山西省菜园土壤磷素积累特征及流失风险分析

为了解山西省不同区域菜园土壤磷素积累以及流失情况, 本文分析了菜园土壤磷饱和度(DPS)、Mehlich3-P、Olsen-P与水溶性磷(Pw)的积累特征.结果表明: 山西各地菜园土壤4种磷素(土壤全磷、水溶性磷、Olsen-P和 Mehlich3-P)积累明显, 已经远远超过作物需求量; 土壤表层水溶性磷含量随着土壤磷饱和度(DPS)、Olsen-P、Mehlich3-P含量的增加而增加; 且Mehlich3-P与Olsen-P、水溶性磷与Olsen-P、水溶性磷与Mehlich3-P之间具有极显著相关性, 相关系数分别为0.976 6、0.923 2、0.962 0 (P<0.01); 当磷饱和度大于46.64%、Olsen-P大于81.88 mg·kg-1、Mehlich3-P大于164.59 mg·kg-1时, 水溶性磷含量上升幅度迅速增大, 由此将土壤磷饱和度为46.64%、Olsen-P 为81.88 mg·kg-1、Mehlich3-P为164.59 mg·kg-1和水溶性磷为8.05 mg·kg-1初步确定为山西省菜园土壤磷素流失的临界值.该结果将为探讨山西农田土壤磷素的养分管理和环境风险评估提供重要的理论依据.     

紫色土磷素流失的环境风险评估-土壤磷的“临界值”

采用室内培养的方法,研究了3种类型的紫色土旱地和淹水土壤磷素流失的环境阈值。结果表明:无论是淹水土壤或旱地生境,3种紫色土Olsen-P与CaCl2-P之间都存在一个"临界值",酸性、中性和钙质紫色土磷素淋失临界点的Olsen-P含量分别为67.2、85.8和113.8 mg kg-1。淹水土壤磷素环境敏感值在酸性、中性和钙质紫色土上,Olsen-P含量分别为49.2、77.9和92.1 mg kg-1。3种紫色土在淹水还原条件下土壤磷环境敏感临界值比旱地低,淹水还原条件提高了紫色土磷向水体释放的风险。淹水土壤Olsen-P含量与田表水TP、DP浓度之间存在"临界值",酸性、中性和钙质土临界值处土壤Olsen-P含量分别为(65±1.41)mg kg-1(、96.7±2.7)mg kg-1和(105.5±1.1)mg kg-1。土壤0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2-P与田表水TP、DP之间呈极显著的线性关系。可以利用这些指标对紫色土区域土壤磷环境风险进行评价,并确定区域磷肥的最佳管理策略。     

施用粪肥对农田土壤磷素累积和饱和度增加速率的影响

针对施用粪肥导致的我国集约化种养区域农田土壤磷素高量累积和高环境风险问题,利用长期定位试验定量分析了施用粪肥对农田土壤磷素累积和磷饱和度（DPS, degree of P saturation）增加速率（每年1 kg P·hm-2磷素盈余所导致的土壤磷素含量或DPS变化量）的影响。结果表明：连续22年过量磷素投入明显提高了土壤磷素含量和DPS,0~20 cm土层土壤磷素累积、DPS增加与磷素盈余均存在明显的线性相关性。与单施化肥相比,施用粪肥对土壤全磷的累积速率影响不大,但是明显提高了土壤Olsen-P累积和DPS增加速率。施用粪肥下,每年1 kg P·hm-2的磷盈余所导致的0~20 cm土层土壤Olsen-P、CaCl2-P累积和DPS增加量分别为0.071 mg P·kg-1（r=0.608, P=0.029）、0.003 mg P·kg-1（r=0.528, P=0.066）和0.036%（r=0.863,P=0.002）,分别为不施粪肥的3.3、6.0倍和1.2倍。土壤DPS变化与磷含量变化之间也存在明显的线性关系,0~20 cm土层土壤每年全磷、Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量增加1 mg P·kg-1所导致的土壤DPS增加值分别为0.13%、0.42%和7.78%。20~40 cm土层土壤磷素累积、DPS增加与磷素盈余之间的线性相关性均较差,但与0~20 cm土层相比,施用粪肥和不施粪肥之间累积速率的差异性有增大的趋势,说明施用粪肥促进了磷素向下层土壤的移动。施用粪肥加速了土壤有效磷累积和DPS增加,进而提高了土壤中磷素损失风险,合理施用粪肥是控制集约化种养区域农田磷面源污染的关键。     

福州市郊菜地土壤磷素特征及流失潜能分析

对福州市郊11片蔬菜基地土样的磷素含量、等温吸附特征及流失潜能进行分析.结果表明:与林坡地自然土壤相比.菜地土壤全磷(2.043 g/kg)、速效磷(Oslen-P.182.893 mg/kg)和CaCl2-P(1.018 mg/kg)平均含量都呈现出明显的累积特征;菜地土壤可用Langmuir等温方程很好拟合(R2=0.991**～0.998**),其等温吸附特征值,如易解吸磷(RDP)、磷吸持饱和度(DPS)和磷零吸持平衡浓度(EPC0)均出现大幅度提高.而最大缓冲能力(MBC)和吸附常数K则明显降低;据Langmuir方程求得菜地土壤指导施磷量范围为11.62～67.37(P)kg/hm2,平均为27.18(P)kg/hm2;菜地土壤的速效磷和全磷含量均显著高于由回归方程求得的土壤发生磷素淋失的速效磷临界值(56.96 mg/kg)和全磷的临界值(1.146 g/kg);菜地土壤的DPS平均为23.12%,已经接近容易流失的阈值(25%),其中4片菜地土样的DPS已经超过容易流失的阈值.因此,福州市郊菜地土壤磷素具有很高的流失潜能,应作为农业面源磷污染控制的关键源区.     

长期施肥对旱地红壤团聚体磷素固持与释放能力的影响

在中国科学院红壤生态试验站26年的旱地红壤长期肥料定位试验中,选取无机肥试验区的NPK、NK处理,有机无机肥配施试验区的对照(CK)、CK+稻秆(RS)、CK+花生秸秆还田(PS)、CK+绿肥(FR)及CK+猪厩肥(PM)等7个肥料处理土壤,采用湿筛法逐级提取并得到粒级依次为2 mm、2~1 mm、1~0.25 mm与0.25~0.053 mm的团聚体土壤样品;通过室内分析获得了土壤及各粒级团聚体的全磷(TP)、有效磷(Available P)、水溶性磷(CaCl_2-P)、土壤磷素吸持指数(PSI)及土壤磷素饱和度(DPS)等指标值,并探讨了上述测定指标间的相关关系。结果表明:长期施用磷肥可有效保持旱地红壤的供磷水平,配施猪厩肥可显著增加旱地红壤及大小团聚体的TP、有效磷及CaCl_2-P含量、降低土壤PSI并显著增大旱地红壤DPS,加大了旱地红壤磷素的流失风险;随着土壤中1 mm粒级团聚体数量的增多,旱地红壤磷素储量显著增加,磷素固持能力显著下降,土壤磷释放潜能随之增大。由DPS、有效磷及CaCl_2-P的分段线性拟合方程可以推断得出,当旱地红壤中有效磷为168~260 mg kg~(-1)时或DPS28%,土壤磷素具有潜在流失风险;当有效磷≥260 mg kg~(-1)或DPS≥28%,土壤磷素具有极高的流失风险,应立即停止施用磷肥尤其是有机磷肥,并重新调整施肥方案,以避免土壤磷素流失及其对水体环境的污染。     

灌溉方式对保护地土壤磷素淋失风险的影响

自连续12年以相同试验方案、不同灌溉方式进行灌溉试验的保护地采集土壤样品,对不同灌溉处理土壤磷素淋失风险进行评价,并对影响土壤磷素淋失临界值大小的因素进行了探讨。灌溉处理设滴灌、沟灌和渗灌三种灌溉方式,采样深度为0~80 cm。结果表明,0~20 cm沟灌、渗灌和滴灌处理土壤的磷素淋失临界值Olsen-P含量分别为59.44 mg kg-1、65.39 mg kg-1和68.57 mg kg-1;而20~40 cm层次的土壤淋失值分别为60.61 mg kg-1,66.8 mg kg-1和70.58 mg kg-1;40~80cm土层则无临界值存在。影响土壤磷素淋失临界值Olsen-P含量的主要因素有土壤pH和有机质、活性Fe、活性Al、有效磷含量;土壤pH值越大、有机质、活性铁、活性铝和Olsen-P含量越高,磷素淋失临界值越大。对三种灌溉处理表层土壤磷素淋失风险进行综合评价,其风险大小顺序为沟灌、渗灌和滴灌,这提示人们在保护地生产中要充分注意土壤磷素有效性,通过选择合理的灌溉方式、改善施肥技术以加强保护地土壤水肥管理,保证作物生产高效、优质和降低环境风险。     

生物炭对不同类型土壤中Olsen-P和CaCl_2-P的影响

为了解生物炭施入不同类型土壤后对Olsen-P和CaCl2-P的影响,通过室内土壤培养试验,研究施用2%(20 t hm-2)、4%(40 t hm-2)、8%(80 t hm-2)比例的生物炭条件下土壤中Olsen-P、CaCl2-P含量变化,以探讨不同类型土壤中施入生物炭后Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量变化的差异。结果表明:(1)红壤、水稻土、潮褐土、潮土中施用生物炭后,土壤中Olsen-P含量显著增加(P<0.05),并随着生物炭施用比例增加而增大。(2)培养42天后,施用生物炭对红壤中CaCl2-P含量无显著的影响,水稻土、潮褐土、潮土中CaCl2-P含量则随着生物炭施用比例增加而显著增大。(3)在同一生物炭施用量条件下,潮褐土和潮土中Olsen-P和CaCl2-P的增加量均显著(P<0.05)高于红壤和水稻土。     

长期不同施肥红壤磷素特征和流失风险研究

为探索长期施肥对红壤磷素吸附固持的影响,分析不同施肥土壤磷流失风险及影响因素。在南方丘陵区红壤上开展了持续25年的长期定位试验,处理包括:不施肥(CK)、施氮肥(N)、施磷肥(P)、施钾肥(K)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK1)、施2倍量氮磷钾肥(NPK2)、单施有机肥(OM)和氮磷钾配施有机肥(MNPK)。研究了不同施肥下土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Mehlich1-P、CaCl2-P含量及磷吸持指数(PSI)、磷饱和度(DPS)的变化,探讨不同施肥处理土壤对磷的吸附和解吸特征,并分析了土壤磷指标与土壤有机碳、pH、CEC之间的关系。结果表明:长期施用化学磷肥有利于补充土壤磷素,特别是土壤全磷,并使Olesn-P和Mehlich 1-P有增加趋势,而对CaCl2-P影响不显著;施用化肥对DPS影响不显著,单施磷会降低PSI,低量氮磷钾提高了PSI,高量氮磷钾处理与对照差异不显著;长期施用有机肥(猪粪)土壤全磷增加,而Olsen-P、Mehlich 1-P和CaCl2-P则大幅累积, PSI显著降低, DPS显著增加。长期施用化肥处理土壤对新添加磷的吸附较强,长期施用有机肥降低了土壤对新添加磷的吸附;土壤全磷、Olsen-P、Mehlich1-P、CaCl2-P、PSI、DPS及最大吸附容量(Qm)与土壤pH、CEC、土壤总有机碳(TSOC)、土壤水溶性有机碳[冷水提取水溶性有机碳(CWSOC)和热水提取水溶性有机碳(HWSOC)]间相关性较高;土壤磷指标和土壤有机碳、pH、CEC指标之间存在典型相关关系,第1对和第2对典型变量的典型相关系数分别为0.997和0.951,达显著水平。研究表明,施用有机肥是调节土壤磷的供给和保持的重要措施,土壤水溶性有机碳和pH可能是反映红壤磷素供应和流失的关键指标。     

安徽省土壤无机磷组分状况及施肥对土壤磷素的影响

采用石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法，研究了安徽省不同类型土壤无机磷组分含量状况、土壤无机磷组分在土壤剖面中的含量分布以及施用磷肥对土壤无机磷组分含量的影响，结果表明：安徽省土壤无机磷含量高低排序为菜园土〉潮土〉水稻土砂姜黑土〉黄褐土〉黄棕壤〉红壤〉紫色土；土壤无机磷含量的地域分布特征明显，皖北地区土壤无机磷含量明显高于皖南地区。石灰性土壤无机磷组分以Ca—P为主，占土壤无机磷总量的60％左右，其次为O-P，而Fe—P和Al～P含量较少；酸性土壤无机磷组分以O-P为主，占土壤无机磷总量的50％左右，其次为Fe—P和Al—P，Ca—P相对含量小于10％。菜园土无机磷积累特别明显，特别是积累了较多的Ca2—P和Ca8-P。水稻土无机磷组成变化较大，其含量主要取决于水稻土的成土母质。在菜园土的土壤剖面中，上部土层磷素积累明显，菜园土0～20cm土层中无机磷含量与60～80cm土层的比值为4．12，其他类型土壤表土层也有无机磷积累现象。施用磷肥可以明显提高土壤无机磷含量，在作物生长前期，施用的磷主要转化为生物有效性较高的Ca2-,Ca8-P,Al-P和Fe—P，在作物生长后期，O—P和Ca10—P才出现积累。     

有机肥对稻田土壤磷素潜在环境风险的影响

采用灭菌和非灭菌相结合的室内淹水培养方法,在施用有机肥后,测定土壤及水层磷含量动态变化特征,以探明有机肥对稻田土壤磷素潜在环境风险的影响。结果表明:两处理土壤速效磷(Olsen-P)、水溶性磷(CaCl2-P)含量均随有机肥施用量增加而显著升高;水层总磷(TP)浓度与土壤Olsen-P(r=0.957**)、CaCl2-P(r=0.871**)含量呈显著正相关关系。水稻土施用有机肥后,土壤磷素有效性提高,磷素潜在环境风险增强,在6～18 d达到高峰,磷素流失潜能最大。低量施用有机肥(0.5%、1%)时,磷素环境风险增强主要由于有机酸对磷素的活化作用;高量施用有机肥(2.5%、5%)时,主要由于有机质对磷素的活化作用,两者作用比例分别为35%～50%、50%～65%。     

P2P网络安全综述

围绕节点信任问题、节点通信安全问题和版权问题,分析其研究现状并总结了一些解决策略,如建立信任模型、安全通信模型以及基于数字版权保护技术的系统和软件,展望了P2P网络安全未来的研究方向。     

水稻对硝(硫)脲磷肥中磷的利用与磷复肥的肥效

磷矿粉与硝酸或硫酸固体解磷剂干法１次加工制成两种含氮磷复合肥－－硝脲磷、硫脲磷、用示踪法研究了这两种磷复肥在３种不同类型土壤上施用时水稻对其磷素的利用，研究结果表明，硝脲磷，硫脲磷两种复合肥对水稻全磷和结实的影响与上－氮肥相当或略高，尤以硝脲磷增产效果明显，但水稻植株全磷中来自这两种复合肥的磷量低于普钙处理，肥料利用率也低于普钙。硝脲磷、硫脲磷使水稻植株全磷和产量增加的原因，可能是促进土壤中难溶性     

一种基于P2P的Botnet防御模型

僵尸网络已经成为当前网络中的主要安全威胁,特别是随着对等网络技术的发展,僵尸网络在技术上充分采用结构化对等网络的组网技术,使得僵尸网络的鲁棒性大大提高,给人们带来的安全威胁也前所未有。为了更好地降低基于P2P的僵尸网络所带来的安全威胁,研究提出了一种基于P2P的Botnet防御模型PBDM,PBDM模型有四个部分构成,分别是检测、分析、入侵、反制。最后通过实验表明,PBDM模型具有很高的防御成功率。     

浅析P2P技术在校园网中的应用

P2P技术是一种新型的网络模型,分析了P2P技术的概念和工作原理,阐述了P2P技术在校园网中的应用及存在的问题和解决办法。     

P2P在教育资源建设中的应用研究

P2P技术是目前新一代网络研究的活跃领域,它引导网络计算机从集中式向分布式偏移,网络应用的核心从中央服务器向网络边缘的终端设备扩散,将P2P引入到网络教育资源建设领域,尝试解决资源共享、资源建设、信息服务的智能化等其发展中遇到的问题。     

Evaluation of P sorption capacity and P extractants for assessing P requirements of maize in Western Nigeria savannah soils.

Abstract

Most of the P extractants developed for soils in temperate countries have not been able to successfully predict P requirements of crops in the tropics. Some workers have, however, suggested the use of sorption capacity at standard equilibrium P concentration to estimate fertilizer P requirements. Phosphorus sorption capacity (psc), determined at 0.2 and 2.0 ug/ml equilibrium P concentrations, were evaluated by greenhouse and field fertilizer experiments on savannah soils of western Nigeria. Correlation coefficients between psc at 0.2 and 2.0 ug/ml P and yield attributes were very low and not statistically significant. The sorption values were also not able to predict P requirement in these soils because psc, and therefore, buffer capacity were low, difficult to measure accurately and did not approximate values required for maximum crop yields.

Field P rates usually exceeded P requirements obtained from psc measurements. However, extractants which were able to indicate P status and availability in the soils correlated significantly with yield. It is suggested, therefore, that soil tests with suitable P extractants in addition to fixation studies which would evaluate P needed to increase soil F to a given level would have to be investigated for meaningful fertilizer recommendations.     

菜茶果园红壤微生物量磷与土壤磷以及磷植物有效性之间的关系研究

对有机质水平差异较大的7种菜茶果园红壤和1种红壤性水稻土进行了微生物量P与土壤P以及P植物有效性之间的相关性研究。结果表明，红壤微生物量P与土壤全P、土壤有机P以及土壤速效P之间存在明显正相关，相关系数分别为0.840， 0.897和0.944。红壤微生物量P尤以与土壤速效P关系最为密切，红壤微生物量P有可能作为红壤供P能力的一个活指标；盆栽试验表明，微生物量C与黑麦草产量呈显著正相关，与黑麦草吸P量以及单位黑麦草吸P量相关性不明显；而微生物量P与黑麦草产量、黑麦草吸P量以及单位黑麦草吸P量之间均呈显著正相关，相关性依次增强；红壤微生物量P在指示土壤植物有效P上的作用不仅体现在植物的产量和植物吸P量上， 更体现在植物的品质～单位重量植物的吸P量上。     

Genetic Variations of Brassica Cultivars for P Acquisition in a P Stress Environment and Comparison of P Sources for Sustainable Crop Management

To compare the growth performance of Brassica in a phosphorus (P) stress environment and response to added P, six Brassica cultivars were grown in pots for 49 days after sowing, using a soil low in P [sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)–extractable P = 3.97 mg kg^?1, Mehlich III–extractable P = 6.13 mg kg^?1] with (+P = 60 mg P kg^?1 soil) or without P addition (0P). Phosphorus‐stress markedly reduced biomass accumulation and P uptake by roots and shoots. However, root–shoot ratio remained unaffected, implying that relative partitioning of biomass into roots and shoots had little role to play in shoot dry matter (SDM) production by cultivars. Biomass correlated significantly (P < 0.01) with total P uptake. Under P stress, the cultivars that produced greater root biomass were able to accumulate more total P content (r = 0.95^**), which in turn was related positively to SDM and total biomass (r > 0.89^**) and negatively to P‐stress factor (r = ?0.91^**). There was no correlation between P efficiency (PE) (relative shoot growth) and plant P, but PE showed a very significant correlation with shoot P content and SDM. Wide differences in growth and better performance of cultivars such as ‘Brown Raya’ and ‘Con‐1’ under P stress encouraged screening of more germplasm, especially in the field, to identify P‐tolerant cultivars.

In another study, potential relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of sparingly soluble P sources was investigated by growing two contrasting cultivars. The P sources incorporated into soil at 0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg P Kg^?1 were (i) powdered Jordan rock P (RP), (ii) triple superphosphate (TSP), (iii) powdered low‐grade TSP [TSP(PLG)], (iv) a mixture of RP + TSP compacted into pellets at 50:50 P ratio [RP + TSP(PelC)], and (v) a mixture of powdered RP + TSP at 50:50 P ratio [RP + TSP(PM)]. The RP was low in RAE and only 5 and 29% as effective as TSP in producing dry matter (DM) of P‐sensitive ‘B.S.A.’ and P‐tolerant ‘Brown Raya’ cultivars, respectively. There were no significant differences between TSP and RP + TSP(PelC) in DM yield of ‘Brown Raya,’ whereas, in the case of ‘B.S.A.’ RP + TSP(PM) was significantly less effective than RP + TSP(PelC) compared with TSP. Combined utilization of superior genome and P sources [such as TSP(PLG) and RP + TSP(PelC)] produced from low‐grade RP (that cannot be used either for direct application or acidulated P fertilizers) can be used as an alternative strategy for sustainable crop production, especially in resource‐poor environments. Further field trials at the level of cropping systems are needed.     

Assessing the Feasibility of Olsen P and P Sorption Parameters in Acidic Soils

Plant-available phosphorus (P) and P adsorption capacities are important for crop growth in acidic soils. Olsen P test, which is based on extraction with bicarbonate for predicting the amount of soil P available to plants, was used in this work. Soil P-adsorption capacities were determined by Langmuir line equation. The purpose of this work was to examine the suitability of Olsen P for predicting phytoavailable P and P sorption parameters in acid soil. To this end, we (i) assessed the phytoavailable P by successively pot-cropping rice and (ii) P adsorption characteristics of soil and their relation with Olsen P. Plant-available P, estimated by Olsen P in tested soil, was correlated to labile P. Qm (phosphorus sorption maximum) was negatively correlated with K (P sorption strength). P buffering capacity of soils was P3 (the highest P rate) >P2 (the second highest P rate) >P1 (the lowest P rate) >P0 (no P adding) after 75 day’s rice growth, which indicated P replenishment capacity was different among P treatments. This also suggested that P of plant uptake may decrease soil buffering capacity, especially for soils that contained relatively lower amounts of P. Qm and K were not significantly correlated to Olsen P. Degree of P saturation and Olsen P shared the similar trend with the change of P application rates and sampling dates. We concluded P status in soil can be characterized by degree of P saturation and Olsen P in tested soil. They were able to explain P status from both agronomic and environmental aspects.

Abbreviations: Qm, P sorption maximum; K, P sorption strength; P3, highest P rate in soil; P2, second highest P rate in soil; P1, lowest P rate in soil; P0, P adding in soil.     

Short‐term effects of application of different rates of inorganic P and residue P on soil P pools and wheat growth

Phosphorus (P) can be added to soil as inorganic P or crop‐residue P, but little is known about how these two forms of P addition affect soil P pools and how their effect changes with the rate of P addition. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to assess the effect of inorganic P and P added as residues at different rates on (1) soil P pools at two time points: immediately after amendment and 42 d later, and (2) growth and P uptake by wheat at flowering (day 42). Three types of legume residues (faba bean young shoot, chickpea mature shoots with pods, and white lupin mature shoots without pods) were added to a loamy‐sand soil at a rate of 5 or 15 g residue kg^–1. Inorganic P was added at four different rates (3, 10, 30, and 100 mg P kg^–1) to give P‐addition rates corresponding to the total P added with the different residues at the two residue rates. Soil P pool concentrations (microbial P, resin‐P, NaHCO₃‐P, NaOH‐P, HCl‐P, and residual P) and wheat growth and P uptake (shoot and root) were measured after 6 weeks. Compared to inorganic P addition, P added with residues led to a 10%–80% greater increase in shoot biomass at the two highest P‐addition rates. Wheat P uptake was positively correlated with resin‐P and microbial‐P concentrations in residue‐P‐amended soil, but with resin‐P and NaOH‐P_i concentrations in soil amended with inorganic P. The concentration of HCl‐P decreased by up to 30% from day 0 to day 42 in the residue treatments and that of residual P decreased by about 20% in all treatments during this period suggesting that these nonlabile P pools are quite dynamic and could serve as P source for plants.