辽西绿色有机杂粮生产基地建设与产品开发效益评价

辽西朝阳地区十年九旱,干旱是制约农业发展的主要因素。由于旱田和坡耕地较多,得天独厚的光热资源适宜抗旱杂粮作物生长,具备优质杂粮生产的地理气候优势。同时当地农民有种植杂粮的悠久历史和丰富经验,是开发具有地方特色的绿色有机杂粮产品的天然宝地,适合大面积发展杂粮产业。2004~2007年在绿色有机杂粮基地建设和杂粮产品开发上,创新运筹模式,获得了明显的经济效益与社会效益,推进了辽西地区的杂粮产业化的进程,实现了产品升级和农业增收。     

Cisgenesis,a New Tool for Traditional Plant Breeding,Should be Exempted from the Regulation on Genetically Modified Organisms in a Step by Step Approach

Modern potato breeding requires over 100,000 seedlings per new variety. Main reasons are (1) the increasing number of traits that have to be combined in this tetraploid vegetatively propagated crop, and (2) an increasing number of traits (e.g., resistance to biotic stress) originates from wild species. Pre-breeding by introgression or induced translocation is an expensive way of transferring single traits (such as R-genes, coding for resistance to biotic stress) to the cultivated plant. The most important obstacle is simultaneous transfer of undesired neighbouring alien alleles as linkage drag. Stacking several genes from different wild sources is increasing this linkage drag problem tremendously. Biotechnology has enabled transformation of alien genes into the plant. Initially, transgenes were originating mainly from microorganisms, viruses or non-crossable plant species, or they were chimeric. Moreover, selection markers coding for antibiotic resistance or herbicide resistance were needed. Transgenes are a new gene source for plant breeding and, therefore, additional regulations like the EU Directive 2001/18/EC were developed. Because of a strong opposition against genetic modification of plants in Europe, the application of this Directive is strict, very expensive, hampering the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops and the use of this technology by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Currently, GM crops are almost the exclusive domain of multinationals. Meanwhile, not only transgenes but also natural genes from the plant species itself or from crossable plant species, called cisgenes, are available and the alien selection genes can be avoided in the end product. This opens the way for cisgenic crops without alien genes. The existing EU directive for GM organisms is not designed for this new development. The cisgenes belong to the existing breeders’ gene pool. The use of this classical gene pool has been regulated already in agreements regarding breeders’ rights. We are proposing a step by step approach starting with a crop and gene specific derogation and monitoring towards a general exemption of cisgenic plants from the Directive. Two examples, i.e. development of cisgenic potato for resistance to Phytophthora infestans and cisgenic apple for resistance to Venturia inaequalis are discussed shortly for illustration of the importance of cisgenesis as a new tool for traditional plant breeding. Cisgenesis is simplifying introgression and induced translocation breeding tremendously and is highly recommended for SMEs and developing countries.     

Meeting demands for increased cereal production in China

Meeting demands for increased cereal production in China is a great challenge and this paper provides updated information on cereal production and the potential adaptation of cropping systems to climate change, as well as on progress in improving yield potential and developing molecular markers and GM cereals in China. Maize production and soybean imports are increasing significantly to meet the strong demand for feed by a rapidly growing livestock industry. Extension of the rice and maize growing seasons in northeastern China and improvement of the cropping system through delayed wheat planting have contributed to improving cereal productivity despite changing climatic conditions. Significant improvements in yield potential of rice, maize, and wheat have been achieved. Comparative genomics has been successfully used to develop and validate functional markers for processing quality traits in wheat, and also for developing new varieties. Although transgenic Bt rice and maize, and maize expressing phytase have been developed, their commercialization has not been officially permitted. International collaboration has contributed significantly to cereal production by providing germplasm and improved crop management practices. Full integration of applied molecular technologies into conventional breeding programs and promotion of lower-input technologies, will play a key role in increasing and sustaining future cereal production.     

Acrylamide in cereal products: A review

The review summarises the results of almost 5 years of academic and industrial research on acrylamide in cereal products. Significant progress in this field has been made during that time, as reflected by the numerous publications on this subject. In addition to studies of their formation, mechanisms and toxicological studies, ways to minimise acrylamide in heat-treated starch-rich foods have been the main focus. Therefore, this review will first give a brief overview of acrylamide formation and toxicology, including its mitigation in potato products, with further focus being on cereal products. In the latter commodities, acrylamide can be limited either by selecting suitable raw materials, e.g. flours produced from varieties low in asparagine and of a low extraction rate, respectively, or by optimisation of the production technology. The latter strategy not only comprises technological measures such as temperature control and selection of the oven type, but also product formulation and the use of low molecular additives.     

Yield benefit and underlying cost of insect-resistance transgenic rice: Implication in breeding and deploying transgenic crops

The rapid development of transgenic biotechnology has greatly promoted the commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops including the insect-resistant crops worldwide. Apart from the enormous yield benefits brought by the GM crops, the cryptic fitness cost associated with transgenes has also been detected under experimental conditions although it is considered to be rare. To estimate the yield benefit and cost of insect-resistant GM rice, we studied field performances of three insect-resistant GM rice lines, involving their non-GM parental variety as comparison. Great benefits as estimated by the yield-related traits were observed in the GM rice lines when high insect pressure was recorded, but a cryptic yield loss was detected when the level of insect pressure was extremely low. Given the fact that cryptic yield loss presented in the GM rice lines under the low insect pressure, a strategic field deployment should be required when insect-resistant GM rice are commercialized to circumvent the unnecessary yield losses. This is probably true for other insect-resistant GM crops. Effective biotechnology and breeding measures are also needed to particularly minimize the potential underlying cost of an insect-resistance transgene before commercial production of the GM crops.     

麦类作物赤霉病抗性离体筛选的原理与方法

赤霉病（Fusarium head blight）是麦类作物最主要的世界性病害，在湿热的流行年份不仅减产严重，而且受过赤霉病菌毒素污染的籽粒对人类和畜禽有害，严重影响籽粒的品质。目前对赤霉病尚缺乏有效的化学和生物防治技术，最好的防治途径仍然是对抗性或耐性基因型的选育。但在赤霉病抗性选择的各种技术上，还有许多问题有待研究解决。本文以小麦为重点，介绍了赤霉病抗性离体筛选技术体系等方面的研究进展，包括毒素抗性和田间实际抗性的相关性、适宜的毒素筛选浓度、植物组织对毒素的差异反应、菌株与作物品种的互作，并讨论了抗性选择中应注意的有关问题。     

Genetically modified sunflower release: Opportunities and risks

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a crop native to North America for which there are no genetically modified commercial varieties. Some of the transgenic traits incorporated in other crops have already been subjected to research and experimentation in sunflower. Several new traits have also been noted, with the most relevant of these being the aim to increase latex production. GM sunflower release would modify crop management through improved mineral nutrition, weed control, insect and disease resistance, and product quality. In this research, the traits investigated were reviewed and analyzed in connection with main crop constraints. These characters could potentially influence agro-ecosystem components and produce a significant environmental impact. In regions where sunflower coexists with wild relatives this situation could affect germplasm resources, with this being especially important at the centre of origin and where Helianthus populations established in Africa, Asia, and Europe.     

Risk,Trust, and Consumer Acceptance of Plant Biotechnology

Abstract

This discussion summarizes current knowledge about rewards, risks, and reality surrounding the public's perception of genetically modified (GM) plants and foods. Differences in perception and acceptance of GM products between European and US publics are briefly described. The discussion includes recommendations for effective communication with the public. Pitfalls are identified that restrict credible discourse about the risks and benefits of GM ornamental plants and biotechnological products.

The U.S. gardening public is increasingly informed about technologies that influence their hobby interests, including plant biotechnology. Results of a preliminary and on-going survey of Tennessee Master Gardener Volunteers are presented that reveal consumer concerns similar to ones already voiced in the U.S. about GM foods. Discussion concludes by integrating these considerations, within the context of ongoing debate about GM foods, to provide implications about the success of novel GM ornamental plant introductions in the near future.     

Characterization of the FODMAP-profile in cereal-product ingredients

Cereal-based products, such as bread, are staple foods in the western diet. Due to the nature of their basic ingredients and the diversity of recipes, the amount of fermentable short-chain carbohydrates (FODMAPs) in those products may be high. This study characterized the FODMAP-profiles of a broad range of cereal-product ingredients, serving as a basis for low FODMAP product development. Different cereals, pseudo-cereals, gluten-free flours, pulses, pulse protein ingredients, commercial sprouts, and other cereal-product ingredients were analyzed, using anion-exchange chromatography with electrochemical detection. Wheat and related cereals were high in fructans. Pulses, such as peas contained high galactooligosaccharides (GOS) amounts. Whereas GOS levels in pulse protein ingredients varied, depending on their production. Gluten-free flours, for instance, rice-flour, showed low FODMAP-profiles. Amongst those, buckwheat, which does not contain any of the FODMAPs investigated, contained high amounts of other soluble non-digestible carbohydrates, namely fagopyritols; these may have a similar effect on a sensitive gut as GOS. Finally, ingredients contained mainly high levels of fructans and GOS. Yet, the analysis of commonly consumed commercial cereal products, including bread, pasta, crackers and biscuits, highlighted the relevance of lactose, fructose in excess of glucose and polyols. These products serve as benchmarks for further product development.     

Potato Breeding and Seed Production System Development in Russia

First, an extensive literature review was performed with respect to Potato virus Y (PVY) resistance sources and their further utilization in a breeding programme. On the basis of that review we present a scheme of backcrossing and new cultivar creation on the basis of five detected sources of PVY resistance and one source of Potato virus X resistance. Some cultivar pedigrees are presented reflecting the differences in the breeding strategies. Moreover, results of investigations on some polygenic traits such as field resistance against late blight and starch content are presented. For these purposes progenies were screened for suitable recombinant genotypes which were used in further crossings. Also the results of investigations on resistance to the potato golden nematode and on the selection of cultivars suitable for processing are briefly analysed. We also describe a programme of parallel evaluation of identical hybrid populations in different soils and climatic zones. The development of seed potato production systems facilitated the conditions to improve the quality of potato seed material, to increase potato production and to allow Russia to participate in the international potato market. Systems of virus detection, norms and methods of laboratory tests as well as requirements for quality and tolerance levels of different seed classes (generations) were unified and harmonized with European systems.     

Phenotypic plasticity of yield and agronomic traits in cereals and rapeseed at high latitudes

In the northernmost European environments of Finland, large variability in the yield and quality of crops is a critical source of uncertainty for growers and end-users of grain. The aims of this study were (i) to quantify and compare the plasticity, i.e., cultivar responsiveness to environment, in yield of spring oat, spring wheat, six-row barley, two-row barley, winter rye, winter wheat, turnip rape and oilseed rape, (ii) to explore the existence of hierarchies or positive correlations in the plasticity of agronomic, yield and quality traits and (iii) to probe for trends in yield plasticity associated with different eras of breeding for yield potential and agronomic traits. Plasticities of yield, agronomic and quality traits were derived as slopes of norms of reaction using MTT Agrifood Research Finland data sets combining long-term (1970-2008 for cereals and 1976-2008 for rapeseed) results from 15 to 26 locations. Plasticity of yield ranged typically between 0.8 and 1.2, was smallest for six-row barley (0.84-1.11) and largest for winter rye (0.72-1.36). We found two types of associations between plasticity of yield and yield under stressful or favourable conditions for cereals but none for rape. In spring wheat, oat and six-row barley, high yield plasticity was associated with crop responsiveness to favourable conditions rather than yield reductions under stressful conditions. Modern spring wheat cultivars had higher maximum grain yields compared to older ones at the same level of plasticity. In winter wheat and rye, high yield plasticity resulted from the combination of high yield in favourable conditions and low yield in stressful environments. Many associations between yield plasticity and other traits were identified in cereals: e.g., high yield plasticity was often associated with higher grain weight, more grains per square meter, later maturity (contrary to turnip rape), shorter plants, less lodging and lower grain protein content and in winter cereals with higher winter damage.     

Strategy for Use of Rice Blast Resistance Genes in Rice Molecular Breeding

Rice blast is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice production worldwide. The development and rational use of resistant varieties has been the most effective and economical measure to control blast. In this review, we summarized the cloning and utilization of rice blast resistance genes, such as Pi1, Pi2, Pi9, Pi54, Pigm and Piz-t. We concluded that three main problems in the current breeding of rice blast resistance are: availability of few R(resistance) genes that confer resistance to both seedling and panicle blast, the resistance effect of pyramided lines is not the result of a simple accumulation of resistance spectrum, and only a few R genes have been successfully used for molecular breeding. Therefore, novel utilization strategies for rice blast R genes in molecular breeding were proposed, such as accurately understanding the utilization of R genes in main modern rice varieties, creating a core resistant germplasm with excellent comprehensive traits, screening and utilizing broadspectrum and durable resistance gene combinations. Lastly, the trends and possible development direction of blast resistance improvement were also discussed, including new genes regulating resistance identified via GWAS(genome-wide association study) and improving rice blast resistance using genetic editing.     

Reducing the incidence of allergy and intolerance to cereals

This paper reviews studies on allergy, intolerance and sensitivity to cereals, especially to wheat, barley, rye, maize, rice and oats with regard to reducing their incidences. Prevalence of allergy to cereals is generally low; prevalence of other cereal-related diseases are highest for wheat and lowest for oats. Compared to the other cereals, wheat (and its components wheat starch and vital gluten) are most abundantly applied in a broad range of food products world-wide, which justifies the major focus of this review on wheat. Current knowledge on diagnosis of the cereal-related diseases and on detection and characterization of the relevant proteins is discussed in the context of the development of prevention strategies. Aiming at their design and implementation, such strategies require building of knowledge frameworks at the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels. In this regard, selection and breeding of low-allergenic/low-intoleragenic crop varieties, application of processing and technological approaches, and the introduction of alternative safe cereal crops is discussed. Sustainable reduction of immune-related diseases in general (including cereal allergies and intolerances) is discussed with regard to eating habits and lifestyle factors, human genetic and physiological characteristics, and the role of the intestinal micro-flora.     

Improvement of Horticultural and Ornamental Crops Through Transgenic Manipulation of the Phytochrome Family of Plant Photoreceptors

Abstract

Consumer demands drive continuous developments in the production of horticultural and ornamental crops. In addition to improvements in quality and nutritional content, crop producers must supply an increased variety of products to a year-round market. The availability of many horticultural and ornamental crop products is dependent on the timing of reproductive development. The time at which many plants initiate sexual or vegetative reproduction is governed by a number of interacting environmental factors such as daylength, light quality and temperature. Artificial manipulation of the growing environment is therefore frequently used to ensure production meets retailers' marketing programs, a strategy which can often result in high energy costs. An alternative approach involves the manipulation of genes encoding proteins responsible for perceiving and transducing environmental stimuli, in particular, the genes encoding the phytochrome family of plant photoreceptors. Alterations in the expression of genes encoding phytochromes can modulate not only the timing of reproductive development, but also plant architecture. Such approaches can therefore be used to modulate a variety of phenotypic traits such as height, lateral branching and harvest yield, while enabling growers to tailor crop reproduction to their marketing needs. In this review, we will discuss examples of crop improvement using transgenic manipulation of phytochrome expression, along with benefits and disadvantages of such approaches.     

花生新品种对疮痂病抗性对比试验

采用喷雾法对43个花生品种进行疮痂病抗性鉴定试验,以筛选出适合本地区种植的抗病品种。结果表明：43个花生品种对疮痂病的抗性差异可分为3类,中感(MS)的有7个,占16.28%;中抗(MR)的有28个,占65.12%,抗病(R)品种有8个,占18.60%。建议抗病性达到中抗(MR)以上的36个品种,可结合各地的生产条件和品种综合性状示范种植。     

SPL转录因子的研究进展

SPL(squamosa promoter-binding protein like)基因家族是植物特有的一类转录因子,主要通过结合下游基因启动子区的顺式作用元件GTAC基序,从而参与调控下游基因的表达。SPLs转录因子在植物的生长发育、信号传导、应答环境胁迫等方面有着重要的作用。目前研究表明,大豆SPL转录因子在参与调控大豆植株分枝数,产量和生育期等方面扮演重要作用。文章首先从该家族转录因子的克隆入手,回顾该基因家族的由来历史,然后介绍其结构上的保守性和独特性,最后重点综述SPL转录因子在植物中的调控网络,及其生物学功能,并对其在大豆及其它农作物生产上的应用前景及其调控植物性状的具体机制进行展望。     

Freezing Tolerance and Injury in Grapevines

Summary

Grapes, due to their wide distribution, are one of the temperate fruit crops most frequently damaged by freezing temperatures. Freezing injury can result in decreases in yield and substantial economic losses to grape growers, subsequently impacting fruit wholesalers, wineries, distributors, and related industries. Freeze damage is not limited to the northern or southern limits of the production range. Freezing injury can occur in spring, fall, or winter in many of the grape growing regions. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in freezing tolerance, acclimation, and deacclimation in grapevines is needed to match cultivars appropriately with growing sites, improve cultural practices that minimize freezing injury, and aid in breeding and selecting cultivars with improved freezing tolerance. The ability to avoid or tolerate freezing temperatures includes a complex set of traits that is influenced by the inherent genetic characteristics of the grapevine and its interaction with the environment. In the present review, the mechanisms of freezing tolerance in grapevines are summarized and discussed in relation to the influence of genotype, phenological development, and environmental factors.     

Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: A physiological and agronomic perspective

The faba bean (Vicia faba L.) crop often experiences drought during its growth and development such that soil moisture deficits constrain its production. As droughts are predicted to increase in both frequency and intensity due to climate change, a better understanding of drought response patterns and associated traits is essential for obtaining yield stability in water-limited environments. This review deals with adaptation mechanisms associated with drought avoidance, escape and tolerance, with an emphasis on physiological traits such as stomatal conductance, carbon isotope discrimination and leaf temperature. Leaf temperature is considered an effective surrogate measure for other measures of stomatal characteristics. Drought tolerance through osmotic adjustment has not yet been demonstrated in faba bean although it is found in many other legumes including chickpea and pea. Deeper root growth, leading to uptake of otherwise unavailable water, helps the plant to avoid drought by delaying dehydration, but genetic variation and heritability of the trait are essentially unknown for faba bean. Crop management strategies, such as early planting, and appropriate phenology, are particularly important for drought escape in regions where terminal drought is common. Disease resistance is especially important in drought-prone areas to reduce the need for expensive control measures when yields are uncertain. The relevance of soil fertility status and nutrient availability are also covered. Drought escape and ascochyta blight resistance are important breeding objectives for terminal drought regions. Some form of drought resistance is necessary for the transient droughts experienced in most regions, and drought avoidance can be screened by a combination of leaf temperature or other rapid test of stomatal characteristics followed by carbon isotope discrimination in the most valuable materials. No single trait is adequate to improve yield in drought-prone environments, rather, a combination of characteristics is needed.     

玉米耐旱QTL定位研究进展

干旱是影响玉米产量的最重要的非生物胁迫因子之一。近年来,随着分子标记技术和数量性状统计分析方法的改进,对调控耐旱等复杂数量性状的位点进行作图和定位方面的研究很多。本文综述了玉米在耐旱QTL(Quantitative trait locus)定位研究领域所采用的耐旱鉴定指标以及耐旱相关性状的QTL定位研究进展,并对目前在QTL定位研究中存在的问题及发展前景进行了探讨。     

Heritability of agronomic traits correlated with reduced stink bug damage in an F2:3 soybean population derived from IAC-100

In Brazil, some of the most important insect pests causing damage to soybean (Glycine max) are stink bugs. Soybean production would increase if varieties with enhanced resistance were developed. The aim of this work was to examine different traits associated with plant development, and yield-related traits, in an F_2:3 soybean population in a stink bug-infested field and to evaluate genetic parameters and correlations among those traits. The parents and progeny from 229 F₂ plants developed by crossing a resistant cultivar (IAC-100) with a susceptible cultivar (CD-215) were evaluated in three replications in a single environment. Seven agronomic traits and eight indicators of insect resistance were measured. Genotypes showed significant differences for all traits except lodging. The grain-filling period exhibited a positive genotypic correlation of 0.66 with hundred-seed weight, whereas a negative genotypic correlation of ?0.53 was found between pod damage index (%) and weight of healthy seeds. In general, a shorter pod-filling period, lower weight of hundred-seeds, lower indices of pod damage, and higher seed-yield per plant were phenotypic traits of genotypes resistant to these insects.