计算机视觉技术在芒果重量及果面坏损检测中的应用

探讨了应用计算机视觉技术进行芒果重量及果面坏损检测的方法,分析了确定所需图像区域的算法,建立了芒果重量与其投影图像的相互关系。实验证明,这一方法对桂香芒、紫花芒检测的果重分级准确率分别达９６％、９２％,果面坏损分级准确率分别为７６％、８０％。     

广西芒果主栽品种主要生产性状模糊综合评判

对紫花芒等 1 3个广西芒果主栽品种的品质、产量、投资需求、技术需求等 4个主要生产性状进行模糊数学综合评判分析。从而得出适宜可增大种植比例的青皮芒、田阳香芒、金煌芒、红象牙等芒果品种 ,以推动广西芒果种植结构调整 ,促进广西芒果种植的良性的发展     

水肥一体化减量施肥对芒果产量、品质及肥耗的影响

为探究芒果水肥一体化条件下最佳施肥量,在昌江农场以红玉芒为试材,研究了在常规沟施化肥(CK),水肥一体化等量施肥(T1)、减量10%(T2)、减量20%(T3)、减量30%(T4)、减量40%(T5)施肥对芒果产量、品质及肥耗的影响。结果表明,各处理产量之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。与CK相比,T4、T5处理肥料产出率显著提升(P0.05)。各减量施肥对芒果的生物学性状略有影响,随着施肥量降低,芒果果实横径显著增加;芒果果实果长、果宽及品质无显著差异。对芒果经济性状的分析,各水肥处理的经济效益均高于CK,其中T2处理经济效益最高,达到了324 566.5元/hm~2,较CK增幅达15.23%。通过对果实品质以及产量的主成分评价,果实各指标的主成分打分由高到低排列依次为T3T4T2CKT5T1。因此,在水肥一体化条件下,90%常规施肥量经济效益最高;在常规施肥量减少40%的水肥一体化条件下,肥料的产出率最高,肥耗最低且不会降低果实产量和品质;在常规施肥量减少20%水肥一体化条件下,芒果的各项品质指标及产量综合得分最高。     

2,6-二氯异烟酸处理对芒果果实采后品质的影响

为了研究2,6 二氯异烟酸 （INA）处理对芒果果实贮藏品质及抗病性的影响,将绿熟芒果（Mangifera indica L. cv. Zihua）在负压（0.08 MPa）状态下分别用20和100 mg/L INA溶液和清水（对照）中渗透处理2 min,然后在常压下浸泡10 min,晾干后于13℃,相对湿度85%～95%放置,测定芒果果实在贮藏中的腐烂率、色泽、内含物等指标变化。试验结果表明,20和100 mg/L INA处理能够有效降低芒果果实的腐烂率和腐烂指数;延缓了芒果果皮色泽的转黄以及果实硬度、抗坏血酸含量的下降,对果实可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量无明显影响。说明INA处理能够延缓芒果果实后熟衰老,抑制果实贮藏期品质的下降。     

草酸处理对桂七芒果冷害及细胞壁代谢的影响

为探讨草酸处理对低温冷藏下芒果冷害及细胞壁代谢的影响,本试验以桂七芒果果实为试材,采用5 mmol·L^-1草酸溶液浸泡处理,以清水浸泡处理为对照,并于4℃贮藏,分析芒果的冷害指数、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、硬度、细胞壁物质含量、细胞壁代谢酶的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,草酸处理显著降低了低温贮藏14 d后桂七芒果果实冷害指数、MDA含量、相对电导率、原果胶和纤维素含量,显著降低了低温贮藏28 d后果实的硬度;显著提高了低温贮藏14 d后果实水溶性果胶含量及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、果胶甲酯酶(PME)、纤维素酶(Cx)活性,显著提高了贮藏21 d后果实β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性。综上所述,草酸处理能减轻桂七芒果冷害,维持采后果实细胞壁降解酶较高活性和水溶性果胶含量。本研究为揭示草酸减轻芒果果实冷害机制提供了依据,可为草酸应用于其他冷敏型果实的贮藏保鲜提供理论参考。     

芒果栽培管理技术探析

芒果是著名的热带水果,原产于印度,一直有"热带果王"的美称。芒果果肉细腻,果实中含有大量维生素、胡萝卜素等,还有铁、钙等矿物元素,受到社会群众的喜爱,当前具有良好的市场种植前景。基于此,对芒果栽培管理技术进行探析,从适时定植、合理密植、病虫害防治等方面对芒果栽培管理技术进行探析,旨在提高芒果种植质量,扩大芒果种植地区经济效益的提升。     

套黄、白袋凯特芒果采后果实糖代谢的比较研究

为探究果实生长期间套不同颜色纸袋对芒果采后果实软鼻病和贮藏特性的影响,本试验以套黄、白袋凯特芒果(Mangifera indica L.cv. Keitt)为试验材料,比较研究了两种套袋果实采后软鼻病发病率、硬度及糖代谢的差异。结果表明,在常温贮藏下(10 d),套黄袋芒果采后果实的软鼻病发病率显著低于套白袋芒果(P<0.05),而且采后果实果肉的淀粉酶、酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性均显著低于套白袋芒果(P<0.05),因而缓解了果实淀粉含量的下降速率和蔗糖积累的速率,延缓了果实的软化成熟进程,提高了采后果实的耐贮性。另外,套袋影响采后芒果果肉的蔗糖糖代谢可能与果实软鼻病的病情发展相关。本研究为选取合理有效的芒果套袋材料提供了一定的参考依据。     

外源硒对芒果硒含量及果实营养品质的影响

探讨叶面喷施和土施外源硒对芒果叶片和果实硒含量、果实矿质元素含量及营养品质的影响,以期为富硒芒果的安全生产提供理论依据和技术支持。以“桂热 82号”芒果为试材,叶面喷施以亚硒酸钠为硒源,设置0.0、25.0、50.0、100.0、150.0和 200.0 mg/L 6个浓度水平,于生理落果结束后,每 15 d喷施一次,连喷 2次。土施设置亚硒酸钠处理和硒酸钠处理,施肥量为 10 g/株,于花期沟施。结果表明,芒果叶片和果实中的硒含量随着叶面喷硒浓度的增加而递增。叶面喷施 50 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著提高果实 Vc含量,200 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著提高果实K、可滴定酸含量,100～ 200 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著降低果实Zn、Ca含量。土施相同量的亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠均可显著提高芒果叶片和果实硒含量。土施硒酸钠叶片和果实硒含量显著高于亚硒酸钠。土施 10 g/株亚硒酸钠显著降低果实 Ca、Mg含量,土施 10 g/株硒酸钠显著提高果实 K、Vc含量,降低果实 Ca含量。叶面喷硒和土壤施硒均可显著提高芒果叶片和果实硒含量,其中叶面喷硒提高幅度远大于土壤施硒提高幅度。土施硒酸钠比亚硒酸钠更容易被芒果吸收。富硒芒果生产上推荐叶面喷施 25.0～ 50.0 mg/L亚硒酸钠,或者土施 10 g/株硒酸钠。     

外源NO处理对采后芒果抗冷性的影响

为了探讨解决冷敏型芒果(Mangifera indica L.)在冷藏过程中的冷害问题,采用0.08mmol.L-1一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)溶液处理采后青芒果果实,于2℃下冷藏12d,观测了冷害指数、细胞膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和呼吸强度。结果表明,外源NO处理能显著降低采后芒果果实的冷害程度:与对照组相比,处理后芒果果实冷害发生推迟,冷藏8d和12d后冷害指数分别降低68.5%和28.2%,细胞膜透性、MDA含量等冷害相关指标水平显著降低。冷藏前用外源NO处理可以提高芒果冷藏中的抗冷性,减轻冷害发生。     

不同含水量紫花苜蓿种子空载后当代叶片显微和超微结构研究

利用“实践八号”育种卫星搭载含水量分别为9%、11%、13%、15%、17%的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)品种“中苜一号”种子,返回后对搭载组与对照组植株叶片显微、超微结构进行差异性分析。结果表明：显微结构各指标9%和11%组表现负向变异,13%、15%、17%组搭载组表现正向变异;空间搭载对细胞海绵组织的影响明显于栅栏组织;不同含水量苜蓿搭载后细胞超微结构均出现不同程度的变化,叶绿体结构变异明显,线粒体出现明显的空洞和溢裂现象;15%搭载组淀粉粒较明显,17%搭载组淀粉粒个体大、数量多,表明空间搭载对淀粉粒的数量和个体大小的影响与搭载种子本身水分含量有关。     

航天诱变种番茄和辣椒在现代温室中的表现

比较研究了航天诱变番茄和辣椒品种及搭载材料在玻璃温室中的生育和产量表现 ,结果表明 :航天番茄和搭载材料生长势强 ,平均单果重为 2 2 1g左右 ,航天番茄 648单株累积总产为 2 847 5g ,较航天番茄 641高 9 9% ,较适宜于现代温室栽培。航天辣羊角椒 61 6生长势强 ,平均单果重为 76g左右 ,单株总产量为 440 9g ,可以用于现代温室栽培。搭载材料与其原始品种相比 ,平均单株产量差异不显著 ,但株间产量变化幅度较原始品种提高 7 5 %～ 8 0 %。     

Isolation and partial characterization of banana starches.

Two varieties of banana green fruit growing in Guerrero, Mexico, were used for starch isolation. Chemical analysis and physicochemical and functional properties were studied in these starches. The "macho" variety presented higher starch yield than "criollo". In general, chemical compositions in both starches were similar, except in ash content, where the "criollo" variety showed a lower value than "macho". The results of freeze-thaw stability suggested that banana starches cannot be used in frozen products. Both starches presented similar water retention capacity values that increased when temperature increased. Solubility profiles showed that at low temperature "criollo" had lower solubility than "macho", but at higher temperature an inverse behavior was evident; also the solubility increased when temperature increased. Behavior similar to that for solubility was obtained in the swelling test. The banana starch studies indicate the "macho" and "criollo" varieties have different starch structures as evidenced by viscosity.     

臭氧胁迫对稻米淀粉热力学特征值影响及其强弱势粒间差异

地表臭氧浓度增高情形下水稻减产,米质呈变劣趋势,但稻米热力学特征值的变化及其与生长季、品种以及籽粒着生部位的关系均不清楚。本研究利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,以8个水稻品种为材料,设置高臭氧浓度为100 nL·L^-1,对照浓度为9 nL·L^-1。连续两年系统研究了高臭氧浓度熏蒸对成熟稻穗不同部位糙米热力学特性（DSC）的影响。与对照相比,臭氧胁迫使稻米热焓值极显著下降4.15%,但对糊化起始温度、糊化峰值温度、糊化终止温度、DSC曲线峰宽和峰高均无显著影响;2017年度稻米热焓值、糊化峰值温度、糊化起始温度和峰高极显著大于2016年,但DSC曲线峰宽表现相反;稻米所有6个DSC特征值的品种间差异均达极显著水平。从稻穗不同位置看,所有测定参数均表现为稻穗上部 > 中部 > 下部,除糊化起始温度外差异均达极显著水平。方差分析表明,臭氧×年度对热焓值、糊化峰值温度和糊化终止温度的影响均达显著或极显著水平,臭氧×品种对糊化峰值温度、糊化终止温度、DSC曲线峰宽和峰高均有极显著影响,而臭氧×部位仅对DSC曲线峰宽有显著影响。以上数据表明,稻米淀粉DSC热力学参数因生长季、供试品种以及籽粒着生部位而异,臭氧胁迫环境下稻穗不同部位稻米的热焓值总体上均呈下降趋势,表现为更易糊化的特点。     

两品种猕猴桃果实采后淀粉降解特性比较分析

为探究猕猴桃果实采后淀粉降解规律,本试验以红阳(HY)和翠玉(CY)猕猴桃果实为材料,比较分析了不同品种猕猴桃果实采后淀粉含量变化以及淀粉降解相关基因的表达模式。结果表明,猕猴桃采后25℃贮藏过程中,HY猕猴桃果实硬度迅速下降并伴随出现乙烯跃变,CY果实硬度缓慢下降但并未出现乙烯释放高峰。2个品种猕猴桃果实的淀粉含量随贮藏时间的延长显著下降。扫描电镜(SEM)结果显示,随着贮藏时间的延长,2个品种猕猴桃果实淀粉粒表面的光滑球面均出现不同程度的消化和破碎,说明淀粉存在酶促降解。同时,HY猕猴桃果实贮藏后期的乙烯释放速率极显著高于CY猕猴桃(P<0.001)。HY猕猴桃果实外果肉中淀粉含量在贮藏前期(0~2 d)极显著高于CY猕猴桃(P<0.01),但在贮藏后期(8~12 d)极显著低于CY猕猴桃(P<0.001);HY猕猴桃果实果心中淀粉含量在贮藏前期(2~4 d)与CY猕猴桃无显著差异,但在贮藏后期(6~12 d)极显著低于CY猕猴桃(P<0.001)。本研究结果为进一步揭示猕猴桃果实采后淀粉降解机理提供了一定的理论依据。     

Characterization of avocado (Persea americana mill.) varieties of low oil content.

Several avocado varieties of low oil content (6.73-8.07%) from Venezuela (Booth 1, Booth 7, Ceniap 2, Figueroa, Guacara Morado, Luiz de Queiroz, Princesa, Quebrada Seca, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Taylor, and Tonnage) were characterized for pulp oil and moisture; weight (whole fruit, seed, pulp, and peel); length, width, and fruit shape; peel characteristics (roughness, color, and hand peeling); and ripeness time. Oil plus moisture percentages were between 87.62 and 93.71. Pulp percentage of Quebrada Seca was the lowest of the 49 varieties studied, and its seed percentage the highest. Princesa had the highest pulp percentage (76%). Seven varieties were pyriform and five ovate, seven had rough peel and five smooth peel, and four of them had purple peel and the others green. Five varieties were easy to hand peel. Peak ripening of some varieties was at 4-9 days. Princesa is the variety with the highest potential yield with 67944 kg of fruit/ha, 51675 kg of pulp/ha, 3679 kg of oil/ha, and 3016 kg of starch/ha.     

Effects of Heat Stress at Different Grain‐Filling Phases on the Grain Yield and Quality of Waxy Maize

Effects of heat stress (mean day/night temperatures of 35.2/16.1 and 27.4/15.6°C for heat stress and control, respectively) during different grain‐filling phases (1–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, and 1–40 days after pollination [DAP]) on the grain yield and quality of waxy maize were investigated using two varieties. Heat stress decreased the number and weight of grains, thereby reducing grain yield. The effects of heat stress at an early grain development stage (before 20 DAP) were severe. Compared with the control, starch deposition was not affected by heat stress in Suyunuo5, and it was only decreased by heat stress at 1–10 DAP in Yunuo7. Protein content responses to heat stress were variety and stage dependent. Heat stress increased the iodine‐binding capacities of both varieties. Peak and breakdown viscosities were decreased by heat stress, and the effects gradually decreased with postponement of high temperature. Heat stress increased gelatinization temperature and retrogradation percentage for both varieties, and the response was stage dependent. Heat stress during the whole grain‐filling period increased the pasting and gelatinization temperatures but decreased gelatinization enthalpy. Changes in protein and starch contents as well as the proportion of long chains in amylopectin affected the pasting and thermal properties.     

过量Fe2+对大豆叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

研究了在过量Fe2+胁迫下,2个大豆[Glycine.max(L.)Merrill]品种(浙春3号和1601)叶肉细胞超微结构的变化。观察发现,随着铁浓度的增加,浙春3号叶肉细胞超微结构损伤不断加重,叶绿体中出现巨型淀粉粒、被膜破损;线粒体嵴突减少或混乱,双层膜破裂;细胞质中液泡内含有膜系统片段;质膜向内折叠成波浪状。1601叶肉细胞在遭受低、中度铁毒时,叶绿体受损较轻,在高浓度铁毒下出现叶绿体被膜破裂、线粒体空泡化等现象。这些结果表明,过量Fe2+主要对细胞膜结构产生毒害作用;浙春3号对铁毒较为敏感。     

不同桃品种在河西走廊栽培的适应性评价及品质表现

为筛选适宜在河西走廊地区发展的桃抗寒栽培优良品种。在嘉峪关市文殊镇建立区域试验点,对甘露暑蜜、紫胭瑞阳、紫胭瑞秋等6个桃新品种(系)进行了低温冻害、越冬后抽条、花芽冻害等生态适应性研究。结果表明,甘露暑蜜、紫胭瑞阳抽条指数和花芽受冻指数均< 20%,紫胭瑞秋抽条指数和花芽受冻指数< 30%;甘露暑蜜果实发育期105 d(8月中旬成熟),为中熟普通桃品种,平均单果重为268.5 g,可溶性固形物含量为135.6 g/kg;紫胭瑞阳果实发育期135 d(8月底成熟),为中晚熟油桃品种,平均单果重166.9 g,可溶性固形物含量为214.1 g/kg ;紫胭瑞秋果实发育期145 d(9月中旬成熟),为晚熟油桃品种,平均单果重117.3 g,可溶性固形物含量为221.0 g/kg 。以上3个品种品质优良,生态适应性强,可在嘉峪关或同类地区栽植。     

Limited winter survival and compensation mechanisms of yield components constrain winter faba bean production in Central Europe

A substantial deficit of protein sources for livestock and expected changes in agro-climatic conditions are two challenges for European agriculture. Both can be addressed by introducing more autumn-sown legumes into Central European farming systems. Therefore, a three-year field experiment was conducted under Pannonian climate conditions in eastern Austria in which several winter faba bean varieties from different European countries were compared to a spring faba bean variety. Winter faba bean was susceptible to frost damage. Best overwintering was observed with the German variety Hiverna and the French variety Diva. Regarding overwintering, the first winter allowed for a clear differentiation between varieties, in the second winter, severe frost caused loss of almost all winter faba bean plants and in the third winter, which was mild, most varieties showed good overwintering. Grain yield of winter faba bean was mainly determined by variations of plants m^?2 (i.e. by overwintering) whereas compensatory mechanisms between yield components had a minor influence on yield formation. No grain yield advantage could be observed for winter faba bean varieties compared to the spring faba bean variety even in the year with good overwintering. Regarding yield components, winter faba bean had generally more shoots plant^?1 and a higher thousand kernel weight but spring faba bean tended to have more pods shoot^?1 and grains shoot^?1 whereas pods plant^?1, grains plant^?1 and grains pod^?1 generally did not differ. In conclusion, limited winter hardiness together with the minor influence of compensatory mechanisms between yield components on yield formation are serious constraints for increasing the cultivation of winter faba bean in Central Europe.