猪肉品质及其影响因素(I)——影响猪肉品质的遗传因素

对猪肉品质及其主要影响因素进行了综合评价。这些影响因素包括遗传、营养、饲养管理、肉猪屠宰前、屠宰以及屠宰后的处理方式等。着重讨论了遗传因素、营养因素对猪肉实用品质(肉色、风味、系水力)的影响,并从遗传、营养以及饲养管理等多方面提出了提高猪肉品质的综合措施。     

Live weights at slaughter significantly affect the meat quality and flavor components of pork meat

One‐hundred‐twenty crossbred pigs finished at 175–185 days of age were used to investigate the effects of live weights at slaughter on the meat quality, volatile flavor compounds, and sensory attributes of pork meat. Based on the live weights at slaughter, three weight groups (n = 36 per group) were classified as follows: light weight (LW: 100 kg), medium weight (MW: 110 kg), and heavy weight (HW: 120 kg). After slaughter, longissimus dorsi muscle samples were taken and used for the analyses of aforementioned parameters. The HW group had higher fat content and water holding capacity compared to the LW or MW group (p < 0.05). The HW group also showed higher levels for majority of unsaturated fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids than the LW group (p < 0.05). The slaughter weight significantly affected the amounts of 11 among the 47 flavor compounds identified. Significantly higher amounts of fatty acids oxidation‐derived flavor compounds (aldehydes) were found in the HW group than in the other groups. Noticeably, increasing slaughter weight was associated with higher sensorial scores for flavor, juiciness, and acceptance scores (p < 0.05). Based on the obtained results, 120 kg body weight is recommended as the market weight for this commercial breed without compromising the meat quality.     

Factors that affect equine wound repair.

The rate and outcome of wound healing are determined by many factors,some of which are already in effect when the horse is first presented to the veterinarian. A thorough understanding of wound healing principles,coupled with clear client communication, should enable the practitioner to minimize the number of additional factors that may exacerbate the initial situation.     

Review of the production of ostrich meat

Ostrich meat was originally considered to be a by-product of the leather industry. Ostrich farming focused on the production of good quality hides and was mainly based on experience. Since a few years there has been a move from hide production to meat production; however, little is known about ostrich meat production which has consequences for legislation. There is insufficient knowledge about the factors influencing muscle growth. The strong growth of ostrich meat production in the EU member states should be discussed because the climatic conditions are not optimal and the price of the meat may remain high compared to meat of broilers, pigs, and cattle. Information programmes have to be set up for all members in the production chain. The present method for stunning of ostriches has to be changed in most slaughterhouses. In this study the effects of electrical and mechanical stunning on unconsciousness, duration of unconsciousness, behaviour, and meat quality parameters were examined. At least 500 mA is needed to stun ostriches effectively, and they can be killed using a short-stick interval or a long stunning duration. A modified captive needle pistol, using air pressure, is an alternative to electrical head-only stunning.     

世界3大产肉国主要肉类生产情况对比

中国、美国和巴西是世界上3大产肉国．也是世界肉类贸易中占重要地位的国家,对这3个国家的肉类生产进行分析可折射出世界肉类生产的现状与趋势。以下根据FAO公布的统计数据,对3国主要肉类品种的总产量、平均单产、人均占有量和进出13情况作一简要分析。     

影响猪肉品质的因素及其对策

随着人们生活水平的不断提高，消费者对肉质提出了更高的要求，猪肉不仅要求卫生，而且还要求瘦肉率高、口感好。当前，评价猪肉品质的指标主要有肌肉的pH值、颜色、保水力、滴水损失、大理石纹、熟肉率、嫩度和香味等。随着现代化养猪业的发展，猪出栏时间缩短，瘦肉率、产仔数均有所提高，但有的肉质水平却有所下降，本文就影响猪肉品质的因素及对策作一评述。１影响猪肉品质的因素１．１猪的品种１．１．１外来猪种当前，我国引入的外来猪种主要是大白猪、长白猪、杜洛克、皮特兰等，这些引进猪种虽然具有生长速度快，屠宰率和胴体瘦肉…     

现场使用中影响警犬身体安全的因素

<正>警犬的使用变得越来越频繁和重要,我们在使用警犬打击犯罪、维护社会治安的同时,为了发挥警犬技术最佳的效果,维护警犬身体的安全显得非常重要。     

2. Veld reinforcement for increased meat production

A programme of radical veld improvement applied on a farm in a cool, high rainfall area of East Griqualand is described. The veld was burnt in spring and fertilized with 300 kg/ha superphosphate and 45 to 60 kg/ha N. It was then heavily grazed with cattle and sheep during summer, using an eight‐camp rotational system, and in February it was oversown with cocksfoot and given a further 45 kg/N/ha. Grazing, with cattle only, continued into autumn. In the second year clover was sod‐seeded into part of the area.

With the eight‐camp grazing system, the number of MLU grazing days per ha increased from 161 on unimproved veld to 411 in the third year after improvement. In addition, the conception rate of cows increased from 85% to 97% and lambs could be run on the area which previously would support only mature, dry sheep.     

黄秋葵对肉兔生产性能、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响

为研究在饲料中添加不同量的黄秋葵对肉兔生产性能、脏器指数和血清生化指标的影响,试验选用35日龄健康新西兰肉兔120只,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复8只,预试期7 d,正试期28 d,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加1％、2％、3％和4％黄秋葵粉.结果表明:与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组滴水损失率分别降低...     

Factors that affect ovarian follicular dynamics in cattle.

Studies of ovarian follicular dynamics in cattle may lead to methods for improving fertility, for synchronizing estrus with more precision, and for enhancing superovulatory responses. Within an estrous cycle, two or three large (> 10 mm) follicles develop during consecutive waves of follicular growth. The last wave provides the ovulatory follicle, whereas preceding wave(s) provide follicles that undergo atresia. The life span of large follicles seems to depend on the pulsatile secretion of LH; decreased frequency of LH pulses results in atresia of large follicles. Aromatase activity in the walls of the largest follicles is greatest during the first 8 d of the estrous cycle and decreases by d 12. Steroidogenesis of the largest and second-largest ovarian follicles differs on d 5, 8, and 12 of the estrous cycle. Follicular dynamics are altered by negative energy balance and lactation. The number of large follicles and concentration of estradiol during the preovulatory period differs between postpartum lactating and nonlactating cows. Dietary fats stimulate follicular growth when they are fed to increase energy balance. Administration of bovine somatotropin decreases energy balance and has a differential effect on ovarian follicular responses; growth of the largest follicle does not change, but growth of the second-largest follicle is stimulated by somatotropin. Studies of follicular dynamics in lactating cows demonstrate changes in ovarian function associated with energy balance that may be related to inefficient reproductive performance of cows producing high yields of milk.     

Orthopedic conditions that affect the avian pelvic limb.

Birds are often presented to the veterinarian with injury or disease that affects their ability to use one or both legs. Although in wild birds traumatic injuries usually involve the wing, captive birds especially falconer's birds, are usually presented with injuries to their legs. This article focuses on conditions affecting practice: birds of prey, and injured wild birds. The birds are presented with lameness or loss of use of the leg. The conditions described can be initiated by injury or by disease affecting an area other than the leg, such as the kidney or spinal cord, or they can be toxic or metabolic.     

Modeling production functions and economic weights in intensive meat production of guinea pigs

A profit function for a typical commercial farm of intensive guinea pig production was designed. The simulated farm contained 86 cages with a ratio of 7:1 females/males, with continuous mating. Kits were weaned at 15 days of age and slaughtered for meat production at 90 days of age. The absolute (EW) and relative economic weights of the main traits were calculated. The highest EW were kits produced per kindling (US$25), kits weaned per kindling (US$22), kits born alive per kindling (US$20), and the number of kindlings per female and year (US$12). Profit, returns, and costs per female and year were US$15, 68, and 53, respectively. Returns came from the production of young guinea pigs and discarded reproductive adults for meat production, 90 and 10% of the total returns. The highest costs were feeding and labor, 44 and 23% of the total cost. The EW and profit did not substantially change when simulating variations of ±20% in the prices of kilograms of fattening feed and kilograms of live weight of guinea pig, showing their robustness to future variations in market prices or to variations in prices between countries. The results obtained highlight the importance of the feeding costs in the guinea pig meat production.     

生产无公害肉兔的技术要点

1 肉兔品种选择 　　《无公害食品肉兔饲养管理准则》中指出,肉兔是指在经济或体形结构上用于生产兔肉的品种（系）.肉兔从品种上看有伊拉兔、布列塔尼亚兔、齐卡兔、新西兰兔、加里福尼亚兔、大耳白等.生产商品肉兔的种兔应来自有种兔生产经营许可证的种兔场,种兔应生长发育正常,健康无病.引进的种兔应隔离30 d,经观察无病后,方可加入生产群,不要从疫区引兔,肉兔场要逐渐做到自繁自养。     

Evaluation of factors that affect embryonic loss in dairy cattle

OBJECTIVE: To identify potential risk factors for embryonic loss before 35 to 42 days of gestation in dairy cattle. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. ANIMALS: 381 cows. PROCEDURE: Body condition score was determined at the time of artificial insemination (AI; day 0) and on days 20, 23, and 27 and between days 35 and 41; serum progesterone concentration was measured on days 0; 20 or 21; and 23, 24, or 25. Cows were excluded from analyses if day 0 serum progesterone concentration was > or = 1.0 ng/mL and classified as pregnant on day 23 if serum progesterone was > 1.5 ng/mL on day 20 or 21 and day 23, 24, or 25. Cows were examined via transrectal ultrasonography on day 27 or 28 and rectally palpated for pregnancy on days 35 to 41. RESULTS: 39% of cows that were pregnant on day 23 lost their embryo by day 27, and 18% of cows that were pregnant on day 27 or 28 were not pregnant on days 35 to 41. Breeding a pregnant cow posed the greatest risk for embryonic loss at both time periods. Mean serum progesterone concentrations on day 21 or 22 and day 23, 24, or 25 were lowest for cows that lost an embryo between days 24 and 28. Cows with a linear somatic cell count score > 4.5 before AI were twice as likely to lose the embryo by 35 to 41 days, compared with cows with a score < 4.5. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that embryonic loss could be reduced by more accurate estrus detection, reducing mastitis, and strategies to improve progesterone concentration after breeding.     

2011年欧盟肉鸡业增速将放缓 火鸡业保持稳定

<正>1总体概况虽然人们对全球经济危机对欧盟家禽业的影响仍有顾虑,但2009年和2010年欧盟肉鸡产量增长率都约在2%,因为国内需求和出口量的增加。2010年欧盟各成员国的鸡肉产量情况各不相同,如英国、法国、意大利、德国和波兰有所上涨,而西班牙、比利时、荷兰、卢森堡有所下降或保持稳定。     

酶制剂对肉鸭生产性能的影响研究

选用17日龄临床健康、体重相近双鬼头肉鸭250羽,随机分5个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复10羽,分别饲以日粮A(正常磷水平组,有效磷0.30%)、B(低磷水平组,有效磷0.20%)、C(B+Ⅰ酶,200g/t)、D(B+酶Ⅱ,200g/t)和E(B+酶Ⅲ,200g/t和酶Ⅳ,100g/t)5种不同日粮,进行了30天的饲养试验。结果表明:在本试验条件下,酶制剂对17-47日龄双鬼头肉鸭的生产性能和经济效益无显著影响(P0.05)。