火炬松不同规格容器育苗试验初报

为了提高火炬松在山东南部地区的造林成活率,采用了容器育苗。容器共分两类9 种规格。试验表明:不同容器规格对火炬松苗高、地径生长均有明显影响(1 年生苗高比0-5 年生苗高差异显著) 。容器规格大小与苗木生长量大小呈正相关关系。大容器培育的2 ～3 年生苗,绿化栽植成活率达90 % 以上,保存率85 % 以上。     

曲靖市国有海寨林场湿地松引种造林成效初探

为充分验证湿地松在曲靖市国有海寨林场的适生情况,为湿地松在海寨林场全场范围以及相似高海拔地区推广种植提供科学和现实依据,特选择海寨林场具有代表性立地条件的海寨林区进行湿地松引种造林,通过采用科学的造林方法和造林技术,湿地松的当年成活率达到了98%以上,3年后保存率也能保持在92%以上,3年林木地径生长量在7.8～8.9 cm,树高生长量在270～310 cm,由此可见湿地松成活率(保存率)达到验收标准,林木生长量正常,在引种项目区适应性优良,仅就初期成活率(保存率)和生长量来看能够在海寨林场全场范围推广种植,对相似高海拔地区种植湿地松具有现实借鉴意义。     

秃杉不同苗龄造林效果探讨

笛杉是我国特有的珍稀树种，但由于其１年生苗较小，各夺在引种中一般都采用２年生苗造林，效果不十分理论，经试验采用苗高１５cm以上，地径０．２５cm以上的１年生苗造林，只要造林时认真、细致，第６年后就与２年生苗造林生长效果相仿。１年生苗造林具有成活率高、育苗和造林成本低的特点值得在生产中推广。     

滨海盐碱地乔灌木树种造林对比试验初报

在山东省沾化县对１８个乔灌木树种作了造林对比试验。结果表明：春季１５个树种造林成活率达９０％以上，秋季１４个树种的保存率达８０％以上。对滨海盐碱土适应性较强的树种为绒毛白蜡、金丝柳、Ｊ１７２柳、臭椿、紫穗槐、柽柳、沙枣、杜梨、枸杞、白刺。覆膜和覆草处理对苗木成活、生长的影响并不显著。     

油茶育苗採用稻草催芽效果好

近年来,楚雄地区较大面积地进行了油茶的引种发展。油茶直播造林由于冬春干旱严重,出苗率一般只达20—30％,故大多采用育苗造林,即头年冬季种子调入后育苗,翌年雨季在造林地移栽定植,育苗造朴成活率一般都在80％以上。但造林时间对苗木的生长和保存率有很大关系;在雨季七月以前定植的,一般当年就能有所生长,扎根较深,容易抵御翌年春旱,保存率可在90％以上;八月以后定植     

沈阳地区绒毛白蜡引种栽培技术

辽宁鹏林科技示范园经过两次的引种实践,证明引进胸径6 cm绒毛白蜡大苗的成活率可以达到95%,而且苗木缓苗快,生长旺盛,收到了很好的效果。整个苗木引种的操作方法也可以借鉴到其它树种和可适宜引种的地区。     

福建省建瓯市丘陵山地引种邓恩桉的调查分析

对闽北的建瓯市3种不同坡位丘陵山地引种邓恩桉,结果表明:邓恩桉适应性和速生性较强,邓恩桉可耐-4℃的短暂低温严寒。造林当年的平均树高达3.1 m,8年生邓恩桉生长平均树高、胸径分别为9.5 m和10.3 cm,达到福建省一般产区桉树速丰林标准。3种试验处理的造林成活率均达到92.6%以上。8年生时,不同坡位对邓恩桉成活率与保存率的影响差异不显著,各处理的林分保存率达到85.7%~88.2%,不同海拔(坡位)造林对当年生邓恩桉树高、胸径及8年生胸径、蓄积量的影响差异极显著,对8年生树高的影响差异显著,海拔200m以下的中下坡引种邓恩桉较速生。     

鄂尔多斯地区困难立地造林模式研究

为提高鄂尔多斯地区干旱半干旱困难立地条件下造林成活率和保存率,减少土壤侵蚀和风蚀,选择不同困难立地开展不同造林方法和模式试验。结果表明：干旱硬梁区造林成活率和保存率分别达80%和72%以上,其他造林成活率和保存率分别达到以上90%和85%以上;丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀量减少30%以上,沙区风蚀量减少30%以上。     

泥质海岸防护林树种选择及造林工程技术研究

通过造林试验及对树种生理指标的测定，进行滨海盐碱地适地适树及配套工程技术探讨。结果表明：重盐土以柽柳为先锋树种，覆地膜可促进成活；苏打盐渍土以沙枣为优良改土树种，铺山皮土及压乱稻草有利于树木存活、生长；中盐土上，绒毛白蜡为耐盐的珍贵用材树种，掺沙可降低土壤盐分，能有效地提高苗期的造林成活率和保存率。     

呼伦贝尔沙地引种沙地云杉初报

2007年从内蒙古赤峰引种2年生沙地云杉(Picea mongolica)裸根苗并定植在呼伦贝尔市鄂温克旗中心苗圃。2012年春季,分别在半固定沙地和流动沙地进行造林试验,对沙地云杉成活率、保存率、生长量进行观测。结果表明,沙地云杉在呼伦贝尔沙地生长正常,在半固定、流动沙地上的平均存活率达92.5%,年平均高生长量达12.1cm,保存率达86%以上,初步确定沙地云杉在呼伦贝尔沙地可以进行引种造林。     

Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey

Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5–74 ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450 m². One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.     

上海中央公园特大银杏树白蚁防治探讨

通过对上海松江中央公园内65株特大银杏树白蚁为害情况的调查,发现该公园银杏受害率为100%,其中存在活白蚁的银杏占总量的56.9%,采用毒土处理、粉剂疗法、建立白蚁监测点等措施,经过两次灭杀,活白蚁的灭杀率达到92.3%和93.3%,从而使存在活白蚁银杏树的比例从56.9%下降到2.7%,白蚁发生情况明显降低。       

我国食品中农药残留研究进展

随着人们安全健康意识提高,食品中农药残留问题更加受到重视,本文综述了样品预处理研究进展及农药残留快速检测技术研究进展,并简单分析介绍各种方法的优缺点。     

建平半干旱地区石质山地造林技术研究

研究了不同植物在石质山地的造林成活率、土壤化学性质随造林年限的变化和造林措施对土壤化学性质和植物胸径、树高年净生长量的影响。结果表明：不同植物在石质山地的成活率在21%～85%之间,其中白榆和沙打旺的成活率分别为81%和85%,而小叶杨、刺槐、栾树的成活率均在70%左右;植被能明显提高石质山地不同土层的有机质、全N、P2O5含量,但提高程度随土层深度、养分种类和造林年限的不同而不同;在同一土层,生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高土壤有机质含量（p〈0.01）并显著降低土壤P2O5含量（p〈0.01）;只有保水剂可引起土壤全K含量的明显升高;生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高白榆、小叶杨、刺槐、栾树树高和胸径的年净生长量,但保水剂的提高程度最高。     

植物DNA甲基化研究进展

植物经常暴露在各种生物和非生物的胁迫之下,这些胁迫会影响植物的生长发育和繁殖并最终导致植物死亡。为了抵御不利的环境条件,植物已经进化出复杂而精细的网络来感知胁迫并激活防御系统。为此,植物激活许多信号转导通路,这些信号转导通路可以改变一些胁迫响应基因的表达,从而引起植物形态、生理和生化的改变以适应逆境。DNA胞嘧啶甲基化是高等真核生物的主要表观遗传机制之一,在维持基因组稳定性和调节基因表达方面起着关键作用。表观遗传变异比遗传变异更为灵活。一旦环境条件发生变化,为了适应新的环境植物都会发生表观遗传的改变。许多研究表明DNA甲基化参与植物的发育和应激反应。基于相关研究对DNA甲基化进行了综述,对植物逆境胁迫有重要意义。     

木材碳封存研究进展

碳封存可以分工业封存和生物封存, 工业封存包括地质封存、海洋封存、矿石碳化以及工业循环利用, 这些方法能快速回收CO₂, 但工艺流程技术复杂, 成本较高。木材碳封存是生物碳封存的一种类型, 树木光合作用吸收的碳主要存贮在木材中。运用木材密度、微密度等检测仪器, 通过确定木材密度变化, 结合其含碳率来计量木材的碳封存过程以及封存过程中碳的分配格局, 同时研究其与环境因子的相关性, 可以为研究森林的碳吸收动态提供便捷的方法和科学的依据。     

Natural regeneration in patch clear-cutting in Picea abies stands in Southern Finland

Abstract

The success of natural regeneration on patch clear-cuts in Norway spruce stands in Southern Finland was examined in terms of stocking and tree height. The experiment was established in mature spruce stands in the submesic Myrtillus (MT) site type. In each of the eight study sites, three plots were treated with clear-cutting and planting, clear-cutting with partial tree retention and planting, and patch clear-cutting without site preparation, respectively. In three of the study sites, one plot with patch clear-cutting and site preparation was established. Each plot was 1 ha, out of which three patches of 40×40 m were clear-cut in the patch treatments. 10–11 years after cutting, the patches had on average 1316 crop trees ha^–1, of which 91% were spruces. Some 27% of the stands were up to the target stocking level (≥1600 ha^?1), and 36% were at least satisfactory (≥1300 ha^?1). Site preparation did not yield greater stocking levels on patches, but that result is ambiguous due to a difference in initial stocking. The average spruce tree height in the patches (0.76 m) was much smaller than in the case of clear-cutting and planting (2.42 m). In conclusion, the patches had been restocked tolerably well with spruce and birch for practical purposes during the 10- to 11-year period, but the regeneration process had been very slow compared to clear-cutting and planting.     

Tree regeneration in patch cutting in Norway spruce stands in northern Finland

The study focused on the success of regeneration on patch cuts in spruce-dominated stands in terms of stocking and tree height. It was based on an experiment in the Kainuu region in northern Finland. The experimental design included 8 stands with 58 clearcut patches of variable size (0.09–0.37?ha), on which either natural regeneration without site preparation or site preparation and planting of Scots pine was applied. A regeneration survey was conducted 13–15 growing seasons after treatments. Patches without site preparation had been restocked quite well from natural seed sources. The average number of trees was about 11,000?ha^?1, of which 1700?ha^?1 crop trees. With site preparation and planting, the stocking levels were also very high, 25,000 and 2100?ha^?1, respectively. One hundred percent of the planted patches and 75% of the naturally regenerated patches had an acceptable density. Restocking was equally good across the range of patch sizes. Tree growth had been somewhat slower in the smallest patches than in the largest ones in the range. Natural regeneration was capable of yielding good regeneration results in most patches, especially when site preparation was applied. Stocking levels and height development were higher yet in the planted patches.     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.