蚕豆抗锈病鉴定方法的改进及资源筛选

蚕豆锈病是由蚕豆单胞锈菌[Uromyces viciae-fabae(Pers.) Schroet]引起的蚕豆最重要的病害之一。为提高蚕豆锈病抗性种质筛选的效率及准确性,本文采用混合菌株在温室条件下苗期接种、成株期评价的方法进行抗性鉴定。以抗病材料K0772和感病材料K90315为对照,对1 416份材料(3个年度鉴定材料数量分别为290、517和609份)进行鉴定试验,其中重复鉴定材料77份。抗病对照K0772历年均表现为抗病(R);感病对照K90315分别表现为感病(S)、感病(S)和高感(HS)。不同年份间的病情指数T检验结果显示,对照品种K0772和K90315及重复鉴定材料的3年重复鉴定结果间差异并不显著,具有较好的稳定性。同时,重复鉴定材料组间分别呈极显著、显著、极显著正相关。研究结果表明年度间的重复鉴定结果高度一致,具有较好的稳定性和重复性。通过3年重复鉴定,获得高抗(HR)材料12份,抗病(R)材料47份,中抗(MR)材料18份。因此,利用混合菌源进行苗期接种和在成株期对蚕豆品种锈病抗性进行评价的方法具有较好的稳定性和准确性,该方法可以用于蚕豆锈病综合抗性材料的筛选和抗...     

蚕豆和豌豆锈病病原菌的分子鉴定

为明确我国热带和亚热带地区蚕豆Vicia faba和豌豆Pisum sativum锈病的病原菌种类,通过致病性测定和ITS序列系统发育分析对来自我国云南省玉溪市的4份豌豆锈菌分离物及云南、广西、重庆和四川省(区、市)的5份蚕豆锈菌分离物进行系统鉴定。结果显示,分离自豌豆的锈菌WX1分离物对蚕豆和豌豆均具有高致病性,在侵染叶片上产生大量锈子器;分离自蚕豆的锈菌CX3分离物仅对蚕豆具有高致病性,能在叶片上产生大量夏孢子,而对豌豆的致病性相对较低,仅产生少量的夏孢子堆;分离物WX1和CX3对小扁豆和鹰嘴豆不具有致病性。基于ITS序列系统发育分析表明,所有不同寄主来源的蚕豆单胞锈菌分离物均聚类于一个系统发育组,但分离自蚕豆和豌豆的分离物分别聚类在不同的亚组。表明分离自云南省玉溪市豌豆上的蚕豆单胞锈菌Uromyces viciae-fabae应为豌豆专化型,定名为U. viciae-fabae ex P. sativaum,而来源于云南、广西、重庆和四川省(区、市)的蚕豆锈病病原菌为蚕豆专化型U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba。     

1985—1990年度小麦抗秆锈病田间鉴定结果

“七五”期间,承担中国农科院品种资源所鉴定任务。对19212份材料的鉴定结果,国外品种抗病性最好,其次是国内育成品种和稀有品种。农家品种抗病性最差。鉴定中发现一部分,慢锈材料,是以稀有品种、国外品种最多,其次是国内育成品种。农家品种发病早、重,很少有慢锈现象。这些慢锈品种在锈病流行年份保产作用很明显。     

康乃馨锈病病原鉴定及药剂筛选

通过鉴定发现引起甘肃省康乃馨锈病的病原为石竹单胞柄锈菌(Uromyces dianthi Niessl.);分别采用孢子萌发法和田间喷雾法、灌根法对防治康乃馨锈病的药剂进行了室内筛选和田间药效试验.结果表明,12.5％烯唑醇可湿性粉剂、25％嘧菌酯悬浮剂等7种药剂对康乃馨锈病夏孢子的萌发抑制率均超过50％;对筛选出的7种药剂进一步进行田间药效试验,发现采用喷雾法时12.5％烯唑醇可湿性粉剂、25％嘧菌酯悬浮剂和10％苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂三种药剂的防效高于其他几种药剂,分别达70.2％、68.3％和65.0％,而灌根法对康乃馨锈病的防效并不理想,最高防效仅为8.1％.     

南方玉米锈病及其抗性鉴定

 玉米锈病在世界各玉米主产区均有发生,它有3种类型:由玉米柄锈菌Puccinia sorghi Schw.引起的普通玉米锈病,由玉米多堆柄锈菌Puccinia polysora Underw.引起的南方玉米锈病和由玉米壳锈菌Physopella zeae (Mains) Cummins and Ramachar引起的热带玉米锈病。     

蚕豆立枯病和锈病的防治

蚕豆立枯病和锈病的防治王秀芬河北农业大学农学院,保定０７１００１）一、蚕豆立枯病和锈病的症状识别（１）立枯病属真菌性病害。主要侵染蚕豆茎基部或地下部,也侵害种子。茎基部染病后致使茎变黑,有的病班向上扩展达十几厘米。干燥时,病部凹陷,几周后病株枯死。温...     

小豆种质资源对锈病的抗性鉴定研究

 豆锈病[Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers) Ung.]是小豆的重要病害,在我国小豆种植区内均有发生和为害。目前该病虽可用化学药剂防治,但根本的防治措施还是种植抗病品种。     

菜豆苗期抗锈性鉴定方法及种质资源的抗性筛选

多种环境因素影响病原菌的致病性和寄主的抗病性,从而对抗病性鉴定和筛选的准确性产生影响。苗期人工接种温度超过28℃,保湿时间少于6h,接种时连续光照等都影响菜豆锈病菌的萌发和侵入。接种浓度过低(<10~3个孢子/ml)或过高(>10~5个孢子/ml)、接种的苗龄过大(超过叶片展平期)及接种的不同部位(叶正、背面)也都对菜豆的抗性表现产生严重影响。菜豆锈病菌虽为专性寄生菌,但其保存方式简单(夏孢子保存于4℃冰箱内),且可较长时间保存(至少9个月)。作者根据这些影响因素提出了菜豆苗期抗锈性鉴定方法,并对我国260份菜豆种质资源进行了抗锈性筛选。结果表明,我国菜豆种质资源的抗锈性类型丰富,这一结果为菜豆的生产和抗病育种研究提供了可利用的品种或材料。     

蚕豆种质资源对褐斑病抗性鉴定研究

蚕豆种质资源对褐斑病的抗性鉴定，采用苗期喷雾接菌的方法，对来自国内外１４８５份蚕豆种质资源地温室进行了鉴定。结果表明：中抗品种１２５份，占总数８．４％；中感７１０份，占总数４７．８％，感病４３８份占总数２９．５％；高感２１２份，占总数１４．３％。中抗品种来自发病较重的浙江、湖北、云南、湖南等省。     

向日葵锈病菌生理小种国际统一的鉴定方法

向日葵锈病菌生理小种国际统一的鉴定方法张建平，李子钦（内蒙古农科院植保所呼和浩特０１００３０）向日葵锈病（ＰｕｃｃｉｎｉａｈｅｌｉａｎｔｈｉＳｃｈｗ）是向日葵的重要病害之一，各国对病原菌生理小种都作了大量研究，但各地学者所用鉴别寄主、小种命名法和分级...     

Wheat/faba bean intercropping improves physiological and structural resistance of faba bean to fusaric acid stress

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fabae is the causal agent of fusarium wilt. Fusaric acid (FA), produced by F. oxysporum, plays an important role in the occurrence of disease, and intercropping is an effective measure for control of disease and for improving host resistance in plants. The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses, and mechanisms of tissue structure resistance, of intercropped faba beans following exposure to different concentrations of FA. Results demonstrated that intercropping reduced the occurrence of fusarium wilt, and improved faba bean growth and yield. In addition, wheat intercropping significantly reduced red ink absorption of faba bean (33.2%), increased water content (3.1%), and increased activity of the root antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) (26.3% and 2.2.%, respectively). Furthermore, increased lignin content and callose deposition in plant vessels were observed (12.5% and 42.7%, respectively) when subjected to the highest concentration of FA stress (200 mg/L). Intercropping resulted in more intact root cell morphology, increased occurrence of intracellular vacuoles, increased cell wall thickness, and an increase in the number of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Intercropping alleviated the wilting effect of FA on faba bean via enhanced physiological, biochemical, and tissue structure resistance of faba bean root.     

小麦苗期抗纹枯病鉴定方法的改良及抗病品种筛选

Wheat sharp eyespot, caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis and R. solani, is a soil-borne fungal disease, which poses a great threat to wheat yield. In order to increase the identification efficiency of wheat sharp eyespot resistance, an improved method of rapidly identifying wheat sharp eyespot resistance was established by inoculating wheat seedlings with diseased wheat grains in greenhouse. To verify its reliability, four standard materials and 96 wheat varieties from Huanghuai wheat region were used for resistance assessment to sharp eyespot. Meanwhile, the resistance to Rhizoctonia solani of aforementioned materials in the field was identified by traditional methods. The results showed that the correlation coefficient between the four repetitions of the improved method ranged from 0.735 to 0.825, and the correlation coefficient between the average number of repetitions and the traditional method was 0.630. The results of wheat sharp eyespot resistance identification in Huanghuai wheat area showed that 66 wheat varieties were susceptible, accounting for 68.8% of tested materials. This indicated that the resistance of wheat varieties in Huanghuai wheat area to sharp eyespot was poor on the whole and needed to be improved urgently. At the same time, eleven wheat varieties which showed resistance to sharp eyespot at seedling and adult stages were screened, which include Zhengzhou 8998, Beijing 841, Handan 94-5316, Jimai 32, Jinmai 50, Jinmai 54, Longmai 157, Lumai 23, Shanhe 6, Shi 02-1 and Xinmai 18. Therefore, this study provides a method for identification of wheat sharp eyespot resistance at seedling stage, by which the resistance of wheat varieties to sharp eyespot can be quickly and efficiently identified. Furthermore, selected resistant materials provide important material resources for wheat sharp eyespot resistance breeding in Huanghuai wheat region and even in China.     

小麦苗期抗纹枯病鉴定方法的改良及抗病品种筛选

<正>小麦纹枯病又称尖眼斑(点)病,是由禾谷丝核菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)引起的一种以土壤传播为主的小麦真菌病害~([1])。引起小麦纹枯病的病原菌主要是禾谷丝核菌的第一菌丝融合群(CAG-1)~([2～4])。在自然条件下,病原菌首先侵染寄主植株基部叶鞘,随着     

83份西农系小麦品种（系）抗性鉴定及抗病基因分子检测

为西北农林科技大学小麦新育成品种（系）在黄淮麦区的大面积推广,该研究对83份西农新育成的小麦品种（系）进行苗期抗条锈病和白粉病鉴定,成株期抗条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病和赤霉病鉴定,并在田间自然环境下对其抗性进行鉴定及对相关抗病基因进行分子检测。结果显示,在苗期人工接种鉴定中,有63、29和16份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34表现出抗性,9份小麦品种（系）对3个条锈菌生理小种均表现出抗性;有10、3和0份小麦品种（系）分别对白粉菌Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici生理小种E15、E09和A13表现出抗性。在成株期人工接种鉴定中,有23、15、28和62份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病和赤霉病表现出抗性。在83份小麦品种（系）中有6份在苗期和成株期均对小麦条锈病表现出抗性。在田间抗性鉴定中,有57、6、65和40份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈病、白粉病、赤霉病及叶锈病表现出抗性。在83份小麦品种（系）中,3份含有Yr5基因,22份含有Yr9基因,3份含有Yr17基因,2份含有Pm24基因,14份含有Lr1基因,所占比例分别为3.6%、26.5%、3.6%、2.4%和16.8%。     

四川省育成小麦品种和高代品系对条锈病的抗病性评价

四川省不仅是条锈菌冬繁区,也是我国东部麦区重要的春季初侵染菌源地和毒性变异地。准确评价四川小麦新育成品种和高代品系对条锈病的抗性水平,能为合理培育和使用抗病品种提供重要依据。利用当前条锈菌优势小种和4个地点的成株期鉴定圃对来自四川省的115份小麦育成品种和299份高代品系进行苗期和成株期抗病性鉴定。结果表明,新育成品种苗期对优势小种的高抗CYR32、CYR33和CYR34的比例发生不同程度的变化,对CYR32的高抗比例为40.9%、对CYR34的高抗比例为17.4%,而供试高代品系高抗比例从52.3%降至46.2%;中抗类型育成品种从20.0%增加到40.9%,高代品系从19.6%增加至33.2%。表明条锈菌优势小种更替后一些材料仍保留了部分抗性,后期选育的高代品系兼顾对新小种的抗病性。育成品种在四川成都和甘肃清水成株期鉴定,高抗品种所占比例较低,分别为13.9%和3.5%,但高代品系高抗类型比例较高,分别为42.2%和8.5%,表明甘肃和四川条锈菌的致病类型和发病环境条件存在较大差异,近年来四川小麦成株抗条锈病育种取得显著进展。     

蚕豆赤斑病抗性的主基因+多基因遗传分析

赤斑病是世界蚕豆产区的主要病害,严重威胁蚕豆安全生产。为明确蚕豆赤斑病的抗性遗传规律,本研究用赤斑病抗性较好的蚕豆品种‘通蚕鲜8号’、‘启豆2号’分别与高感赤斑病蚕豆品种‘成胡10号’、‘成胡14号’配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型方法对2个组合6世代(P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2、BCP_1、BCP_2)的赤斑病抗性进行了遗传分析。结果表明,蚕豆对赤斑病的抗性最适合遗传模型为E-0(两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因)。两对赤斑病抗性的主基因加性效应值在2个组合中分别为-40.43、2.16和-36.31、-3.86,显性效应值分别为-15.22、-15.72和-5.98、-6.48。2个组合的主基因遗传率在BCP_1、BCP_2、F_2中分别是19.05%、51.99%、70.90%和19.29%、52.13%、77.35%,多基因遗传率分别为0、0、19.9%和0、0、21.06%。本试验条件下,蚕豆品种‘通蚕鲜8号’、‘启豆2号’对赤斑病抗性由2个主效基因控制,同时受多基因修饰作用,环境对其抗性影响较小。感病亲本对后代抗病性的负向影响较大,在育种实践中需适当提高感病亲本的抗病性,以提高后代的抗性水平。     

Effect of sowing date and host resistance on the establishment and development of Orobanche crenata in faba bean and common vetch

The effect of early and late sowing dates on the establishment of Orobanche crenata Forsk. (crenate broomrape) in resistant and susceptible cultivars of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and vetch (Vicia sativa L.) were studied over four seasons in southern Spain. Differences in establishment, development and shoot emergence of the parasite were compared. With resistant faba bean and vetch cultivars, there was reduced attachment and shoot emergence of O. crenata with all sowing dates. Susceptible cultivars were more severely affected by the parasite with early sowing. Orobanche crenata development was also delayed in resistant cultivars. Crop yield, estimated by the number of pods per plant, decreased with late sowings. The combined use of resistant cultivars and early sowing is a useful tool as part of an integrated control strategy. Resistant cultivars allow early sowing (with low O. crenata attack), thus avoiding yield losses due to the short crop cycle with late sowing.     

217份一粒系小麦苗期抗条锈病鉴定及抗病基因检测

小麦条锈病是影响小麦生产的重要病害之一。发掘新的抗病基因, 培育新的抗病品种是防治小麦条锈病最经济有效的措施。一粒系小麦作为普通小麦的二级基因源, 蕴含了丰富的抗病资源。为了从一粒系小麦中发掘新抗病基因, 促进其利用, 本文对217份一粒系小麦材料进行了苗期抗条锈病鉴定和A基因组的部分抗条锈病基因检测。结果表明, 共有55份材料在苗期对CYR32表现抗病, 占25.35%;抗病基因分子标记检测显示, 携带Yr1、Yr34/Yr48、Yr69、Yr76抗性基因的材料分别有26、22、16、34份。共有4份表现高抗或免疫的材料同时携带2个抗性基因:2份材料携带Yr69和Yr34, 2份携带Yr1和Yr34。所有供试材料中均未检测到Yr17。此外, 有23份抗病材料未检测到以上抗病基因, 其中7份表现高抗及免疫, 可能携带其他已知或新的抗条锈病基因。本研究为一粒系小麦的利用提供了参考信息。