马铃薯种薯处理技术要点

从品种选择、种薯处理和播种技术等方面介绍了马铃薯种薯处理技术管理措施。     

3S技术在丹江口水库水源区水土流失动态监测中的应用

主要介绍了3S技术在丹江口水库水源区水土流失动态监测项目中的应用。首先阐述了3S技术的特点、项目实施基本指标和项目作业技术系统;其次重点叙述了3S技术在项目实施中的技术流程,包括资料收集、地形图矢量化、矢量数据空间分析、TM遥感影像处理、野外调查建立解译标志、遥感解译、土壤侵蚀强度计算、解译成果野外校核、数据库集成和用户界面开发10个步骤。最后列举了项目实施成果,并就3S技术在区域水土流失监测中的优势进行了叙述。     

农村生活污水处理技术与展望

随着农村水环境污染的日趋严重,农村生活污水处理已经提到日程上来。本文对农村生活污水的排放特征和处理现状进行了分析和说明,探讨了适合农村生活污水处理的方法,详细介绍了生态处理技术、稳定塘处理技术、一体化成套设备处理技术3类农村生活污水处理技术,提出了农村生活污水处理方面的建议与对策。     

规模化养殖场粪水沼气处理技术的研究和实践

该文总结了20余年关于养殖场粪水厌氧处理技术的研究开发工作和30余个工程的实践经验，介绍了中国畜禽粪水厌氧处理的现状，详细分析了各类处理技术的技术要点、适用范围、研究和应用现状，并就实际工程的建设和运行提出了具体的措施和意见。     

合子期化学诱变在作物育种中的应用

本文综述了作物在合子期进行化学诱变育种的研究着重介绍诱变处理的时期、处理的技术方法和应用效果。     

我国污水土地处理技术研究进展

污水土地处理技术是一种基于土壤—生物作用的污水净化技术,投资少,建设运营成本低,日益受到全球的关注。分别就五种污水土地处理技术工艺在我国的发展进行了回顾,介绍了相应措施及效果,指出了其存在的问题,并对污水土地处理系统在我国的应用前景进行了展望。     

农业废弃物处理技术的分析

农业废弃物的资源化利用是节能减排和实现可持续发展的重要途径。本文首先分析了农业废弃物处理现状与存在问题,介绍了目前的能源化、肥料化、饲料化、材料化、基质化和生态化等利用方式;其次,分别介绍了秸秆、畜禽粪便、农村垃圾、农村污水4种主要农业废弃物的常用处理技术,同时对各项技术的应用特点、发展难点和发展前景进行了分析;最后,提出了农业废弃物处理的分类利用模式,提出了加快发展农业废弃物处理的政策建议。     

环境监测数据处理软件开发与应用进展

本文在介绍国内外环境监测数据处理软件开发实例的基础上,将目前的数据处理软件划分为三种类型。在介绍数据处理技术应用实例的基础上,分析了当代监测数据处理技术的发展特点及前景。     

江苏省水生动物病害测报系统的初步研究

本文主要介绍了利用计算机编程技术、数据库技术、GIS技术、信息发布技术和病害测报预报技术采集、加工、处理与发布江苏省水产动植物病害发生现状信息。     

辽宁省水文资料在站整编系统研制与应用

阐述了辽宁省水文资料在站整编工作的现状,指出了传统整编手段存在的问题,提出了使用计算机技术、数据库应用技术在站整编问题的思路、方法,介绍了辽宁省水文资料在站整编系统的结构、作用、使用方法及应用推广前景。     

Suspended-sediment transport in an intensively cultivated watershed in southeastern California

The purpose of this study is to investigate the variation of sediment movement at multiple spatial and two temporal scales of an agricultural watershed in southeastern California where surface runoff is primarily supplied by irrigation. An extensive turbidity and stage monitoring program based on grab sampling using 500-mL plastic bottles and in situ monitoring using both turbidity sensors and pressure transducers was designed to capture the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of suspended-sediment loads. The obtained turbidity values and stages at weekly and 5-min time scales were subsequently converted to suspended-sediment concentrations and water discharges, respectively, using established calibration methods. Weekly data were analyzed using a mass-balance approach to distinguish erosion and deposition processes in drain channels at various spatial scales. Further analysis on weekly data led to an empirical model describing the process of sediment transport at various spatial scales. The model revealed that drain channels at larger spatial scales (i.e. downstream channels) tended to be dominated by weekly net deposition, while those at smaller spatial scales (i.e. upstream channels) were controlled by weekly net erosion. However, analysis of the 5-min data showed that in small-scale drain channels, large amount of sediment was indeed deposited over a short period of one week (about one day). In the rest of the week, low-intensity erosion prevailed. Therefore, sediment transport in the study watershed was generally controlled by deposition, which supports the necessity of on-going drain-channel dredging by Imperial Irrigation District.     

土耳其东南部半干旱地区杏园变性土二氧化碳累积排放量的季节变化

Understanding the factors affecting the CO 2 emission from agricultural practices is crucial for global warming.A study was performed in an apricot orchard field in the experimental farm of the Harran University,Southeast Turkey,to i) quantify weekly and seasonal variations of the CO 2 emissions from a Vertisol under apricot orchard;ii) evaluate the difference in CO 2 emission between the area under trees and rows;and iii) assess the relationships between the amounts of CO 2 emissions and environmental parameters for better use and management of the soils from the view point of carbon balance and flux in a semi-arid environment under drip irrigation.Soil CO 2 emission measurements were performed during May 2008 and May 2010,from both under tree crowns (CO 2-UC) and between tree rows (CO 2-BR),on a weekly basis in southeast Turkey with a semi-arid climate.CO 2 emissions were statistically correlated with weather and soil parameters such as air temperature,relative humidity,rainfall,soil water content,and soil temperature at various depths from 5 to 100 cm.The weekly emissions ranged from 82 to 1 110 kg CO 2 ha 1 week 1 and from 96 to 782 kg CO 2 ha 1 week 1 in CO 2-UC and CO 2-BR,respectively.Increase in CO 2 emission in the second year was due to increases in mean air and soil temperatures.The weekly and monthly cumulative CO 2 emissions were positively correlated with the air and soil temperatures.Multiple linear regression analysis explained 35% and 83% variations in average weekly and monthly CO 2 emissions,by using meteorological data.Including the interaction effects of meteorological parameters in regression equations nearly doubled the variance explained by the regression models.According to stepwise regression analysis,soil and air temperatures were found to have the most significant impact on the temporal variability of the soil CO 2 emission.     

基于人地关系理论的荒漠化—绿洲化演变研究——以新疆于田县为例

从人地关系理论出发,以土地利用变化为切入点,通过野外调查和遥感动态监测对干旱区绿洲荒漠化一绿洲化演变机制进行了研究。在考察数据和对遥感图像的分类结果评价的基础上对干旱区绿洲土地利用/土地覆盖空间动态变化进行规律性分析得出,由于水土开发失调,人口数量的变化和国家政策和制度变化等原因导致干旱区绿洲人地关系矛盾突出,较大地影响了当地经济发展和实现区域可持续发展的目标。提出只有协调人地关系,加强区域地理建设才是使干旱区绿洲地区趋于绿洲化,避免荒漠化的惟一道路。     

Assessment of protein quality methodology for infant formulas

Rat bioassay was used to assess the protein quality of powdered infant formulas and to evaluate the feasibility of using modified casein diets (containing the same source and level of fat and carbohydrate contributed by the infant formulas) as reference standards. Modification of the casein diet to match the milk-based formulas caused a significant reduction in weekly protein efficiency ratios (PER) and net protein ratios (NPR) at the third and fourth weeks. Modification of the casein diet to stimulate the soy-based formulas had no significant effect on NPR values; PER values were more varied. When PER and NPR values of the powdered milk-based formulas were expressed relative to the unmodified reference standard, the relative values were lower than when each matched reference was used. With few exceptions, the relative weekly PER values of the soy-based formulas were similar regardless of the standard used. The relative NPR values of the formulas had a pattern similar to the relative PER values. The data indicate that protein quality evaluation of infant formulas using rat bioassay warrants the use of matched casein reference diets for each type of formula.     

蓟县黄土梁子小流域防护林现状与发展研究

根据京津地区目前所面临的生态环境问题,特别是京津地区风沙源防沙治沙工程所面临的技术难题,从防护林体系建设出发,以天津蓟县黄土梁子小流域为例,通过对水源涵养林、生态经济林、道路防护林和沟道防护林所组成的防护林体系进行现状分析,探讨了防护林体系所存在的问题,提出了相应的发展对策。     

Short-term daily or weekly administration of micronutrient Sprinkles has high compliance and does not cause iron overload in Chinese schoolchildren: a cluster-randomised trial

ObJECTIVES: To examine consumption rates and serum ferritin (SF) concentrations (as a marker of safety) among schoolchildren (3-6 years) provided with daily and weekly micronutrients.DESIGN AND METHODS: Micronutrients were provided for one school term (13 weeks) to a kindergarten in northern China as single-dose Sprinkles sachets containing 30 mg of iron as encapsulated ferrous fumarate, 5 mg zinc gluconate, 50 mg vitamin C, 300 microg vitamin A, 7.5 microg vitamin D3 and 150 microg folic acid. Sixteen classrooms were randomly assigned to: (1) daily supplements for 5 days a week (daily group); (2) weekly supplements (weekly group); or (3) no supplements (control group). Consumption of sachets was monitored for each child and SF concentrations were measured at the end of study. Random effects general linear models and graphs were used to compare the groups.RESULTS: A total of 415 children from 16 classrooms entered the study. At the end of the study, mean consumption rates per child were 86% (daily group; standard deviation (SD) 12%) and 87% (weekly group; SD 16%). Median SF concentrations were 71 microg l(-1) (range 27-292 microg l(-1); daily group), 55 microg l(-1) (range 11-299 microg l(-1); weekly group) and 54 microg l(-1) (range 7-327 microg l(-1); control group); the overall difference was not significant (P=0.06). However, the daily group was significantly different from the control (P=0.02); daily and weekly groups had higher SF at lower percentiles and similar SF at higher percentiles compared with the control group.CONCLUSION: The high consumption rates and appropriate SF concentrations in the supplemented groups suggest that a short-term school programme with Sprinkles is an efficient and safe way to provide micronutrients (including iron).     

The roles of salt (sodium nitrate) and fog in weathering: a laboratory simulation of conditions in the northern Atacama Desert, Chile

A laboratory experiment was used as a model to investigate interactions within a hyper-arid and hyper-saline weathering environment based on conditions observed in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile. The experimental design produced a matrix of 18 different weathering environments with six levels of salt (sodium nitrate) availability and three levels of fog precipitation. The experiment took place over an 11-week period. Over this time, 10 weekly fog applications modified the experimental conditions. From a theoretical perspective, the weekly fog applications generate an open rather than a closed system, which may be more representative of conditions in the field. The breakdown of the chalk blocks used was assessed in two ways. Firstly, qualitative observations were made at weekly intervals of the nature of morphological changes. Secondly, at the end of the experiment, breakdown was assessed by counting the number of discrete pieces greater than 1 g liberated by each block. The electrical conductivity at the base of each block was also measured. Collectively, the results indicate that fog appears to control the rate of breakdown and that salt availability controls the timing of the response. The style of breakdown was similar irrespective of the fog and salt levels. The morphological observations show the results of a sequence of events, with the blocks evolving as the experiment progresses; as such, they provide an experimental example of the role of inheritance in weathering processes.     

Influence of the Sampling Period on the Deposition Time Series of Major Ions in Bulk Precipitation

The influence of a change from daily to weekly sampling of bulk precipitation on the obtained deposition values was studied with parallel sampling for 8 months at the station of Virolahti in 2004. Due to dry deposition, the deposition values of the whole period were found to be 5–70% higher from weekly sampling than from daily sampling, the biggest difference being for K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg⁺ and Na⁺. The collection efficiencies of the summer sampler and the winter sampler compared to the standard rain gauge were studied from daily sampling in 1991–2003 and weekly sampling in 2004–2008. The performance was best in summer and in winter with rain samples (median value 85–88%), while the median value for daily snow samples was 72%. In winter, the total sum of precipitation collected in the daily sampler and the weekly sampler was 78% and 69%, respectively. The deficit in the weekly sampler in winter was concluded to be due to evaporation, while from the summer sampler no evaporation seemed to occur. Use of the precipitation amount measured by the standard rain gauge when calculating annual precipitation-weighted mean values gave higher mean concentrations than the use of the precipitation measured by the deposition sampler itself, the biggest difference of 8–11% being in the sea-salt ions Cl^?, Mg⁺ and Na⁺. It was concluded that the concentration and deposition values measured by daily and weekly bulk sampling are incompatible, and should not be combined into the same time series.     

Comparison of daily and weekly precipitation sampling efficiences using automatic collectors

Precipitation samples were collected for approximately 90 daily and 50 weekly sampling periods at Finley Farm, near Raleigh, North Carolina from August 1981 through October 1982. Ten wet-deposition samplers (AEROCHEM METRICS MODEL 301) were used; 4 samplers were operated for daily sampling, and 6 samplers were operated for weekly-sampling periods. This design was used to determine if. (1) collection efficiences of precipitation are affected by small distances between the Universal (Belfort) precipitation gage and collector; (2) measurable evaporation loss occurs and (3) pH and specific conductance of precipitation vary significantly within small distances. Average collection efficiencies were 97% for weekly sampling periods compared with the rain gage. Collection efficiencies were examined by seasons and precipitation volume. Neither factor significantly affected collection efficiency. No evaporation loss was found by comparing daily sampling to weekly sampling at the collection site, which was classified as a subtropical climate. Correlation coefficients for pH and specific conductance of daily samples and weekly samples ranged from 0.83 to 0.99.     

Effect of FE level and solution culture PH on severity of chlorosis and elemental content of apple seedlings

The development of chlorosis and subsequent growth of apple seedlings grown in solution cultures containing various levels of Fe under a range of solution pH regimes were examined. Initial solution pHs were 5.5, 6.5 and 7.8 respectively, with Fe levels of 0.0, 0.13 and 1.3 ppm in a 3x3 factorial arrangement. Leaf chlorosis increased with a decrease in Fe levels and with higher solution pH. Nutrient solutions were changed weekly and during each weekly cycle solution pH levels were monitored. Independent of Fe level, the lower the initial solution pH the greater the change in solution pH during each weekly cycle. Decreasing solution Fe levels decreased both leaf and root Fe concentrations but both parameters were relatively unaffected by solution pH suggesting a solution pH by Fe supply interaction at the root surface.