百合遗传育种研究进展

从有性繁殖、杂交育种、组织培养、分子育种等多方面介绍了百合的育种研究进展,并对百合的遗传育种提出了简单的展望。     

Utility of genotype × environment interactions

With increasing knowledge about how nutrient and water availability affect tree growth, and with new techniques of genetic manipulation becoming known, it seems appropriate to ask whether the two can be combined. Is it possible or worthhile to produce genotypes tailored for specific nutrient or water conditions?

Interactions between genotypes and the environments in which they grow have frequently been shown to be statistically significant for a wide range of tree species in many environments. However, the practical importance of the interactions is highly questionable as additional genetic gains to be had through using the interactions are very small in relation to the overall gains themselves. Interactions seem very large for seedling experiments in glasshouse trials, but are much less in field trials even when the environments are extensively modified by fertilizers. For the genotypes to be matched to environments, those environments must be well-defined and repeatable.

Sites where there are specific problems tend to be well-defined and repeatable. Matching genotypes to such sites may provide a useful solution to those problems. The genotypes may be produced as seed from crosses or as clones from tissue culture or, more conventially, from stem cuttings. Selection in vitro for particular traits requires a level of knowledge about the traits generally absent for forest trees. When the ways in which diseases or poor adaptation effect trees are better known, such selection may become practicable. We do not believe it is practicable at present for diseases or for nutrient or water relations.     

四倍体刺槐的组织培养研究

本文对四倍体刺槐组织培养中的各种影响因素进行了试验分析 ,确定了最佳分化培养基和生根培养基的成分 ,并分析讨论了激素、光照、温度等因子在其培养中的作用及健化时的注意事项等 ,为四倍体刺槐的进一步快繁提供了科学依据     

刺五加繁殖生态学研究生殖配置(英文)

在东北林业大学帽儿山生态站的天然次生林里（４５°２３′～４５°２６′Ｎ，１２７°３６′～１２７°３９′Ｅ）对刺五加的生殖配置进行研究，发现刺五加每年分配给有性繁殖的能量和无性繁殖的能量与植物总能量的百分比分别是年龄的幂函数，只是幂指数不同，ｂ有性＝０．８７４０，小于１；ｂ无性＝２．１９９２，大于１．这种关系表明在样本覆盖的年龄范围内（５～１５年），刺五加分配给无性繁殖的能量逐年递增得较快，分配给有性繁殖的能量逐年递增得较慢．由此可以推测林下刺五加随着林分稳定性增加，逐渐以无性繁殖为主．根据研究结果，建议在天然次生林下对刺五加进行采挖时不要把根茎全部取走，应留下一部分，使其保持天然更新的能力．同时，对根茎需要适当切割，促进芽转化为无性小株，有利于更新     

核桃生物技术的应用研究与进展

本文综述了生物技术在核桃属植物中的研究应用概况,生物技术在核桃属中的应用主要在器官组织培养和外源基因导入两个方面,而在某些领域,诸如单细胞培养、原生质体培养及融合方面的研究还相当薄弱。文章讨论了生物技术在核桃各研究领域目前存在的问题,展望了生物技术在核桃生产上的应用前景。     

The potential of biotechnology in temperate agroforestry practices

Technologies in forest molecular biology and tissue culture could play an increasing role in the choice of genotypes for successful establishment of agroforestry practices. Research areas such as micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, genetic engineering, marker-aided selection, and molecular diagnostics are merging with traditional forest biological studies to help identify and produce better-suited trees for agroforestry plantings. A combination of classical and molecular biological research could be used to improve pest and stress resistance of selected genotypes, modify structure and function, and monitor pests of trees. This merger of approaches, as well as continued technological development, could accelerate the production and selection of suitable tree genotypes for agroforestry plantings.The US Government right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copy-right is acknowledged.     

植物生物技术:苏云金杆菌抗虫基因的研究和它对未来树木遗传工程的影响

许多不同的技术可以促进农业生产力的持续增长，生物技术是其中最重要和最有前途的方法。因为生物技术不仅可以增加生产力。而且在环境和自然资源的保护中起重要作用，应用生物技术可以生产高产、优质、高抗性和无病植物，同时也可以提高育种效率和促进食品的工业化生产。苏云金杆菌抗虫基因是目前生物技术领域中应用最广泛的例子之一。由此而产生的抗虫植物正在广泛应用于世界各地的商业化生产。本文综述了苏云金杆菌抗虫基因的研究进展和它在未来林木遗传工程中的应用。表4参68。     

木本植物组织培养褐化控制策略

木本植物组织培养过程中褐化现象严重,采取有效措施进行褐化控制是木本植物组织培养成功的关键。在进行木本植物组织培养过程中先进行培养材料的基因型、生理状态和长部位的影响研究,然后通过培养基的调控、抗褐化剂的使用以及培养条件改变来控制培养材料的褐化是一条有效的途径,对今后顺利开展木本植物组织培养研究有重要的借鉴意义。     

组织培养在林业中的应用

本文综述了组织培养在林木种质资源保存、杂交育种、单倍体育种、诱变育种与抗性育种、良种繁育等方面的应用现状,展望了组织培养在林业中的广阔应用前景,并分析讨论了组织培养过程中存在的主要问题。     

匈牙利刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)改良的繁殖方法(英文)

在匈牙利,匈牙利刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)是重要的成林树种之一,且该树种的重要性在世界其它国家也日益增加。该树种的生产通常有两种方法:种子和根插条。组织培养对该种来说是一种相对较新的方法。对于在各种环境条件下大规模地生产苗木来说,种子栽培是相对简单的方法,机械化方法比较容易且生产成本相对较低。根插条和组织培养对于优势个体或品种繁殖是有价值的。利用这些方法,所选出的树木的优势品质可以在无性系得以保存。近期实验表明,微繁殖树木可以成功地移植到土壤中,在野外生长。     

参薯组织培养的研究进展

参薯(Dioscorea alata)为薯蓣科薯蓣属攀援、草质藤本植物,是全球栽培最为广泛的薯蓣属植物之一。参薯长期以来以营养繁殖为主,致使其优良品性退化,品质、产量降低以及增加了国际贸易中病菌传递的机会。组织培养技术的发展为参薯品种的改良及离体快繁提供了一个重要手段,文章就国内外关于参薯的组织培养研究现状和它的一些基本方法进行了概述,同时对寻求解决褐化现象的办法进行了探讨,以便为参薯的规模化组织培养提供理论依据。     

花椒属植物组织培养研究进展

花椒属植物兼具经济、药用及生态价值,开发前景广阔.近年来,其种植规模发展迅速,已成为许多地区的特色农产品支柱产业.植物组织培养技术的应用为花椒属植物产业化繁殖体系的建立及优良新品种的培育提供了有效途径,从而对促进其产业发展具有重要意义.文中综述了近年来花椒属植物组织培养研究现状,重点对外植体选择、基本培养基与培养条件、...     

Plant biotechnology: A case study ofBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and its application to the future of genetic engineered trees

Agricultural productivity may be raised in a sustainable way by many different technologies such as biological fertilizers, soil and water conservation, biodiversity conservation, improved pest control, and changes in land ownership and distribution. Of these measures, biotechnology applications probably hold the most promise in augmenting conventional agricultural productivity, because biotechnology applications give not only the need to increase production, but also protect the environment and conserving natural resources for future generations. Biotechnology applications will have the possibilities to increase productivity and food availability through better agronomic performance of new varieties, including resistance to pests; rapid multiplication of disease-free plants; ability to obtain natural plant products using tissue culture; diagnosis of diseases of plants and livestock; manipulation of reproduction methods increasing the efficiency of breeding; and the provision of incentives for greater participation by the private sector through investments. Insect resistance through the transfer of a gene for resistance fromBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is one of the most advanced biotechnology applications already being commercialized in many parts of the world. This paper reviews the development and the status ofBt technology and application ofBt transgenic plants in current agriculture, and discusses specific issues related to the transfer of the technology to the future of genetic engineered trees with emphasis on conifers. Biography: Tang Wei (1964-), male, Ph. Doctor, Research associate, Department of Biology, Howell Science Complex, East Carelina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4353, USA. Responsible editor: Chal Ruihai     

金叶龟甲冬青袋式组培应用效果试验初报

以金叶龟甲冬青组培分化苗为供试材料,采用常规瓶式培养和袋式培养方式进行增殖、生根培养。结果表明：2种培养方式生产的组培苗生长状况无明显差异,均表现出增殖系数大,生长正常,生根快,根系发达等,生根率达92%,且苗木健壮,质量好,移栽成活率高（85%以上）。但在培养基灭菌和接种效率、污染率、移植成活率、培养空间利用率和炼苗效率等方面,袋式培养优于常规瓶式培养,可提高生产效率,达到节能增效目的。     

铺地锦组培快速繁殖研究

铺地锦的组培快繁及其优化条件的筛选试验结果表明：以基本培养基MS诱导外植体，在附加激素6-BA0．1-0．5mg／L(单位下同) NAA0．1的培养基上进行增殖，并在1／2MS NAA0．1的生根培养基上生根为较理想的组培繁殖条件。     

中国杨树分子遗传改良的研究现状

杨树是中国广泛栽培的重要造林树种之一 ,我国是世界上杨树资源丰富的国家 .杨树具有速生丰产、实用性强、无性繁殖能力强 ,且基因组较小等特点 ,现已成为研究林木生理和基因工程研究的模式树种 .该文概述了基因工程技术、遗传图谱构建、重要性状基因定位以及分子标记辅助选择育种等方面在中国杨树遗传改良中的应用研究进展 ,并对现代分子生物学技术在林木遗传改良应用中存在的主要问题和应用前景进行了讨论     

木兰属植物组织培养技术研究综述

木兰属（Magnolia）是地球上最原始的植物属之一,由于人类的过度利用和环境的变化,野生资源急剧减少,部分种处于濒危状态,而植物组织培养技术是珍稀濒危物种繁殖、种群扩大及保护性开发利用的有效途径。近年来,开展木兰属植物组培快繁研究增多,取得长足发展,为生物多样性保护及繁殖提供了条件。文章概述了木兰属植物组培常用的外植体取材的部位与季节、基本培养基的选择、植物生长调节剂浓度的调配及培养的环境条件等,并探讨了研究过程存在的问题及研究展望。     

一品红组织培养技术研究

一品红组织培养以花轴序、叶片或顶芽、腋芽为外殖体，在MS BA2．0mg／L NAA0．50nm／L 蔗糖30g/L 琼脂5g/L CH70mg／L pH5．8的培养基上进行初代培养后转接到MS BA0．5 NAA0．20 蔗糖30g／L 琼脂5g／L。 pH5．8的培养基上扩繁，增殖率为13．1，丛生芽分化快；生长速度快，将2cm左右嫩梢剪下接种在1．／2MS NAA0．1 蔗糖15g/L 琼脂5mg／L pH5．8的培养基上诱导生根，10d左右即可生根。一品红组培苗生根与继代次数关系密切，继代次数10次以下，生根率达100％，之后逐渐下降，需要重新建立培养系。试验总结出一品红12个品种组织培养的一整套技术，为一品红工厂化生产提供了技术依据。     

Effect of parent genotype on somatic embryogenesis in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)

Controlled crosses of seven Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees produced 49 families that included both reciprocals and selfings. Embryogenic cultures were initiated from immature megagametophytes and after 6 months in maintenance culture, mature somatic embryos were produced from the surviving 166 lines. The effect of parent genotypes on the cultures was evaluated at initiation of the tissue culture period, after 6 months in maintenance culture and at embryo maturation. The effect of the maternal parent was most pronounced at culture initiation. After 6 months in tissue culture, the maternal effect had decreased and the effects of both parents were significant. By the somatic embryo maturation stage, the maternal effect was still considerable but the paternal effect was no longer detectable. There was little correlation between the ranking of mothers and fathers, indicating that the maternal effect was caused by factors other than the paternal effect. No mother x father interaction was found, indicating that mothers successful at initiation and after 6 months in tissue culture, pollinated by any of the successful fathers, produced somatic lines and mature somatic embryos.     

竹子组织培养研究现状与应用前景

综述了当前国内外竹子组织培养的研究进展与现状。从植株再生途径、外植体和培养基的选择、植物生长调节剂和添加物的使用几方面总结了竹子组织培养技术的经验,探讨了竹子组织培养在快速繁殖、遗传育种、离体成花3个领域的应用。最后提出了当前竹子组织培养的难点,并对今后的研究热点进行了展望。