基于网格的海量农业信息管理技术研究

在海量农业信息共享中的一个核心问题就是如何管理农业信息共享系统的信息资源。本文提出了一种基于网格的海量农业信息管理框架,对海量农业信息的接入、处理、存储和管理进行了讨论。     

逆境胁迫下的农业管理中土壤-植物-微生物相互作用研究进展

The expected rise in temperature and decreased precipitation owing to climate change and unabated anthropogenic activities add complexity and uncertainty to agro-industry.The impact of soil nutrient imbalance,mismanaged use of chemicals,high temperature,flood or drought,soil salinity,and heavy metal pollutions,with regard to food security,is increasingly being explored worldwide.This review describes the role of soil-plant-microbe interactions along with organic manure in solving stressed agriculture problems.Beneficial microbes associated with plants are known to stimulate plant growth and enhance plant resistance to biotic (diseases) and abiotic (salinity,drought,pollutions,etc.) stresses.The plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizae,a key component of soil microbiota,could play vital roles in the maintenance of plant fitness and soil health under stressed environments.The application of organic manure as a soil conditioner to stressed soils along with suitable microbial strains could further enhance the plant-microbe associations and increase the crop yield.A combination of plant,stress-tolerant microbe,and organic amendment represents the tripartite association to offer a favourable environment to the proliferation of beneficial rhizosphere microbes that in turn enhance the plant growth performance in disturbed agro-ecosystem.Agriculture land use patterns with the proper exploitation of plant-microbe associations,with compatible beneficial microbial agents,could be one of the most effective strategies in the management of the concerned agriculture lands owing to climate change resilience.However,the association of such microbes with plants for stressed agriculture management still needs to be explored in greater depth.     

可持续的中国农业养分管理: 挑战与展望

China has to raise agricultural productivity in its limited and shrinking farmland to guarantee food security for its huge and ever-growing population. Sustainable soil nutrient management is of paramount importance to the world's most populous country. Critical challenges the country is facing in sustaining soil fertility and in alleviating the hazardous impact of intensive fertilizer use are discussed in this paper. It is emphatically pointed out that national strategies as well as area-specific action plans with respect to scientific nutrient management are urgently needed to balance productivity and sustainability in the future. Relevant proposals for addressing those challenges are also presented.     

论生态农业模式设计

根据农业生态系统及中国生态农业所遵循的原则与内涵,在理论与实践分析的基础上讨论了中国生态农业模式设计基本概念、分类及其原则与方法。     

Definition of sustainable and unsustainable issues in nutrient management of modern agriculture

Abstract. Sustainable management of nutrients in agricultural systems is critical for sufficient production of nutritious foods and to minimize environmental pollution. In this overview, we discuss some of the most important factors influencing nutrient cycling, and how practices for sustainable nutrient management can be optimized. In most cases, problems are associated with excessive use of nutrients (manures, other organic amendments, and inorganic fertilizers). Options for dealing with such problems at the farm level include: reducing nutrient inputs to balance exports, increasing the land area on which manures are applied, and export of excess nutrients from the farm in the form of value-added products. These strategies can be used singly, or in combination. Nutrients in the human food chain are often not recycled back to primary crop production. To manage such issues, and avoid regional nutrient accumulations, we need to develop a better understanding of large-scale nutrient flows, and develop policies to manage them. We stress the importance of scale when considering nutrient management in the future.     

山江湖工程可持续农业示范模式研究

简述了江西省贫困山区、平原红壤丘陵区和鄱阳湖区最具代表性的3种持续农业示范模式,并分 别对其特点、机理进行了分析和研究。     

渭北旱塬生态农业建设模式浅析

简析了陕西省渭北旱塬实施的以沼气为纽带的“三位一体”五配套良性循环生态农业模式、以退耕还林还草为核心的小流域综合治理模式及其经济、社会和生态三大效益。     

各国可持续农业发展道路与资源利用模式比较

阐述了可持续农业有关概念、定义及其实质内涵,并比较分析了国外一些国家和我国台湾省可持 续农业发展模式,论述了我国不同地区农业持续发展及资源利用模式,指出我国SARD模式已经展现了我国农业现代化方向和农业与农村经济可持续发展的道路。     

土壤呼吸组分测定技术与农田管理措施影响的研究进展

土壤碳库是陆地生态系统中最大的碳库,土壤呼吸是温室气体排放的重要组成部分,因此研究土壤呼吸对农业固碳减排具有重要意义.土壤呼吸准确测定和其分量来源分析是土壤呼吸研究的基础和重要手段,本文对其进行总结归纳,并对耕作施肥,特别是全球变化对土壤呼吸影响研究成果进行了回顾.土壤呼吸速率测定主要有箱法和微气象法,CO2浓度测定主要有红外气体分析法、气相色谱法、碱液吸收法.土壤呼吸分组主要有组分集成分析法、同位素标记技术、挖沟隔离法等方法.良好的耕作施肥管理可以减缓土壤呼吸作用,土壤呼吸对全球变化具有一定的适应性.下一步的研究需要利用先进观测技术和方法对土壤呼吸过程机理和控制因子进行更深入研究.     

基于空间连续性聚类算法的精准农业管理分区研究

该研究在K均值算法KM的基础上,根据空间单元位置的相互依赖关系,提出了一种新的空间连续性聚类算法SCKM。以北京精准农业示范基地获取的OMIS图像为数据源,选用K均值算法、等间隔法、分位数法、自然断点法等传统分区方法和SCKM算法,对肥水需求关键时期的小麦的长势差异进行了管理分区提取研究,并引入了权重方差和聚集度两种分区效果评价指标,对分区结果进行了比较和评价。结果表明：SCKM算法与传统分区方法分区结果相比,区内方差差异不显著;而空间聚集度远好于后者,利用SCKM法分区能够有效地去除大量的孤立单元或碎片。     

中国农业管理信息系统发展现状、问题、趋势与对策

回顾了国内外农业管理信息系统的产生和发展历史,阐述了农业管理信息系统在国内外的发展应用现状,并总结了中国农业管理信息系统存在的一些问题.最后,在总结现状和问题的基础上,预测了中国农业管理信息系统发展的方向和趋势,以及应采取的措施.     

中国农业管理信息系统发展现状、问题、趋势与对策

回顾了国内外农业管理信息系统的产生和发展历史,阐述了农业管理信息系统在国内外的发展应用现状,并总结了中国农业管理信息系统存在的一些问题。最后,在总结现状和问题的基础上,预测了中国农业管理信息系统发展的方向和趋势,以及应采取的措施。     

Nutrient management for intensive animal agriculture: policies and practices for sustainability

Abstract. The intensity of animal production around the world has increased substantially during the last half-century, which has led to large problems with the disposal of manures and waste waters. The focus of this paper is on the development of national policies to improve the nutrient management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), where nutrients are invariably in surplus. To create proper nutrient management strategies for CAFOs, and to avoid environmental problems when surplus nutrients enter air, soil and water, we need to know the number of animals/birds in the unit, the quantity of manure/slurry produced, how this material is stored and handled and how much land is available for manure spreading. In this paper, we discuss the development of nutrient management strategies for CAFOs in Europe and North America, and the voluntary measures and environmental regulations related to this. For the planning of nutrient management to be comprehensive and efficient, we need expertise from several disciplines. This planning includes development of: animal diets that reduce the amounts of excreted nutrients; efficient storage and land application technologies; land application programmes to optimize yields and reduce nutrient losses; and strategies for use of excess manure outside the farm. Also, large-scale efforts involving many stakeholders (farmers, governments and private industry) are needed to solve problems with nutrient imbalances over the long term. Efforts along these lines include manure relocation, alternative uses of manures, nutrient trading, and a general extensification of animal agriculture. The overall guiding principle for policies and planning should be a balance of nutrients, on farms as well as at larger scales.     

农业可持续发展模式设计的自然资源评价方法初探

在农业可持续发展模式设计中通过进行以经济价值为表征的自然资源持续性评价,有利于变自然资源的无偿使用为有偿使用,保持农业自然资源的生产能力。对资源经济价值评价理论与方法进行了集中分析,并以资源折旧法对拜泉县试验小区数据进行了运算分析,证实了该方法的有效性。     

Sustainable agriculture evaluation model for red soil hill region of southeast China

Agricultural sustainability for economic development is important and a complex issue throughout the world; however,it is difficult to synthetically evaluate its use in the policy making process. The objective of this study was to evaluate sustainable agriculture in the red soil hill region of Southeast China through a newly proposed method combining four separate sub-systems: regional population (P), resource (R), environmental (E), and socio-economic (S). This new index system was proposed to appraise synthetically the agricultural sustainability of the red soil hill region from 1988 to 1996 with a two-step method assessing: a) the agricultural sustainability in each province independently and b) the relative sustainability of each province to the whole region. The first step only provided a development trend for each province based on its original situation, while the second step provided additional information on the comparative status of each province in agricultural development to the region as a whole. Higher index scores were found for the economy and resource categories denoting improvement. However, lower scores in the environment category indicated the improvement was achieved at the cost of deteriorating ecological surroundings due to an increasing population that demanded more from the agro-ecosystem and put heavier pressures on it. Results also showed that water and soil losses in this region were the major obstacles encountered in sustainable agriculture development. The assessment results were verified when compared with results from another method. This suggested that the new assessment system was reliable and credible in evaluating agricultural sustainability on a regional scale.     

Conceptual model and sensitivity analysis for simulating the extraction kinetics of soil washing

Purpose  

Most previous studies focused on the metal extraction efficiency of chelant-enhanced soil washing under various operational conditions; however, one of the keys to cost-effective field application is to maintain a high throughput rate (i.e., short washing time) while achieving the treatment objectives. Therefore, this study presented a conceptual model for simulating the kinetic extraction of heavy metals and evaluated its sensitivity analysis to the predetermined parameter values in five soils with different initial metal distributions.     

区域尺度农业管理分区的无监督特征选择与破碎度优化算法

针对区域尺度管理分区指标筛选与分区破碎问题,提出基于指标相关性聚类的无监督过滤式指标选择方法 FSCC(feature selection based on correlation clustering algorithm,FSCC)与基于一致性和完整性的指标优化方法(consistency and integrityoptimization,CIO)。以中国主要冬小麦种植区为研究区域,气象、土壤、地形等小麦生长相关指标为数据源,研究区域从大到小划分为4个尺度,首先选用最大方差、拉普拉斯得分2种传统过滤式特征选择方法与FSCC分别进行4个尺度的管理分区指标筛选,对比基于3种方法筛选指标集构建的管理分区划分结果,评价FSCC分区指标选择方法;其次,设计指标优化算法,对4个尺度筛选的指标集分别进行一致性与完整性分析与优化。结果表明:相较最大方差法和拉普拉斯得分法,FSCC筛选指标的分区效果具有较好表现,如皋2.5km处,其评价指标模糊性能指数(FPI)、归一化分类熵(NCE)和修正分离熵(MPE)均低于另外2种方法 52.44%、49.45%和49.52%;CIO在如皋、南通尺度下有效剔除分区破碎指标,分区完整性明显,除南通10 km外,CIO比FSCC的指标集,FPI、NCE、MPE分别平均低0.078、0.061、0.082,相对提升了FSCC的分区效果。     

区域农业生态环境质量综合评价投影寻踪模型研究

研究建立了区域农业生态环境质量综合评价的投影寻踪模型,利用该模型可将反映区域农业生态环境质量的多个指标转换为反映各指标综合信息的投影特征值,并根据投影特征值的大小对区域农业生态环境质量进行客观评价,方法可靠,结果合理,操作简便且易于生产应用。