H3N2亚型禽流感病毒双重实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为建立快速、简便检测H3N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的方法,根据H3和N2亚型AIV HA、NA基因保守序列,分别设计筛选了特异性引物和用不同荧光基团标记的TaqMan探针。通过优化反应条件,建立了H3N2亚型AIV双重实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。结果显示该法特异性强,不与其他亚型AIV和常见禽病病原体发生交叉反应,敏感性达100拷贝/μL;组内组间重复性好,平均变异系数均小于3%;应用该法对96份临床样品检测,结果与病毒分离鉴定结果一致。表明本研究建立的H3N2亚型AIV双重实时荧光定量RT-PCR具有快速、特异、敏感、重复性好等优点,可用于H3N2亚型AIV的快速诊断和监测。     

TaqMan MGB探针实时检测兔病毒性出血症病毒

应用荧光定量PCR技术,根据兔病毒性出血症病毒的保守基因VP60设计了1对引物和1段Taqman MGB探针,建立了用于检测兔病毒性出血症病毒的实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法。试验中能够检出的RHDV VP60基因质粒拷贝数达103数量级,能够检测到RHDV病毒核酸最低量可以达到5 pg,未检出其他病原的RNA。试验结果表明,建立的TaqMan MGB探针实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法的特异性、敏感性、重复性均达到试验设计要求,能快速检测临床样品中的兔病毒性出血症病毒,适合于兔各脏器及肌肉组织中兔病毒性出血症病毒的快速诊断和检测。     

一步法SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量RT-PCR检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒方法的建立

为了建立鸡传染性支气管炎病毒快速、敏感的检测方法,本研究利用RT-PCR技术扩增出鸡传染性支气管炎病毒M基因中134bp的保守序列,并克隆到pMD18-T载体中作为标准品制作标准曲线,建立了IBV的SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。该方法检测灵敏度可达3.5×10~1拷贝,与禽呼肠孤病毒、新城疫病毒、H9N2亚型禽流感病毒、传染性法氏囊病病毒、禽白血病病毒和禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒均不发生交叉反应,具有良好的特异性和重复性。结果表明,建立的实时荧光定量RT-PCR具有特异、敏感、快速、定量和重复性好等优点,可用于临床IBV的检测。     

H3N8亚型禽流感病毒实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立简便、快速检测H3N8亚型禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)的方法,本研究根据H3和N8亚型AIV的HA和NA基因保守序列,设计合成了2对特异性引物和2条Taq Man探针,通过优化反应条件建立了H3N8亚型AIV一步法实时荧光定量RT-PCR。结果表明:该方法敏感型好,对H3N8亚型AIV检测敏感性达100个模板拷贝数。该方法特异性强,仅对H3和N8亚型AIV检测为阳性;应用该方法对96份临床样品进行检测,结果与病毒分离鉴定结果一致。因此,本研究建立的H3N8亚型AIV一步法实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法具有简便、快速、敏感和特异等优点,可为H3N8亚型AIV感染的有效防控提供技术支撑。     

猪细小病毒7型Taqman实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立与应用

猪细小病毒7型(Porcine parvovirus 7,PPV-7)是近年新发现的一种细小病毒亚型。为建立PPV-7快速准确的检测方法,以PPV-7病毒全基因组为模板,设计合成1对引物和1条Taqman探针,建立了PPV-7Taqman实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。本方法的标准曲线分析显示,其常数为0.999 2,敏感性可以达到46个病毒拷贝/μL,批内和批间重复性试验的变异系数均小于2%。用猪圆环病毒2型、3型,猪细小病毒1型,猪伪狂犬病病毒等病原进行特异性试验,证实本方法不能从这些病毒中检测出特异性条带,表明本研究建立的PPV-7实时荧光PCR方法具有特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好的特点。用临床样品对该方法进行了应用性评价,从96份样品中检出52份PPV-7阳性样品,证实了本方法在生产实际应用的可行性。     

H5和H7亚型高致病性禽流感病毒新型冻干微芯片双重荧光定量RT-PCR方法的建立和初步应用

为建立鉴别检测H5和H7亚型高致病性禽流感病毒(HPAIV)双重荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法,本研究根据已登录的H5和H7亚型HPAIV HA基因裂解位点序列差异分别设计引物和探针,对反应体系各条件优化后首次建立了同时鉴别检测H5与H7亚型HPAIV的新型冻干微芯片双重荧光定量RT-PCR方法。特异性试验结果显示,该方法除对H5和H7亚型HPAIV检测结果为阳性外,对其它几种常见的禽病病原检测结果均为阴性,该方法特异性强;敏感性试验结果显示,该方法检测下限为病毒浓度1×10~1TCID_(50)/mL,而常规荧光定量RT-PCR检测下限为1×10~2TCID_(50)/mL,敏感性高;标准曲线分析后结果显示,本研究所建立方法的扩增效率比常规荧光定量RT-PCR高,二者相关系数均为0.997;批内和批间重复性试验结果显示,Ct值的变异系数均小于2%以下,重复性高。临床样品检测结果显示,该方法所需样本微量仅为1μL～2μL;操作简便、快速,检测过程40 min,可用于现场检测;而且利用该方法与常规荧光定量PCR方法以及测序对临床样品进行检测,三者结果完全吻合。本研究所建立的新型冻干微芯片双重荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法为H5和H7亚型HPAIV监测和临床检测提供了可行的技术手段。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测鸡传染性贫血病毒方法的建立

建立了Taqman实时荧光定量PCR方法检测鸡传染性贫血病毒(CAV)。选取CAV病毒的序列设计引物和探针。以梯度稀释的含有CAV目的扩增片段的质粒作为标准品,进行定量PCR反应以确定检测灵敏度。2.0×105～2.0×102个拷贝,4个数量级的范围内定量PCR有"S"型扩增曲线,检测灵敏度为200个拷贝。根据病毒拷贝数与定量反应Ct值的关系,绘制了标准曲线。该方法具有特异性,对传染性支气管炎病毒、传染性法氏囊病毒、禽白血病病毒和马立克病毒核酸都没有扩增反应。采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测试验感染鸡的肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、胸腺、法氏囊、泄殖腔棉拭子等样品,所有检测样品都有"S"型扩增曲线,且荧光信号值高。实时定量PCR检测CAV的方法,灵敏度高,特异性好,可以进行定量分析,在禽病的快速检测上具有重要意义。     

鸡病毒性关节炎实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立

本文旨在建立实时荧光RT-PCR方法检测鸡病毒性关节炎病原,针对特异性的禽呼肠孤病毒S1基因设计了1对引物及探针,经优化反应体系,确定引物和探针的最优浓度配比,建立了鸡病毒性关节炎实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法。结果显示:该方法灵敏度高、特异性强、检测时间短,可应用于鸡病毒性关节炎的普查监测和检验检疫。     

H1亚型猪流感病毒一步法实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立一种快速、简便、准确的方法以诊断和检测H1亚型猪流感病毒(swine influenza virus,SIV),试验根据H1亚型SIV血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)基因保守序列,分别设计并合成1对特异性引物和1条TaqMan MGB探针,建立检测H1亚型SIV的一步法实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术。结果显示,该方法的敏感性可达10²拷贝/μL,除H1亚型SIV外,对H3N2亚型SIV、H9N1亚型SIV、猪瘟病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪流行性腹泻病毒、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒的检测均为阴性,且应用该方法对疑似猪流感样品进行检测,其结果与SPF鸡胚分离病毒方法结果的符合率为94%。本试验结果表明该方法特异性强、重复性好,有望成为一种特异、敏感、快速、定量检测H1亚型SIV的方法。     

C型禽偏肺病毒SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR方法的建立及应用

根据GenBank发表的禽偏肺病毒(aMPV)F基因序列,设计一对特异性引物,建立C亚型aMPV的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR方法。对该反应体系进行条件优化,建立了标准曲线,并进行特异性、敏感性及重复性试验,然后将建立的方法应用于临床样品和攻毒样品的检测。结果显示:标准曲线循环阈值与模板浓度呈现良好的线性关系;建立的方法只能检测出C亚型aMPV,最低可以检测到0.8×10~1拷贝/μL的核酸模板,重复性试验的变异系数小于4%。应用建立的方法对43份临床样品检测,结果显示均为阴性;对42份35日龄SPF鸡人工感染后1～21 d的气管和肺脏样品进行检测,结果显示攻毒样品均为阳性。因此,研究建立的特异、灵敏、重复性好的C型aMPV实时荧光定量PCR方法,既可适合于该病的早期诊断和流行病学调查,又为该病毒的致病机制研究提供技术支撑。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.