含水量设置W1=65%、W2=70%、W3=75%3个水平，共6个试验组，每组3次平行，在发酵60d后开袋，测定各试验组玉米秸秆青贮的发酵指标和营养成分指标。结果表明，原料切割长度为1～2cm、含水量为70%的青贮饲料试验组的感官评分为19分，优于其他试验组；同时，随着原料切割长度的增加，各试验组的乳酸、乙酸、干物质、粗蛋白、可溶碳水化合物含量逐渐降低，p H值、丁酸、氨态氮/总氮、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量逐渐升高，各试验组的丙酸含量无显著差异；而随着原料含水量的增加，各试验组青贮饲料的乳酸、乙酸含量逐渐升高，p H值、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量逐渐降低，氨态氮/总氮含量先降低后升高，干物质、粗蛋白和可溶性碳水化合物含量先升高后降低，含水量为75%时丁酸含量较高。综合各项指标，在玉米秸秆青贮过程中，玉米秸秆原料切割长度选择1～2cm、含水量选择70%时，青贮饲料在感官品质、发酵品质...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.