不同来源蜈蚣草吸收富集砷的特征及植物修复效率的探讨

蜈蚣草是一种As的超富集植物,在As污染土壤的植物修复上具有极大的潜力.对中国南方广泛分布的蜈蚣草及其生长的土壤的As含量、形态及土壤理化性质的调查分析表明,蜈蚣草生长的土壤As含量范围为33.7～1396 mg/kg,相应地,蜈蚣草地上部As含量范围为48.5～1104 mg/kg.除阳离子交换量(CEC)外,不同采样地区蜈蚣草生长土壤的理化性质指标,包括pH、总有机质(TOM)和质地均存在显著性差异,反映野外蜈蚣草可生长在不同性质的土壤上.基于回归分析的预测模型显示,蜈蚣草对As污染土壤的植物修复效率随土壤As含量的增加而逐渐降低,蜈蚣草较适用于轻度As污染土壤的修复,对于高As污染土壤,需结合其他修复措施.     

砷污染土壤的蜈蚣草修复研究进展

本文评述了As污染土壤的蜈蚣草植物修复及其对As的解毒机制的研究进展,内容着重包括蜈蚣草对As的富集特征,As在蜈蚣草中的赋存形态、迁移及其转化,土壤以及土壤中P、Ca和K等元素对蜈蚣草吸收、转运As的影响等方面。     

煤基腐殖酸对土壤砷赋存形态和小白菜生长及砷吸收分布的影响

为探讨部分煤基腐殖酸性质与土壤砷有效性的关系及其在砷污染土壤修复改良中的潜在利用性和应用方向,通过小白菜盆栽试验研究了4种煤基腐殖酸对土壤砷形态和含量及小白菜生长和砷吸收分布的影响。结果表明:6号和10号煤基腐殖酸显著降低了土壤可交换态和碳酸盐结合态砷含量,从而显著降低土壤有效砷含量,抑制砷向小白菜地上部转移和积累;特别是添加10号煤基腐殖酸土壤可交换态砷含量、有效砷含量和小白菜地上部砷总量分别比As处理降低了49.18%,42.22%和15.17%。而9号和11号煤基腐殖酸增加了土壤可交换态和碳酸盐结合态砷含量,显著增加土壤有效砷含量,对小白菜吸收砷并向地上部转移也有一定促进作用,二者土壤可交换态砷含量、有效砷含量和小白菜地上部砷总量分别比As处理增加了10.58%和5.95%,31.11%和22.22%,20.81%和17.21%。4种煤基腐殖酸对小白菜生长均有一定的促进作用,总体表现为10号6号11号9号。因此,E4/E6值小、分子量大、总酸性基含量较低的6号和10号煤基腐殖酸对土壤砷具有明显的钝化作用,可用于轻度砷污染土壤治理中抑制作物对砷的吸收和向地上部转移,实现作物安全生产;而E4/E6值大、分子量小、总酸性基含量较高的9号和11号煤基腐殖酸对土壤砷具有一定的活化作用,在中度和重度砷污染土壤的植物修复中可作为活化剂强化修复速度和效果。     

土壤钝化剂对黑土中铜的原位固定作用

采用盆栽试验研究3种钝化剂(粉煤灰、磷灰石和膨润土)对黑土中铜(Cu)的化学形态、生物积累和有效性的影响。结果表明:3种钝化剂能显著降低Cu污染黑土中水提取态(DW)、TCLP提取态和二乙基三胺五乙酸-三乙醇胺(DTPA-TEA)提取态Cu含量,其中以膨润土的效果最为明显;Tessier连续提取测定发现,3种钝化剂显著降低非残留态Cu(水溶态和交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态)含量(p<0.01),增加残留态Cu含量,表明3种钝化剂通过改变黑土中Cu的化学形态,降低了黑土中Cu的可淋失性和生物有效性;与对照相比,添加钝化剂能显著降低水稻地上部分的Cu含量(p<0.01),如在400Cu mg/kg处理的土壤上,添加2.5%的粉煤灰、磷灰石和膨润土使米粉中的Cu含量分别降低21.8%,22.7%和31.9%。土壤中可淋失态和生物有效态Cu的分析表明,钝化剂主要是通过改变土壤中Cu的化学形态,降低土壤中Cu的生物有效性,以降低Cu在水稻中的积累;试验表明,Cu污染土壤中施用钝化剂可以修复Cu污染,降低水稻Cu污染风险。     

海南岛砖红壤中铅、镉的化学形态与转化

采用土培实验和连续提取.原子吸收分光光度法,研究了重金属Pb、Cd在海南岛花岗岩砖红壤中的形态组成、外源Pb、Cd污染及化学修复剂磷、钙、硫对土壤重金属形态的影响.结果表明:在供试原土壤中,重金属Pb的化学形态以结合态和残余态为主,土壤有效态Pb含量较低,其中残余态Pb>有机质结合态Pb>铁锰氧化物结合态Pb>碳酸盐结合态Pb>交换态Pb>水溶态Pb,说明土壤Pb的环境风险较低;重金属Cd的化学形态以铁锰氧化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态为主,土壤中交换态Cd含量较高,其中铁锰氧化物结合态Cd>碳酸盐结合态Cd>交换态Cd>有机结合态Cd>残余态Cd>水溶态Cd,说明土壤Cd的环境风险较高.当外源Pb、Cd污染土壤时,有铁锰结合态Pb>残余态Pb>有机态Pb>碳酸盐结合态Pb>交换态Pb>水溶态Pb,交换态Cd>铁锰氧化物结合态Cd>碳酸盐结合态Cd>残余态Cd>有机态Cd>水溶态Cd的趋势.向污染土壤施加化学改良剂过磷酸钙、硫化钠和石灰,能显著降低水溶态Pb、Cd和交换态Pb、Cd的含量,并使有机结合态Pb、碳酸盐结合态Pb和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb含量下降,但残余态Pb、碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机态Cd有增加的趋势,残余态Cd的含量基本稳定.     

油枯对镉污染土壤的钝化研究

为了研究油枯对镉(Cd)污染土壤的钝化效果,以油枯为外源添加物(质量比:1%、2%、3%、4%、5%),模拟田间条件在塑料桶中进行为期45 d的培养,对镉污染土壤中Cd形态分布特征、DTPA提取态Cd(DTPA-Cd)含量、pH、有机质含量进行分析。结果表明,添加油枯可显著降低镉污染土壤中可交换态镉(Ex-Cd)的比例,提高碳酸盐结合态镉(Cb-Cd)、铁锰氧化物结合态镉(Fe-Mnb-Cd)以及有机质及硫化物晶格态镉(OMb-Cd)的比例,而残渣晶格结合态镉(RLb-Cd)变化不明显。添加油枯显著降低镉污染土壤中DTPA-Cd含量,降幅最高可达49%。镉污染土壤p H值维持在6.0左右,1%~4%添加处理中土壤pH波动幅度较大;而5%添加处理的土壤pH波动幅度小。添加油枯均能显著提高镉污染土壤中有机质含量。由此可见,油枯对镉污染土壤有较好的钝化效果,这为重金属污染土壤的修复和农业废弃物的循环利用提供了参考。     

不同施磷水平对土壤中重金属镉的钝化效果评价

通过室内培养试验,以P/Cd摩尔配比分别为0,2∶3,3∶2,2∶1,4∶1进行了不同磷肥钝化修复Cd污染土壤试验。采用毒性淋溶提取法(TCLP)和形态分析法评价了磷酸氢二铵(DAP)、磷酸二氢钾(MPP)、过磷酸钙(SSP)和磷酸钙(TCP)对污染土壤中Cd的钝化效果。结果表明,4种磷肥的钝化效果依次为:MPPDAPSSPTCP,4种磷肥的钝化处理可显著降低土壤中TCLP提取态Cd含量,在磷肥剂量水平P/Cd为4∶1时对土壤中Cd的钝化效果最佳,最大降低幅度为49%;添加磷肥能够大幅度提高土壤中速效磷的含量,相同磷水平下,土壤中速效磷含量高低次序为:MPPDAPSSPTCP,TCLP提取态Cd含量随土壤速效磷含量升高而显著降低(R=-0.903**);DAP,MPP,SSP和TCP处理后交换态Cd的浓度降幅分别为23.75%,39.06%,16.60%和18.36%,而碳酸盐结合态(WSA)、铁锰氧化物结合态(Fe-Mn-OX)、有机结合态(OM)和残渣态(RES)Cd的含量均有所升高,表明磷素是通过改变Cd的存在形态而降低其有效态含量的。     

土壤外源铜形态的动态变化：5年定位试验

土壤铜污染的危害性不仅取决于总量,还与其在土壤中的形态有关。选用未受污染的粘质壤土,设置对照（32mg·kg-1）、200、400mg·kg-1铜处理模拟土壤铜污染,进行持续5年（2006—2010年）的稻/麦轮作土培试验。参照Tessier的方法测定小麦和水稻成熟期土壤中不同形态铜含量,研究耕作层土壤中各种形态铜含量的动态变化。结果表明：（1）试验期内清洁土壤中总铜以及可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机物结合态、残渣态铜含量变化均很小,铜处理使上述参数均大幅增加。（2）污染土壤各形态铜含量随时间推移而变化,其中可交换态浓度持续下降最为显著,5年分别累计下降66%（200mg·kg-1）、67%（400mg·kg-1）。（3）土壤处于旱作条件有利于碳酸盐结合态和有机物结合态铜向铁锰氧化物结合态转化,淹水条件下转化方向相反。（4）铜处理改变了土壤中铜元素的形态分布,清洁土壤主要以残渣态存在（平均占57%）,污染土壤中碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态铜所占的比例明显增加（合计平均占58%）。本研究表明,外源铜进入土壤后,易被植物吸收利用的可交换态浓度持续大幅降低,其他形态则因不同年度和不同耕作方式而相互转化。     

碳酸钙和壳聚糖联用对高pH值石灰性土壤砷污染的钝化

为明确碳酸钙-壳聚糖联用对高pH值石灰性土壤砷污染的钝化效果,该研究采用田间As污染模拟试验,设置对照(CK)、砷污染(As)、砷污染+碳酸钙(As+Ca)、砷污染+碳酸钙+壳聚糖(As+Ca+C)4个处理。研究了碳酸钙和壳聚糖添加对As污染石灰性土壤酶活性影响,污染土壤中As的形态变化,以及As在供试作物玉米体内的迁移特征。结果表明:As污染石灰性土壤上添加碳酸钙(Ca)有利于提高土壤酶活性,碳酸钙和壳聚糖(Ca+C)联用后,土壤脲酶、纤维素酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别显著提高了52.35%、74.92%、8.72%(P0.05)。高pH值石灰性土壤外源As的主要存在形态为残渣态,且残渣态占总砷含量的60%以上。与As处理相比,As+Ca和As+Ca+C处理的水溶态砷分别显著降低17.15%和27.03%(P0.05);As+Ca+C处理的钙-砷、铁-砷和铝-砷分别显著升高了13.97%、14.24%、13.85%(P0.05)。As+Ca和As+Ca+C钝化处理对As钝化率分别达9.78%和18.37%。As污染土壤上种植玉米会导致各部位As积累的增加,但Ca+C联用使玉米籽粒、根、茎、叶的As含量显著降低50%、13.98%、16.51%、14.94%(P0.05)。可见,Ca+C钝化剂联用方法可应用于高pH值石灰性土壤As污染修复。     

长期秸秆还田对德阳地区稻田土壤镉赋存形态的影响

明确长期秸秆还田对稻田土壤Cd污染阻控或促进效应,有利于制定针对性的农田Cd污染治理措施,对保障粮食安全生产具有重要意义。以四川省德阳市旌阳区Cd污染稻田为研究对象,通过田间实地调查与采样分析,探讨了秸秆还田不同年限(0 a、1 a、4 a、8 a)对农田土壤Cd赋存形态及其生物有效性的影响。结果表明,研究区稻田土壤Cd形态含量分布为:残渣态铁锰氧化物结合态有机结合态碳酸盐结合态可交换态;秸秆还田(4 a以上)显著增加了土壤有机质含量,进而促进了稻田耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤有机结合态Cd含量水平显著上升(以秸秆还田4 a,其含量增加了45%为最高),对土壤可交换态Cd含量略有增加效应;土壤p H则随秸秆还田年限的延长呈先升高后缓慢下降趋势,主要影响土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd含量水平的变化。从土壤Cd形态的生物利用性角度评价,随秸秆还田年限延长(1~4 a),能减轻稻田耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤有效态Cd的分配,促进其向潜在态Cd转移;而对犁底层(20~40 cm)土壤Cd形态的生物有效利用性的影响未达显著水平。总体来看,秸秆还田(1~4 a)提高了土壤有机质含量,显著增加了耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤有机结合态Cd含量水平,促进了耕作层(0~20 cm)稻田土壤Cd由有效态向潜在态转化,降低稻田土壤Cd污染状况;持续长期的秸秆还田(连续秸秆还田8 a以上),则可能因土壤p H下降而促进土壤Cd由潜在态向有效态转化,增加稻田土壤Cd的生物吸收累积效率。     

Arsenic Uptake by Two Hyperaccumulator Ferns from Four Arsenic Contaminated Soils

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate and compare arsenic accumulation from four arsenic contaminated soils by two arsenic hyperaccumulators, Pteris vittata and Pteris cretica. After growing in soils for six weeks, the plants were harvested and separated into above- and below-ground biomass. Total As, P, Ca, K, glutathione and biomass were measured for the plants, and total As, Mehlich-3 P and As, exchangeable K and Ca, and arsenic fractionation were performed for the soils. Pteris vittata had significantly higher total biomass (14 g/plant) and As accumulation than P. cretica. Arsenic accumulation in both ferns followed the arsenic concentrations in the soil. The P/As molar ratio in the fronds, growing in arsenic contaminated soils, ranged from 80 to 939 in P. vittata and 130 to 421 in P. cretica. Plant arsenic concentrations were significantly positively correlated with Mehlich-3 arsenic in the soils. Soil pH was also significantly correlated with Mehlich-3 arsenic before and after plant uptake. Plant As uptake was significantly correlated with exchangeable potassium in the soil before plant uptake. Glutathione availability was not implicated as a major detoxification mechanism in these ferns. Though both plants were effective in taking up arsenic from various arsenic contaminated soils, P. vittata was overall a better candidate for phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soils.     

Plant Colonization and Arsenic Uptake on High Arsenic Mine Wastes, New Zealand

Substrates associated with two historic gold mining sites in north Westland, New Zealand, have locally very high arsenic concentrations (commonly 10–40 wt% As). The substrates consist of iron oxyhydroxide precipitates, and processing mill residues. Waters associated with some of these substrates have high dissolved arsenic (commonly 10–50 mg/L As). Natural revegetation of these very high arsenic sites has occurred over the past 50 years, although some areas of substrate remain bare. Revegetating species include native and adventive shrubs, adventive grasses, rushes, and mosses, and native ferns. Revegetation by higher plants follows initial colonization by mosses, and some shrubs are growing directly in high-arsenic substrate. Shrubs, especially manuka (Leptospermum scoparium), gorse (Ulex europaeus), tree fuchsia (Fuchsia excorticata) and broadleaf (Griselinia littoralis) largely exclude arsenic from their shoots (<?10 mg/kg dry weight) irrespective of the As content of the substrate. Likewise, most grasses, and reeds (Juncus spp.), have only modest As contents (typically <?100 mg/kg dry weight). However, mosses growing on high-arsenic substrates have strongly elevated arsenic contents (>?0.2% dry weight). In particular, the moss Pohlia wahlenbergii acts as a hyperaccumulator, with up to 3% (dry weight) As. Antimony (Sb) contents of all plants are about one thousandth of that of arsenic, reflecting the As/Sb ratio of the substrates. Plant establishment in the high-As substrates may be locally limited by low nutrient status, rather than arsenic toxicity. The shrubs, grasses, and reeds identified in this study are arsenic tolerant and largely exclude arsenic from their shoots so that revegetation with these species, can help to isolate the high-arsenic substrates from the surface environment. These species could be used as phytostabilisation agents on high-arsenic sites that are remote from human habitation. In contrast, the mosses, despite their high arsenic tolerance, are a less desirable component of revegetation of high-arsenic substrates because they actively transfer arsenic from the substrate to the biosphere.     

Comparison of Arsenic and Phosphate Uptake and Distribution in Arsenic Hyperaccumulating and Nonhyperaccumulating Fern

Abstract

Uptake of arsenic (As) and its distribution in Chinese Brake fern (Pteris vittata L.), an As hyperaccumulator, and Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata L.), a nonhyperaccumulator, in the presence of phosphorus (P), were characterized by employing a hydroponic experiment with a complete three-factorial design. Two levels of As (100 and 1000 µM) and four levels of P (0, 100, 500, and 1000 µM) were used in this study. Arsenic uptake rates on the basis of root fresh weight for the two ferns were similar at low As concentration (100 µM). At high As concentration (1000 µM), however, As uptake rates (373–987 nmol g^?1 f wt h^?1) of P. vittata were significantly greater than those of N. exaltata (164–459 nmol g^?1 f wt h^?1). In both ferns, addition of P reduced their As uptake rate as well as accumulation. Pteris vittata had a greater As TF (Translocation factor = concentration ratio of fronds to roots) than N. exaltata. On the contrary, N. exaltata displayed a greater P TF than P. vittata. As a result, high P/As ratio was observed in the roots of P. vittata, whereas high P/As ratio was observed in the fronds of N. exaltata. The study illustrated that As hyperaccumulation by P. vittata may be facilitated by its high As influx rate and its high molar P/As ratio in the roots resulting from both high As TF and low P TF.     

Arsenic in Rice Soils and Potential Agronomic Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Arsenic Bioavailability: A Review

Soils used for rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation in some areas contain high concentrations of arsenic (As) due to irrigation with groundwater containing As and intensive use of agrochemicals or industrial residues containing As. To restrict rice uptake of As in these soils, approaches to reduce As input and bioavailability must be considered. One approach to reduce As input into rice soils or uptake by rice is cultivating rice under aerobic, intermittent flooding, or alternate wetting and drying (AWD) conditions, rather than in submerged soils, or use of irrigation water low in As. For reducing As bioavailability in soil, aerobic or AWD rice culture and application of biochar, sulfur (S), and/or rice polish to soil are promising. Moreover, use of As-hyperaccumulating plant species (e.g., Pteris vittata L.) in rotation or combinations with favourable plant species (e.g., Azolla, Chlorella, or Nannochloropsis species) can also be promoted, in addition to using rice cultivars that are tolerant to As. Though applications of high doses of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and silicon (Si) fertilizers have shown promise in many instances, these methods have to be practiced carefully, because negative effects have also been reported, although such incidents are rare. Major factors affecting As speciation and bioavailability in soil are chemical properties such as redox status, pH, and Fe, P, Si, and S concentrations, physical properties such as texture and organic matter, and biological properties such as methylation activity by soil microorganisms. However, as many of these factors interact, long-term examination under field conditions is needed before measures are recommended for and implemented in farmers' fields.     

砷污染土壤生物挥发研究进展

本文综述了国内外As污染土壤生物挥发研究的最新进展.介绍了As的生物地球化学循环过程,分析了微生物形成挥发性As化合物的机理以及影响因素,探讨了采用生物挥发修复As污染土壤的可能性,最后展望了As污染土壤生物挥发研究的未来.     

Arsenic ‐ phosphorus interactions on corn

Abstract

Samples of two widely divergent soils, a Waupun silt loam and a Plainfield sand, deficient in P, were treated with 0, 20 or 80 ppm As and 0, 50, 100 or 300 ppm P in all possible combinations and cropped twice for 40 days to corn in the greenhouse. Arsenic had a much more pronounced toxicity to corn in the sand than on the silt loam. At the 80 ppm As level, P had little effect on As toxicity with the silt loam but enhanced toxicity with the sand and increasing rates of P increased As uptake by corn. At the 20 ppm As level, P did not affect As toxicity or uptake. Soil As extracted by N NH₄OA_c (pH 7.0) decreased with time but increased with increasing levels of applied P. Bray Pl extractable As was not greatly affected by applied P or time, and appeared to be a more suitable “available”; soil As test. From the results obtained, it would appear that P applications are not the solution to an As toxicity problem.     

Uptake,Translocation, and Transformation of Arsenic by Four Fern Species in Arsenic‐Spiked Soils

Arsenic (As) toxicity has become a global concern because of the ever‐increasing contamination of water, soil, and crops in many regions of the world. Although most plants are susceptible to As, some ferns are resistant to it and can accumulate As. In this study, four species of ferns, Asplenium nidus (AN), Pteris umbrosia (PU), Polypodium vulgare (PV), and Pteris cretica (PC), were screened for their ability to tolerate and hyperaccumulate As. Ferns were exposed to 120 mg As kg^?1 as sodium arsenate (Na₂HAsO₄) for 50 days under natural sunlight in greenhouse conditions, and the fronds and roots were analyzed for As speciation and selected macronutrients [potassium (K) and phosphorus (P)]. The species of ferns varied widely in their abilities to transport As to the fronds (ranged from 164 to 4820 mg kg^?1 DW) with the greatest frond As concentration found in PU (4820 mg kg^?1). The distribution of soil As fractions indicated that As was mostly bound carbonate (carb) (32.4%) and in the residual fractions (45.1%). Chemical fractionation of As‐spiked soil indicated that the greatest reduction in soil As after growing was in carb As form. Arsenic speciation analysis shows that >82% of the total As in the aboveground biomass is present as the reduced form of As, arsenite [As(III)], which is considered to be the more toxic form. However, in roots, only 60% of the As is present as As(III). Furthermore, among the four species of ferns, PU is the most promising to be used in the remediation of the affected area. Therefore, it is possible to use PU to remediate As‐contaminated soils by repeatedly harvesting its fronds.     

温度和砷对不同品种水稻幼苗生长和砷吸收的影响

为明确温度和外源砷对水稻生长发育的影响,选取江苏地区常见的8个水稻品种为试验材料,通过添加不同浓度外源砷[0(As0)、0.5(As0.5) 和1 mg?L-1(As1)]和模拟不同温度[白天/夜晚分别为30 ℃/25 ℃（T0）和35 ℃/30 ℃（T1）],在人工气候箱内进行了发芽和苗期培养试验,并分析了8个品种水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长及砷含量状况。结果表明,外源砷对水稻的芽长和活力指数具有抑制作用,与对照（T0As0）相比,T0As1处理使不同品种水稻的芽长和活力指数分别降低13.69%~43.34%和28.14%~52.88%。 而温度对水稻种子萌发的影响与水稻品种有关。在T1处理下,盐两优1618的发芽率、芽长和活力指数均优于其他品种。温度和外源砷的共同作用显著降低了不同品种水稻的芽长（P<0.05）。与T0As0相比,T1As1使水稻芽长显著降低5.66%~43.34%。水稻根长和根系活力显著受到温度和外源砷的单一因素的影响。与T0As0相比,T0As1处理使水稻根系活力降低3.01%~58.21%。温度和外源砷的共同作用抑制了水稻根长和根系活力,其中T1As1使水稻根系活力显著降低53.80%~89.01%。不同品种水稻的苗高和根系活力在相同温度或外源砷处理下具有显著差异（P<0.05）,其中盐两优888的苗高和根系活力均处于较高水平。水稻茎叶砷含量在外源砷处理下显著增加,在增温处理下却降低。与单一的砷处理相比,温度和外源砷的共同作用降低了水稻茎叶的砷含量。综上可知,温度和外源砷影响水稻的生长及砷吸收,但水稻生长状况具有明显的品种间差异,其中盐两优888和盐两优1618在增温和外源砷共存条件下的种子萌发和生长状况优于其他水稻品种。     

土壤-水稻系统砷迁移累积的影响因素及调控措施

砷(As)作为危害人类健康的污染物之一,对粮食安全和人类健康的威胁已引起全世界的广泛关注。水稻对砷具有较强的富集能力,目前对土壤中砷的有效性、水稻对砷的吸收、水稻内砷的运转及影响因素等方面进行了广泛深入的研究。在总结目前研究成果的基础上,从土壤砷有效性和水稻砷吸收两个方面,讨论了土壤质地、有机质、灌溉方式、土壤微生物、根际环境、施肥种类、水稻品种及复合污染对土壤-水稻系统中砷迁移转化的影响因素及其机制,并从灌溉方式、施肥种类和方式及基因工程等方面进一步讨论了降低水稻砷吸收和积累的措施。根据目前研究中出现的问题和不足,对未来尚需要进一步深入的研究提出自己的建议和展望。     

Biovolatilization of Arsenic by Different Fungal Strains

The quantification of arsenic biovolatilization by microscopic filamentous fungi Aspergillus clavatus, A. niger, Trichoderma viride and Penicillium glabrum under laboratory conditions is discussed in this article. The fungi were cultivated on a liquid medium enriched with inorganic arsenic in pentavalent form (H₃AsO₄). Filamentous fungi volatilized 0.010 mg to 0.067 mg and 0.093 mg to 0.262 mg of arsenic from cultivation systems enriched with 0.25 mg (5 mg.l^?1 of arsenic in culture media) and 1.00 mg of arsenic (20 mg.l^?1 of arsenic in culture media), respectively. These results represent the loss of arsenic after a 30-day cultivation from cultivation systems. The production of volatile arsenic derivatives by the A. niger and A. clavatus strains was also determined by hourly sorption using the sorbent Anasorb (CSC) on the 29th day of cultivation.