基于XML的蔬菜溯源信息描述语言构建及在数据交换中的应用

可追溯体系作为控制农产品质量安全的有效方法日益受到世界各国重视,供应链各环节与溯源中心间的异构数据交换是建立以政府监管为中心的农产品溯源系统急需解决的问题。XML（eXtensible Markup Language,可扩展标记语言）是先进的网络语言标准和网络信息共享的重要工具,采用可扩展标记可描述各种数据结构。该文在分析供应链数据流基础上,总结蔬菜溯源数据模型;以实现数据无缝交换为目标,基于XML构建了VTML（Markup Language for VegetableTraceability,蔬菜溯源信息描述语言）,并设计了VTML Schema;应用VTML于蔬菜溯源系统数据交换。结果表明,采用ADO.NET开发数据交换接口,以VTML语言为基础的数据交换模式,通过VTML文档和关系型数据库数据间的映射,屏蔽了数据源间的差异。应用VTML是实现蔬菜溯源数据交换的有效手段。     

兰州百合真空干燥图形组态系统研制

为了实现各类生产数据的良性管理和干燥全过程的高效监控等质量保证措施,引入图形组态理念,从对干燥现场的分类抽象和对各类过程数据的动态重构入手,研制了基于Visual Graph图形开发工具和SQL 2005数据库的面向兰州百合真空干燥的图形组态系统,并应用于工程实践。同时探讨了图形组态系统网络化编辑和控制的实现策略。实际应用表明：兰州百合真空干燥图形组态系统能够增强多源异构数据的协调管理,实现干燥过程的高效监控,满足用户对操作界面直观简便的需求。     

基于XML与Web服务的齿轮制造信息的共享与集成

为实现齿轮企业内各应用系统间的信息共享与集成,加快企业信息化进程,提出了基于可扩展标示语言（extensive makeup language,XML）与Web服务的齿轮制造信息共享与集成解决方案。研究了齿轮企业内EXPRESS数据模型与XML模型的映射机制,实现了产品模型数据交换标准（standard exchange of product data model,STEP）中性文件的XML转换和表达,并利用Web服务技术实现了齿轮信息共享服务平台的集成框架构建与软件开发。最后,通过圆柱斜齿轮的网络化磨削加工试验,来验证该信息共享与集成方案的可行性与实用性。试验结果表明,本文所提出的信息共享与集成方案,能有效实现齿轮企业各应用系统间的信息交流与共享,满足齿轮企业信息化建设的需求。     

基于XML和WebService的畜禽企业生产经营管理系统原型构思

本文介绍了一个畜禽企业生产信息管理和经营管理系统的设计思路，采用具有自我描述能力的XML语言和可跨平台，跨系统调用的WebService来架构该系统，使之在数据管理、数据交换、可扩展性，平台及语言兼容性，信息访问接入设备的多样性等诸多方面具有优势，有利于发展企业电子商务，提高企业经济效益。     

基于Android系统的温室异构网络环境监测智能网关开发

为实现温室环境监测中异构网络的统一管理,该文开发了以Exynos4412为核心处理器的智能网关,设计了基于Android的智能网关应用软件。异构网络管理过程为:配置网关通信接口、数据采集单元、传感器数据流的字段描述等信息,建立基于XML的信息配置文件,数据接收线程根据配置文件描述与接收数据流逐字节段比对,实现传感器数值从数据流中定位、解析、数值转换得到监测参数实际值,并与监测参数ID组成键值关系,最终存储于SQLite数据库,提供接口给上层模块进行实时数据查询和历史数据查询。系统对Zigbee、RS-485、Wi-Fi3种异构网络进行了试验,14d的运行结果表明,智能网关实现了监测参数解析、存储和显示功能与配置信息描述实现了对应,满足温室环境监测异构网络的统一管理要求,具有较好的稳定性,可进一步扩展异构网络。     

我国农产品质量安全信息体系构建研究

农产品质量安全相关信息是农产品质量安全管理的重要内容。本文系统梳理了农产品质量安全信息要素,明确信息分类方法、管理要求,初步构建了农产品质量安全信息体系,以期为我国农产品质量安全信息化建设提供依据。     

分布式无公害农产品数字认证系统的构建与实现

针对农产品质量安全认证这一关键问题,以无公害农产品产地认定与产品认证一体化工作流程为研究对象,从信息技术的角度构建了一个以实现认证流程的规范化和提高工作效率为目的的无公害农产品数字认证系统。通过对认证活动的分析,确立认证流程的两级节点域环境,构建节点域间中心化的分布式拓扑结构,设计分布式环境下的系统功能流程,探讨了关键技术;综合采用元数据、工作流和Web Service技术,开发了面向申报者、检测机构和各级认证管理部门的分布式无公害农产品数字认证系统。系统提供了申报管理、认证工作流管理和认证信息资源服务等功能,实现了无公害农产品认证全流程、全方位的电子化管理。该系统在河南省和农业部试点应用,运行结果表明,达到了跨部门、跨地域的协同工作和认证信息的高效管理,具有较好的应用推广前景。     

基于小农经营的农产品质量安全与追溯管理模式的设计与应用

针对小农经营的特点,以河南省郑州市村级农业综合服务站为组织依托,采取"村级农业综合服务站+农户"的组织架构,应用多线程、拟合曲线计算、 RPC、 MQ、 JPA、二维码等多项技术,设计了基于小农经营的农产品质量安全与追溯管理模式,并在实际工作中进行了推广应用。应用结果表明,该模式可有效提高农户的组织化程度,实现生产环节农产品质量安全与追溯管理,为解决小农经营条件下农产品质量安全与追溯管理问题提供了新的思路和解决方案。     

关于构建农产品质量安全追溯管理平台的几点思考

构建农产品质量安全追溯管理平台不仅是一项保障农产品质量安全的民生工程,也是信息化时代强化农产品质量安全监管的有效手段。本文从分析我国追溯管理探索试点所形成的工作基础入手,探讨了农产品质量安全追溯管理信息平台的构建思路,提出了推进平台建设的政策建议。     

农产品质量安全检测体系建设现状及对策探究

我国是农业大国,农产品质量一直是国家与社会关注的重点问题。农产品是人们生活的必需品,其质量与人们的身体健康直接相关,更决定了我国农产品在国内以及国际市场的综合竞争力。而建设农产品质量安全检测体系是提升农产品质量与安全的有效手段,可以实现农产品生产全程监管。基于此,对农产品质量安全检测体系建设中存在的问题进行分析,并提出了有效对策,以完善农产品质量安全检测体系建设。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.