冷凉区黑土有机质和玉米产量双提升技术探索及经济效益分析

为明确有机肥还田+保护性耕作措施下黑龙江省西部土壤有机质和作物产量的双提升技术效果,2021年10月,在黑龙江省西部齐齐哈尔市梅里斯区开展试验,以玉米为供试作物,设置5个处理：有机肥+深松40 cm（YS40）、秸秆留茬+深松40 cm（WS40）、有机肥+旋耕20 cm（YS20）、秸秆留茬+旋耕20 cm（WS20）、有机肥表施+免耕（YB）;一个对照：秸秆留茬+免耕（CK）。结果表明：施入有机肥的处理能够提升深土层土壤肥力,在20～40 cm土层中YS20处理与CK处理相比有机质和全氮依次提升11.56 g·kg^-1和0.57 g·kg^-1;40～60 cm土层中YS40处理与CK处理相比有机质和全氮依次提升2.83 g·kg^-1和0.28 g·kg^-1。土壤结构方面,在0～20 cm土层中YB处理的容重较CK降低17.5%、含水量提升35.5%,40～60 cm土层中YS40处理的容重较CK处理降低5.3%、含水量提升38.4%。有机肥与保护性耕作处理提高了玉米不同生育时期叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和干物质积累量,进而提高了玉米产量,第二年的YS40、YS20、YB处理较CK处理分别增产14.5%、18.5%、11.4%。收益分析表明,与CK处理相比,2021年YB处理和2022年YS20处理收益增加最多,分别增加5 770元·hm^-2和5 223元·hm^-2。综上所述,黑龙江省西部薄层黑土实施有机肥还田+保护性耕作是提升土壤有机质、有机碳储量、全氮、全氮储量、玉米产量和经济效益的有效措施。     

灌溉条件下紫花苜蓿留茬高度的再生效应

为确立灌溉农田下紫花苜蓿的刈割制度,2003～2006年在地处西辽河平原的内蒙古民族大学试验农场进行留茬高度效应的研究.结果表明,株高、节间距、根干重、越冬率留茬5 cm刈割均低于留茬10 cm刈割,但1级分枝数、节间数均高于留茬10 cm刈割;营养品质留茬10 cm的好于留茬5 cm的;草产量前2年留茬5 cm较高,而后2年较低,4年总产量留茬10 cm略高;连续4年刈割后田间密度留茬10 cm的较留茬5 cm的高3.8株/m2.     

不同灌水量和栽培方式对土壤养分及菊芋产量和品质的影响

于2021—2022年开展大田裂区试验,以灌水量为主区,3个灌水量分别为3 750 m³·hm^-2（W1）、4 500 m³·hm^-2（W2）、5 250 m³·hm^-2（W3）,栽培方式为副区,2种方式分别为垄作（B1）、平作（B2）,探索不同灌水量和栽培方式对河西荒漠化地区菊芋产量、品质和土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,随着灌水量的增大,0~20 cm土层土壤全氮、碱解氮、总磷、有效磷含量呈下降趋势,而速效钾含量先上升后下降,其中W2B1处理表现最佳;W2B1处理菊芋株高、茎粗、单株块茎数、单株块茎质量和产量均高于其他处理,增幅分别为1.94%~19.79%、2.71%~28.87%、8.22%~31.68%、12.22%~57.81%和12.31%~58.01%。W1B1处理菊芋块茎总糖、还原糖、可溶性糖和菊糖含量均高于其他处理,增幅分别为7.25%~18.19%、1.35%~6.19%、4.20%~39.67%和7.58%~19.10%。菊糖含量表现为W1B1>W2B1>W2B2>W1B2>W3B2>W3B1,灌水量增大不利于菊糖在块茎中积累;相同灌水定额下,垄作方式比平作更有利于块茎菊糖积累。通过主成分分析综合评价不同处理对菊芋产量和品质以及土壤养分含量的影响发现,灌水量4 500 m³·hm^-2配合垄作方式效果最佳,灌水量5 250 m³·hm^-2配合平作方式效果最差。     

填闲作物腐解过程及其对后茬冬小麦产量的影响

研究了渭北旱塬地区不同填闲作物（长武怀豆（S）、黑麦草（R）及两者1∶1混合（M））翻压和氮肥水平（0、60、120 kg N·hm^-2）双因素处理下,填闲作物的腐解规律、碳氮释放动态及对后茬冬小麦产量的影响,并对腐解速率与Olsen模型进行了拟合。结果表明：各填闲作物翻压后腐解规律及碳氮释放特征均表现为“前期快-中期慢-后期加快”,填闲作物腐解规律符合Olsen模型,在第276天各处理累积腐解率均达70%以上。在第0~35天,同一施氮处理下,累积腐解率和腐解速率均表现为S>M>R（P<0.05）;第35天,S、M和R各处理干物质累积腐解率分别达到61.9%、55.5%和47.5%;在0~35 d,施氮对S、M的腐解影响不显著,对R影响显著,35 d后氮肥效应逐渐减弱;填闲作物的腐解同时伴随其碳、氮的快速释放,在第21天,S、M和R碳氮残留率分别达到40%、50%和60%左右。平均来看,S的碳氮释放速率显著高于R,与M无显著差异。与裸地对照相比,翻压填闲作物能够显著提高后茬冬小麦产量,其籽粒产量增加10%~35% （P<0.05）,其中翻压长武怀豆低氮处理和混合翻压低氮处理效果最佳。     

施氮量对库尔勒香梨园氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放的影响

为了解库尔勒香梨园土壤氮素气态损失,采用密闭式集气法和静态箱气相色谱法对不同氮肥用量下的土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放进行研究,并设置了5个处理：不施肥（N₀P₀K₀）、不施氮肥（N₀PK）、施氮150 kg·hm^-2（N₁PK）、施氮300 kg·hm^-2（N₂PK）、施氮450 kg·hm^-2（N₃PK）。结果表明：氨挥发速率和氧化亚氮排放通量均在施基肥和施追肥后第4天出现峰值和次峰值,且氨挥发速率和氧化亚氮排放通量均随着施氮量的增加而增大;各处理氨挥发累积量达到27.886～44.416 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,施氮处理氨挥发净损失量达到6.726～16.197 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,各处理氧化亚氮累积量达到341.616～531.960 g·hm^-2·a^-1,施氮处理氧化亚氮净损失量达到90.452～185.412 g·hm^-2·a^-1,氨挥发累积量和净损失量与氧化亚氮累积量和净损失量均随着施氮量的增加而增加;施氮处理氨挥发净损失率为2.720%～4.480%,氧化亚氮净损失率为0.038%～0.060%,氨挥发和氧化亚氮净损失率随着施氮量的增加均表现为先减小再增大;施用氮肥能显著增加0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层中铵态氮和硝态氮含量;相关分析表明,氨挥发速率和氧化亚氮排放通量与施氮量和土壤温度呈极显著正相关关系;N₂PK处理的库尔勒香梨产量最高,达到6 213.5 kg·hm^-2,且氨挥发净损失率和氧化亚氮净损失率均最小,为2.720%和0.038%。从库尔勒香梨园土壤氮素气态损失和生产角度看,纯氮用量为300 kg·hm^-2时最佳。     

生物炭连续还田后效对盐碱土稻田养分、酶活性和腐殖质组分的影响

为明确生物炭连续还田对苏打盐碱土稻田的改良效果,于2014—2019年通过盆栽试验研究了生物炭连续还田对苏打盐碱土稻田养分含量、电导率、pH值、酶活性和腐殖质组分的影响。结果表明：生物炭还田量为7.5～16.5 t·hm^-2时,土壤全氮、全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量分别提高19.09%～30.00%、34.58%～45.37%、19.04%～39.16%、38.65%～63.12%（P＜0.05）;生物炭还田量12.0～16.5 t·hm^-2,土壤碱解氮含量提高5.34%～6.87%(P＜0.05);土壤电导率随生物炭还田量增大呈先增后降的趋势,峰值在7.5 t·hm^-2;土壤pH值与生物炭还田量显著正相关,并且生物炭12.0～16.5 t·hm^-2 pH值显著高于不添加生物炭处理;生物炭年还田量7.5～12.0 t·hm^-2时,有机质含量、腐殖质全碳量、胡敏素碳量分别较不添加生物炭处理提高48.74%～70.51%、47.40%～69.94%、68.94%～96.48%;HA/FA和PQ随生物炭还田量增大呈先增后降的趋势,峰值在12 t·hm^-2;生物炭还田量7.5 kg·hm^-2时,脲酶活性较不添加生物炭处理提高89.03%（P＜0.05）,碱性磷酸酶降低41.27%（P＜0.05）;生物炭还田量12.0 kg·hm^-2时,脲酶活性提高53.33%（P＜0.05）,蔗糖酶活性提高41.84%(P＜0.05)。因此,生物炭连续还田能够有效改良苏打盐碱土稻田,7.5～12.0 t·hm^-2为适宜生物炭还田量。     

关中平原冬小麦临界氮稀释曲线建模

临界氮稀释曲线可诊断植株氮营养状况,针对国内目前普遍存在的建模品种单一,可能造成模型普适性偏差的问题,以陕西关中平原主栽的6个冬小麦品种为研究对象,分别设置4个（0、105、210 kg·hm^-2和315 kg·hm^-2）施氮量水平,以两季4个冬小麦品种田间数据,建立了冬小麦花期前地上部干物质临界氮稀释曲线,曲线服从负幂指数函数;进一步通过另外2个冬小麦品种共计两季数据对模型进行了验证,验证结果表明,采用临界氮稀释曲线可以较好地区分独立样本中的氮营养亏缺和氮营养过剩数据。依据临界氮稀释曲线建立的氮营养指数和累计氮亏缺模型,可分别用于诊断植株的氮营养状况和量化氮素盈亏量,诊断结果表明施氮量为0 kg·hm^-2和105 kg·hm^-2条件下植株氮营养亏缺,210 kg·hm^-2和315 kg·hm^-2条件下小麦氮营养盈余,0~315 kg·hm^-2施氮量下的累计氮亏缺量-33.2~50.9 kg·hm^-2。通过建立氮营养指数与施氮量之间的线性关系,得出关中平原冬小麦适宜施氮量约为162 kg·hm^-2。     

二月兰不同翻压量对土壤肥力的影响

通过室内土壤培养试验,研究了绿肥二月兰（Orychophragmus violaceus）不同翻压量对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,翻压二月兰可有效降低石灰性土壤pH值,45 000 kg·hm^-2（处理Ⅰ）和90 000 kg·hm^-2（处理Ⅱ）翻压量的土壤pH值在培养结束时（120 d）分别比对照降低了0.24和0.41个单位;翻压二月兰可显著提高土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,培养结束时处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ的土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别比对照增加了0.06 g·kg^-1、2.00 mg·kg^-1、26.28 mg·kg^-1和0.09 g·kg^-1、3.32 mg·kg^-1、63.00 mg·kg^-1;土壤有效氮含量在翻压15天时达到峰值,此时处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ的有效氮含量分别比对照增加了12.95 mg·kg^-1和21.70 mg·kg^-1,但培养60天后各处理有效氮含量相近;翻压二月兰可在培养前期（22 d）较大幅度提高土壤有机碳含量,但22天后处理间差异缩小,培养结束时处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ的有机碳含量分别比对照增加了-0.06 g·kg^-1和0.33 g·kg^-1;翻压二月兰可降低土壤碳氮比,培养结束时处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ的碳氮比分别比对照下降了2.02和1.51个单位,降幅分别达到20.82%和15.58%。     

水氮互作对川中丘陵区玉米水肥利用效率和产量形成的影响

为研究不同水氮配置对玉米肥水利用率和产量形成的影响,试验以不施氮、不滴灌为对照（CK）,设减氮25%（180 kg·hm^-2,N180）和正常氮（240 kg·hm^-2,N240）2个氮肥量,4个滴灌水平（B0：0 m³·hm^-2;B1：375 m³·hm^-2;B2：750 m³·hm^-2;B3：1125 m³·hm^-2）,共9个处理。结果表明,玉米吐丝期叶面积指数、干物质积累量及氮素积累量均随施氮量和滴灌量增加而增长,且存在互作效应。滴灌促进氮肥的吸收利用,减氮条件下B3处理较B0处理氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥表观利用率分别提高9.55%、22.25%、118.69%;正常氮条件下滴灌量超过750 m³·hm^-2有抑制氮肥吸收利用的趋势。施氮提高水分利用效率,减氮和正常氮处理较CK处理生物量水分利用效率分别提高14.47%和31.83%,减氮和正常氮处理间籽粒水分利用效率差异不显著。减氮条件下玉米的产量随滴灌量增加而增加,B3处理较B0、B1、B2处理分别增加5.84%、1.33%、0.46%,而正常氮条件下则先增后减,减氮25%条件下滴灌量750~1 125 m³·hm^-2处理的产量可达到正常氮不滴灌水平。减氮配以适当灌溉促进玉米生长,增加干物质积累和氮素吸收利用,从而提高玉米产量,是氮肥减施增效和抗旱高产的有效技术措施。本试验条件下的最优水氮配置为纯氮180 kg·hm^-2+滴灌750~1 125 m³·hm^-2。     

越冬作物覆盖保水效应及对后茬大豆水分利用效率和产量的影响

为探索越冬作物冬油菜(Brassica rape)、冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)、冬豌豆(Pisum sativum)的覆盖保水效应及对后茬大豆的影响,于2019—2020年和2020—2021年生长季,在甘肃省镇原县以地膜覆盖和露地为对照,比较了5种处理的地表覆盖度、耗水特征及后茬大豆水分利用效率和产量的差异,分析了越冬作物耗水量与生物量和地表覆盖度的相关性。结果表明：从出苗期到刈割期,冬小麦生物量分别较冬油菜和冬豌豆显著增加15.6%和130.5%(P<0.05),冬油菜和冬小麦具有更高的地表覆盖度,分别为89.2%和84.4%。冬油菜、冬小麦、冬豌豆的耗水量分别较地膜覆盖和露地增加50.4%和18.6%、150.2%和97.4%、41.6%和11.7%;冬油菜和冬小麦耗水量与生物量的相关系数分别为0.923和0.966,呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与地表覆盖度相关性不显著,冬油菜耗水量与地表覆盖度间有负相关趋势。在相对干旱生长季,冬油菜和冬豌豆耗水量分别较露地减少6.7 mm和7.5 mm,具有保水效应,冬小麦和冬豌豆后茬种植大豆具有更高的籽粒产量,产量水平分别为2 583.3 kg·hm^-2和2 550.4 kg·hm^-2,冬小麦后茬大豆的水分利用效率最高,2 a的平均值为8.3 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。综合分析地表覆盖度、耗水量、土层水分变化、大豆籽粒产量等因素,在本试验条件下,冬油菜、冬豌豆是西北旱作区冬季农田覆盖和土壤水分保持的有效措施,冬小麦是大豆种植的优势茬口。     

Effect of anaerobic soil disinfestation amendment type and C:N ratio on Cyperus esculentus tuber sprouting,growth and reproduction

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a cultural technique primarily targeted for control of soilborne plant pathogens, but can also impact weed propagules. A repeated pot study was conducted to evaluate ASD treatment impact on sprouting and growth of introduced Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) tubers using dry molasses‐based and wheat bran‐based amendment mixtures at four carbon‐to‐nitrogen (C:N) ratios (from 10:1 to 40:1) and compared with a non‐amended control. The mean percentage of sprouted tubers recovered after ASD treatment was lower for wheat bran‐based (42%) than dry molasses‐based (65%) amendments, and tuber production was 1.6‐fold higher in dry molasses‐based than wheat bran‐based treatments. The highest percentage of sprouted tubers (79%) and the highest mean production of large tubers (threefold higher than wheat bran‐based and 1.7‐fold higher than molasses‐based amendments) were observed for the non‐amended control. Tuber sprouting was significantly lower from all ASD treatments (regardless of amendment C:N ratio) compared with the non‐amended control at a 15 cm burial depth. New tuber production was lowest at C:N ratios of 10:1 and 20:1 and more than twofold higher in the non‐amended control. Wheat bran‐based amendments reduced above‐ground C. esculentus biomass compared with the non‐amended control and ASD treatments with molasses‐based amendments, and reduced below‐ground biomass compared with molasses‐based amendments. Above‐ground biomass was highest at amendment C:N ratio of 10:1, and below‐ground biomass was highest at amendment C:N ratio of 40:1 and the non‐amended control. ASD treatment with wheat bran‐based amendments at lower C:N ratios reduced tuber sprouting and reproduction compared with the non‐amended control, but not at rates high enough to use as a primary weed management tactic.     

Crop rotation effects on Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus population dynamics in southern California vegetable production

Control options for Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus esculentus (purple and yellow nutsedge) were evaluated within three cropping systems in the low desert of southern California: (1) standard vegetable crop rotation (weed‐free, uncontrolled nutsedge and cultivation) with spring cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) – summer fallow – winter broccoli (Brassica oleracea), (2) cover crop rotation (halosulfuron and smother crop) with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)/corn (Zea mays) – summer sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) – Winter Fallow, (3) rotation with solarization (non‐solarization and solarization) with spring wheat – summer fallow/solarization – winter broccoli. After two growing seasons, broccoli was planted without Cyperus control, to study the effect on yield. Cyperus rotundus tubers increased from 0.66 tubers per m² to 1260 tubers per m² in the uncontrolled treatment over two seasons. Cultivation during the growing season reduced C. rotundus tubers by 93% compared with the uncontrolled plots. Cover crop rotation did not reduce the number of C. rotundus tubers significantly, despite the dense sudangrass canopy shading the soil during most of the summer. Cyperus rotundus was effectively controlled by the solarization treatment. All methods controlled C. esculentus, especially when there were no crops growing in the summer. When broccoli was grown after two years of various management strategies, the cultivation treatment showed a 44% yield reduction compared with the weed‐free control, while the solarization treatment increased broccoli yield by 64% compared with the non‐solarization treatment. Rotations that included sudangrass had low broccoli yield when either C. rotundus or C. esculentus were present.     

EFFECT OF MINIMUM SOIL TEMPERATURE ON DIFFERENTIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS AND C. ESCULENTUS IN THE UNITED STATES*

Summary. The response of tubers to low temperatures was investigated to gain insight into a physiological basis for the differential distribution of Cyperus esculentus L. (yellow nutsedge) and C. rotundus L. (purple nutsedge) in the United States. Only C. esculentus tubers survived the winter of 1968–69 in the field at Urbana, Illinois. Less than 10% of C. rotundus tubers survived at 2°C for 12 weeks, whereas more than 95% of C. esculentus tubers survived this treatment. Exposures to -2°C for 4 h or longer killed 50% of C. rotundus tubers, whereas - 6·5°C was required to kill 50% of C esculentus tubers. C. rotundus distribution is restricted to regions where the soil seldom freezes, whereas C. esculentus is distributed in regions where the soil temperatures often get below freezing. Survival of C. esculentus tubers in soil which frequently freezes may account for its wide distribution. Death of C. rotundus tubers in soils which freeze apparently is the reason why the species is restricted to the southeastern and southwestern regions of the U.S.A. L'Influence de la température du sol sur la répartition différentielle de Cyperus rotundus et de Cyperus esculentus aux Etats-Unis     

不同覆盖方式对旱作农田土壤碳氮含量及玉米产量的影响

设置垄膜沟播(R)、平作全覆膜(P)和平作秸秆覆盖(S)3种不同覆盖栽培模式,以传统平作(CK)为对照,通过3 a大田定位试验,研究不同覆盖方式对农田土壤碳氮及其组分变化、玉米干物质积累和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:连续覆盖3 a后,R和P处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量及储量均呈逐渐下降趋势,而S处理则呈上升趋势且每年的增幅逐渐增大;各处理0～40 cm土层土壤有机碳储量均表现为S>R>P>CK,全氮储量表现为S>CK>R>P,S处理有机碳和全氮储量分别较CK提高3.4%和7.5%;与CK相比,R和P处理可提高土壤碳氮比,在0～20 cm土层平均分别提高7.9%和9.6%(P<0.05),而S处理0～20 cm土层土壤碳氮比平均降低了9.9%(P<0.05);各覆膜处理(R和P)均较CK显著降低了0～40 cm土层土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)和土壤可溶性有机氮(DON)含量,而S处理较CK处理0～60 cm土层DOC和DON含量2 a平均均提高6.2%;各处理收获期硝态氮含量在0～100 cm剖面中的垂直分布与CK无明显差异;各处理土壤铵态氮含量均...     

Effect of naptalam on growth of yellow nutsedge and subsequent control with glyphosate*

Naptalam applied to yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L., var leptostachvus Boeck.) plants through nutrient culture, as a foliar spray or to the soil surface significantly stimulated the transformation of rhizomes into new shoots when the plants were grown under a 20-h photoperiod. Applications of naptalam to plants grown under short-day conditions inhibited tuber production. Applications of glyphosate to yellow nutsedge foliage at 0·3 and 0·6 kg ha resulted in 57 and 68% dormant tubers respectively, compared to 27% in untreated plants. These lower rates did not significantly increase the number of nonviable tubers. The application of 1·1 and 2·2 kg ha resulted in 47 and 52% dormant tubers, respectively and approximately 40% nonviable tubers. When production of new shoots of yellow nutsedge was induced by soil treatment with napialam and followed later with glyphosate significantly greater control of the nutsedge was observed than from either herbieide alone. Effets du naptalame sur la crossance du experus aune et efficaeite ulterieure du glyphosate. Le naptalame appliquè sur des plantes de cypérus jaune (Cyperus esculentus L. var leptostachyus Boeck) a vee des éléments nutritifs, en pulvérisation fobaire ou à la surface du sol a significativement stimulé la transformation des rhizomes en nouvelles pousses forsque les plantes ont été soumises à une photopériode de 20 h. Les applications de naptalame aux plantes pousant dans des conditions de jours courts ont inhibe la production des tubercules. Des applications de glyphosate sur le feuillage du cypérus jaune à 0.3 et 0.6 kg ha ont donné respectivement 57 et 68% de tubercules dormants contre 27% chez les plantes non traitées. Ces doses plus faibles n'ont pas augmente significativement le nombre de tubercules nonviables. L'application de 1.1 et 2.2 kg ha a donné respectivement 47 et 52% de tubercules dormants, et approxativement 40% de tubercules non viables. Lorsque la production de nouvelles pousses de cypérus jaune a été induite par un traitement du sol au naptalame. suivi ulterieurement d'une application de glyphosate. l'efficacite observée sur le cypérus a été significativement meilleure qu'avee l'un ou l'autre de ces herdicides employé soul. Der Einfluss von Naptalam auf das Wachstum von Cyperus esculentus L. und nachfolgender Bekämpfung mit Glyphaxate Wird Naptalam in die Nähelösungskultur oder auf das Blatt von Cyperus esculentus var leptostachyus Boeek, sowj?e auf die Bodenoberfläche appliziert so stimulieri es die Bildung von neuen Trieben aus Rhizomen, wenn die Pflazen einer Photoperiode von 20 Std. ausgesetzt werden. Unter Kurztagshedingungen hemmt Napralam die Bildung von Knollen Wurde Naptalam auf die Blätter mít 0.3 und 0.6 kg ha appliziert so stieg die Zahl der dormanten Knollen von 27% bei unbehandelt auf 57% und 68% bei behandelt. Diese niedrigen Aufwandmengen steigerten die Zahl der keimfähigen Knollen nicht significant. Die Applikation von 1.1 und 2.2 kg ha resultiere in 47 und 52% dormanten und 40% nicht keimfähigen Knotlen. Wenn die Bildung von Trieben durch eine Behandlung mit Naptalam über dem Boden induziert wurde und diese nachfolgend mit Bekämpfungserfolg als wenn jades Herbizid allein angewandt wurde.     

Local spread of the invasive Cyperus esculentus (Cyperaceae) inferred using molecular genetic markers

Over the last 20 years Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) has become invasive in south‐west France. Because the genetic variation of invasive species can affect the success of management strategies, amplified fragment length polymorphism markers were used to assess the amount and distribution of genetic diversity in this clonally reproducing weed. Population samples of C. esculentus were collected mainly in south‐west France, with 21 samples of C. eragrostis also included in this study. A total of 113 polymorphic loci were identified (50% of the bands scored) in C. esculentus. A low level of genetic diversity (0.140) was detected, of which 95% were partitioned among sites. The regional patterns of variation could have been caused by rapid range expansion of clones propagated by harvesting machinery. Implications of the high clonality detected in C. esculentus are discussed in the context of the development of weed management strategies: because reproduction of the weed in Haute Lande occurs by tubers only, vegetable production should be reduced in infested areas.     

GROWTH,TUBER FORMATION AND SPREAD OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L. FROM SINGLE TUBERS*

Summary. Single tubers of Cyperus rotundus L. were planted at intervals over the year. Plant growth was slow and sprouting of tubers was inhibited at temperatures below 20°C, but tubers overwintered at temperatures above freezing point. In the warm season, plant growth and tuber formation rate closely followed air temperature and tubers were forming within 1 month from planting. No inflorescence appeared during the cool season. In autumn-planted C. rotundus grown in containers, the ratio of aerial to subterranean weight decreased from 1·1 in December to 0·2–0·4 in summer. The weight of tubers in mid-summer was about 10 times more than that present in December. Tubers formed at ail times of year and at various locations on plants sprouted readily in laboratory tests (76–100% sprouting). C. rotundus planted in March at wide spacings was grown in field conditions free of other plant competition for 20 months. Within 2 months the plants had spread to 90 cm. At the end of the first and the second summer of growth, the mean area of one plant was 7·6 m² and 56·7 m², respectively, and patches had expanded then by 2·8 m and 5·4 m, respectively, from the initial shoot. After 20 months of growth all tubers were present within the 0–40 cm soil depth, 60–70% of them in the 0–20 cm layer. About 30% of the tubers were within 1 m and 60% within 2 m of the plant centre. Under the patch centre there were about 1000 tubers per m² with 0·3 kg dry weight; in the upper 20 cm more than 3500 tubers weighing 0·9 kg were present per m³ of soil. Croissance, formation de tubercules et propagation de Cyperus rotundus L. issu de tubercules uniques     

干旱与复水对马铃薯块茎膨大期碳氮转运的影响

为探讨干旱及复水对马铃薯块茎膨大期碳氮物质转运影响的生理机制,采用盆栽控水法研究了干旱胁迫、旱后复水过程中马铃薯叶片与块茎中碳水化合物、氮素同化物以及碳氮转运相关酶活性的变化规律。结果表明：干旱胁迫下马铃薯叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性显著增强,增幅为54.9%,可溶性糖与蔗糖含量显著增加,分别增加84%、25%;块茎蔗糖与淀粉含量显著下降,分别降低25%、11.8%。复水后叶片可溶性糖含量变化较小,叶片SPS活性仍保持较高水平;块茎中蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性下降6.25%(P＜0.05),蔗糖与淀粉含量分别增加21.8%、29.8%。干旱胁迫下马铃薯叶片中硝酸还原酶（NR）活性下降49.3%,谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性与对照差异不显著,叶片游离氨基酸与可溶性蛋白质含量分别降低29.4%、38.4%,全氮含量降低13%;块茎中游离氨基酸与可溶性蛋白质含量增加16.8%、270.9%。复水后叶片中NR与GS活性高出对照3.5%、12.1%,叶片游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白质以及全氮含量仍保持较低水平;块茎游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白含量较高,增幅分别为24.6%、178.4%,全氮含量增加,与对照差异不显著。说明干旱胁迫显著阻碍了马铃薯碳水化合物与氮素同化物的合成与转运,使马铃薯叶片碳水化合物积累,但干旱促进了氮素向块茎转运,块茎中的碳氮比下降;复水后马铃薯植株能够快速修复干旱胁迫造成的损伤,表现为块茎中淀粉含量增多,块茎碳氮比增加。     

氮肥深施对旱作覆膜农田土壤养分含量及春玉米产量的影响

以春玉米为供试作物,于2021—2022年在甘肃省定西市进行不同深度施肥田间试验,以双垄沟覆膜种植为基础,设置3个氮肥施用深度：5 cm(D5)、15 cm(D15)和25 cm(D25),以不施氮(N0)处理为对照,共4个处理,分析不同氮肥施用深度对农田土壤养分含量、干物质积累、水分利用及玉米产量的影响,为优化施肥模式和进一步提升其节水增产效能提供理论依据。结果表明,随施肥深度的增加,农田0～40 cm土层土壤养分含量逐渐增大,D25处理较D15和D5处理的土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别平均提高8.67%、2.23%、22.11%和15.18%;氮肥深施可提高生育后期养分供给能力,玉米干物质积累量显著提高,D25处理播后105 d～收获期干物质积累量分别较D15和D5提高6.53%和25.30%;2个试验年份农田耗水量和水分利用效率均随着施肥深度的增加逐渐增大,D25处理分别较D15和D5平均提高10.09%和10.08%;D25处理玉米生物产量和经济产量较D5处理分别平均提高27.20%和34.93%。在西北旱作区,氮肥25 cm深施模式能为玉米提供更好的养分供给,是提高...     

Growth and reproduction of Cyperus esculentus L. and Cyperus rotundus L.

The growth of both species (as characterized by their total dry weight, inflorescence dry weight, root and rhizome dry weight and number of shoots per pot) was similar, but they differed in the manner in which the dry weight was partitioned to reproductive structures. Each species partitioned less than 2% of its dry weight into floral formation. However, yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) partitioned only 28% of its dry weight to tubers, whereas purple nutsedge (C. rotundus L.) partitioned 50% of its dry weight to fewer and larger tubers. The allocation of dry weight to reproductive structures was related to changes in day-length. Yellow nutsedge tuber formation increased as day-length decreased from 14.5 to 12.5 h, while floral formation did not begin until the day-length dropped below 14 h. Purple nutsedge formed inflorescences earlier and production continued throughout the remainder of the study, but tuber formation was curvilinear and accelerated as the day-length decreased.