Impact of baking conditions and storage temperature on staling of fully and part-baked Sangak bread

Bread staling involves a combination of physico-chemical phenomena that leads to a reduction of quality. This study aims at evaluating the impact of baking conditions (280 °C, 8 min; 310 °C, 5.5 min; 340 °C, 4 min), baking type (of fully baked (FB) and part-baked (PB)) and storage temperature (−18, 4 and 20 °C) on the staling of Sangak bread. Results showed that lower baking temperature with longer baking time produced drier bread with higher firmness. In FB Sangak breads, amylopectin retrogradation, amount of unfreezable water and firmness (measured by compression test) increased during storage at positive temperatures but hardness (determined by Kramer shear test) decreased significantly during first day of storage. The recrystallized amylopectin traps the free water resulting in crumb hardening. Water is also absorbed by the dry crust resulting in changes of rheological properties in the crust and crumb, and finally in staling. Storage at 4 °C resulted in increasing melting enthalpy of amylopectin crystallite in comparison with storage at 20 °C. Also it was found that firmness of PB breads due to rebaking was significantly lower than FB breads. There were no significant changes in staling parameters of FB and PB stored at −18 °C.     

Quality and shelf life of calcium-enriched wholemeal bread stored in a modified atmosphere

Calcium-enriched wholemeal bread packed in a modified atmosphere (60% CO₂, 40% N₂), was examined for stability and microbiological changes throughout 32-day storage. The product was still acceptable after 24 days at 20 ± 1 °C. At this time no microbiological changes were observed; however, there was a continuous decline in sensory quality, mainly due to deterioration of the texture. Crumb hardness increased, whereas its springiness and cohesiveness decreased. These observations were accompanied by physical and chemical changes characterized by a steady increase in acidity and a sharp decrease in blue value, especially at the beginning of storage. The first microbiological changes occurred only after 27 days of storage and were due to the growth of moulds and amylase-negative Gram-positive cocci, cocci-bacillus or bacillus. The principal component analysis showed that nearly 86% of the variance in ten considered variables could be represented by two new variables: PC1, defined by eating quality and physicochemical attributes, and PC2 defined mainly by chewiness. Three groups of stored bread were identified on the score plot. The first group, fresh and 3-day stored bread, was characterized by low hardness and sourness; the second, bread stored from six to twenty days, scored lower for overall sensory quality, low springiness, cohesiveness and blue value; and the third group, the product during the final stages of storage, exhibited a clear increase in chewiness and hardness and showed the first indications of microbial deterioration.     

Effect of hydrothermaled bran on physicochemical, rheological and microstructural characteristics of Sangak bread

Increased consumption of whole grain products has been associated with decreased risk of health problems such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. Phytate however, has always been a matter of concern, since it chelates minerals such as iron. Sangak is very popular Iranian flat bread invented five hundred years ago, made from 95% extraction flour. The bread is fermented but usually fermentation is not able to remove all phytate from the dough. In this study flours were first debranned; resulting bran was subjected to a hydrothermal process. The hydrothermaled (HT) brans were then incorporated in the Sangak flour. In the next step, physicochemical, rheological and microstructural characteristics of Sangak flour and dough prepared from two Iranian wheat varieties, Tajan and Back Cross of Roshan were investigated. Results indicated a reduction in phytate up to 55% in the samples. The resulting dough containing HT bran showed a higher development time and valorimetric value and was more stable than doughs made with normal bran. Dough made with HT bran showed a kind of protein matrix in which proteins and starch granules are oriented in a more non-ordered structure.     

琯溪蜜柚柚瓣的臭氧处理结合气调包装保鲜研究

采用正交试验设计，优选出最佳的臭氧处理时间和气体成分，分析了臭氧处理结合气调包装（MAP）保鲜对琯溪蜜柚柚瓣品质的影响。结果表明：臭氧处理结合气调包装的方法可明显延长琯溪蜜柚柚瓣的保鲜时间，改善保鲜柚瓣的品质，臭氧处理5min，以5％O2、3％CO2、92％N2的气体成分包装的保鲜效果最好。     

高O_2与高CO_2气调包装对鲜切火龙果品质的影响

在高氧高二氧化碳(70%O2+30%CO2、50%O2+50%CO2)气调并结合CPP膜包装条件下,测定5℃贮藏15 d时,包装盒中CO2/O2浓度的变化、鲜切火龙果外在品质和营养成分的变化,探讨鲜切火龙果贮藏期间的品质变化规律。结果表明,高氧高二氧化碳气调包装能够避免无氧酵解,但在贮藏0~12 d,能促进鲜切火龙果的呼吸作用;而在整个贮藏期,高氧高二氧化碳气调能够明显地维持鲜切火龙果的硬度,减缓其甜菜红色素的降解;在贮藏的0~6 d,高氧高二氧化碳处理抑制可溶性总糖、总酚的消耗和加速总Vc分解,但对可溶性蛋白没有显著影响。因此,高氧高二氧化碳气调包装有利于鲜切火龙果营养品质的维持。结果可为鲜切火龙果商业化贮藏提供参考。     

Effect of thermal packaging temperature on Chinese steamed bread quality during room temperature storage

In order to investigate the influence of different packaging temperature on thermal-vacuum packaged Chinese steamed bread (CSB) quality under room temperature storage, the packaging temperatures of 50 °C, 70 °C and 90 °C were set respectively to study the effect on the packaging vacuum degree (VD) and starch retrogradation properties. The VD and moisture content of thermal-vacuum packaged CSB significantly increased with the increase of the packaging temperature from 50 °C to 90 °C, while the hardness of CSB decreased, and there was no significant difference in moisture migration during room temperature storage. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) indicated that CSB packaged at different temperatures formed B-type crystals, leading to an enhanced the ordered and dense state of starch structure, and the semi-crystalline growth ring structure disappeared during storage. The influence of different packaging temperatures on VD of CSB could effectively hinder the formation of ordered and dense state of CSB starch, consequently delaying the crystallization of amylopectin and inhibiting the progress of staling. The result of this study is of great significance for improving the quality of starchy foods and guiding the industrial development of Chinese steamed bread.     

Chemical changes in wheat pan bread during storage and how it affects the sensory perception of aroma,flavour, and taste

Wheat bread and whole wheat bread were stored for up to 3 weeks and specific chemical reactions were related to perceptual flavour changes as analysed by sensory profiling. Volatile and non-volatile compounds were quantified using GC–MS and HPLC. Results were examined by multivariate data analysis.     

新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系

为了给优质面包、馒头、面条专用品种选育提供品质辅助选择指标,以30份新疆冬小麦品种(包括自育品种和引进品种)为材料,分析了新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系.回归分析结果表明,小麦籽粒性状、面粉品质、面团特性、淀粉糊化特性以及面粉色泽对新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头和面条加工品质均有显著影响;面粉灰分、湿面筋、稀懈值、亮度和红度是影响面包、馒头和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;形成时间、稳定时间、延展度是影响面包和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;而籽粒性状仅对新疆冬小麦品种馒头加工品质有显著影响.相关分析结果表明,千粒重、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力、红度和黄度与面包总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.460、0.516、0.537、0.719、0.707、0.534和-0.403;籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉蛋白含量和湿面筋含量与馒头总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.397、-0.458和-0.552,面团延展度、稀懈值与面条总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.438和0.432.从以上结果可以看出,面包与面团流变学特性,馒头与蛋白质和面筋数量,面条与面团流变学特性及淀粉糊化特性的关系更为密切,这些品质性状可以作为新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头、面条加工品质改良时的辅助选择指标.     

Evaluation of partial-vacuum baking for gluten-free bread: Effects on quality attributes and storage properties

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of partial-vacuum baking on the quality and storage properties of gluten-free bread (GFB). Conventional (180°C-30 min at atmospheric pressure) and partial-vacuum (180°C-15 min at atmospheric pressure and at 180°C-15 min at 60 kPa vacuum pressure) methods were conducted to bake GFB. Quality attributes (specific volume, colour, texture, total water loss) were assessed, DSC and SEM analyses were carried out to understand the effect on the bread's microstructure when using vacuum during baking. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the hardness and specific volume of the partial-vacuum baked GFB; however, changes in the total water loss and in the total colour change were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The DSC, SEM and XRD results showed that more crystalline structure and different starch crystal types formed after partial-vacuum baking. Storage properties were also investigated over a 3-day period. Partial-vacuum baking significantly affected the total water loss and the texture parameters (p < 0.05) during storage. Partial-vacuum baked samples were softer and had a tendency to become stale more slowly than the control. The findings indicate that the partial-vacuum baking method increases the shelf life of gluten-free products by modifying the microstructure of the bread.     

Quality indices of Jew's mallow and spinach during frozen storage

In this study, Jew's mallow and spinach were heat treated and kept frozen, at –18°C, for 3 months. Analysis of some chemical components and enzymatic activities as well as a sensory evaluation were undertaken. At the end of the storage period, blanched spinach showed no PPO (polyphenyloxidase) activity at all, but still contained PO (peroxydase) and LO (lipoxygenase) activities. The untreated spinach stored under the same conditions showed high activities of PO, PPO and LO. The heat treated mallow still contained high enzyme activities which decreased slowly during frozen storage. Statistical analysis of the chemical composition and the sensory evaluation results indicated that heat treatments of mallow caused significant differences in total solids, pH, chlorophylla and total chlorophyll, while frozen storage, of samples of the same treatment for 3 months caused no significant differences in moisture, ash, oxalic acid, pH, chlorophylla and total chlorophyll. No significant differences could be noticed in the overall acceptability between mallow samples mixed with hot water and those mixed in the overall acceptability between mallow samples mixed with hot water and those mixed with a hot 0.1% MgCO₃ solution. Significant differences were found between the heat treated and the untreated mallow. Changes of the chemical composition and the overall acceptability of blanched spinach during frozen storage showed almost the same trend noticed for the Jew's mallow.     

Influence of puroindoline alleles on milling performance and qualities of Chinese noodles,steamed bread and pan bread in spring wheats

Two trials with a total of 75 spring bread wheat cultivars and advanced lines, were used to evaluate single kernel characterization system hardness, puroindoline alleles, milling yield, flour ash content, flour colour, and end-use qualities for Chinese noodles, steamed bread and pan bread. The results indicated that all International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center hard wheat lines surveyed were Pina-D1b genotype, whereas Pinb-D1b was the most common allele in the remaining cultivars. Genotypes with Pinb-D1b possess significantly lower flour ash content and higher milling yield than those of genotypes with Pina-D1b. For steamed bread, mean scores for loaf volume, crumb colour, width, structure and total score of Pinb-D1b genotypes were significantly higher than those of genotypes with Pina-D1b and wild type. For Chinese fresh white noodles, means for noodle a*, colour score, viscoelasticity and total score with Pinb-D1b were significantly higher than those of Pina-D1b and wild type. Means of loaf volume, texture and total score for Pinb-D1b genotypes were significantly higher than those of Pina-D1b genotypes. This study further illustrated the superiority of the Pinb-D1b allele on milling and processing qualities for various end products and provides useful information for wheat quality improvement.     

Crucial role of amylose in the rising of gluten- and additive-free rice bread

Gluten- and additive-free rice bread is suitable for consumption by individuals who are sensitive to gluten and prefer to avoid additives. Here, we prepared 100% rice bread, which is a gluten-free rice bread prepared in the absence of additives, using 19 rice flour samples containing amylose contents ranging from 9.6 to 22.3%. The amylose content was positively correlated with the specific volume of the 100% rice bread, whereas no correlation was observed between the protein content and the specific volume. The amylose content was also positively correlated with the specific volume of gluten-free rice bread prepared following protease treatment of the dough. The dough of 100% rice bread prepared from rice flour containing higher amylose contents was better stabilized during leavening than that prepared from rice flour containing a lower amylose content. It was therefore apparent that amylose plays an important role in the preparation of 100% rice bread with a high loaf volume through stabilization of the dough.     

1-MCP和简易气调处理对采后子芋贮藏品质的影响

针对芋艿易于腐烂、不耐贮藏的现象,采用3因子3水平正交试验设计L9(33),研究了1-MCP不同浓度(0.02、0.04、0.06 mg/kg)、简易气调(抽气、充N2和常压)和贮藏温度(6℃、10℃和室温)处理对子芋贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:10℃和室温处理的子芋腐烂指数(贮藏150 d)、还原糖含量(贮藏90 d)均显著低于6℃处理的(p0.05);10℃贮藏的子芋褐变指数显著低于6℃的(p0.05)。充N2和10℃复合处理能明显抑制子芋的氧化褐变,1-MCP和室温组合处理具增效保鲜作用。确定较佳的工艺组合为:采后子芋用0.02~0.06 mg/kg 1-MCP熏蒸处理24 h,装保鲜袋后充N2、10℃贮藏,或抽气、室温贮藏。150 d后,子芋的腐烂指数(5.6%~7.9%)、褐变指数(4.3%~9.8%)均显著低于对照(p0.05),维生素C(2.97~3.94 mg/100 g)和淀粉(24.9%~32.5%)含量明显高于对照。     

The influence of temperature extremes on some quality and starch characteristics in bread,biscuit and durum wheat

Environmental conditions during grain-fill can affect the duration of protein accumulation and starch deposition, and thus play an important role in grain yield and flour quality of wheat. Two bread-, one durum- and one biscuit wheat were exposed to extreme low (−5.5 °C for 3 h) and high (32 °C/15 °C day/night for three days) temperatures during grain filling under controlled conditions for two consecutive seasons. Flour protein content was increased significantly in one bread wheat, Kariega, under heat stress. Cold stress significantly reduced SDS sedimentation in both bread wheats. Kernel weight and diameter were significantly decreased at both stress treatments for the two bread wheats. Kernel characteristics of the biscuit wheat were thermo stable. Kernel hardness was reduced in the durum wheat for the heat treatment. Durum wheat had consistently low SDS sedimentation values and the bread wheat high values. Across the two seasons, the starch content in one bread wheat was significantly reduced by both high and low temperatures, as is reflected in the reduction of weight and diameter of these kernels. In the durum wheat, only heat caused a significant reduction in starch content, which is again reflected in the reduction of kernel weight and diameter.     

灌浆期高温胁迫对小麦灌浆特性和品质的影响

为了解小麦灌浆和品质对高温的响应,同时为小麦耐热育种筛选种质资源,选取我国北方麦区和黄淮麦区13个推广品种(系)于2013-2014年度种植在石家庄,以自然生长为对照,研究了塑料棚热胁迫处理下小麦籽粒灌浆和品质的基因型差异.结果表明,中麦895、CA0816、衡4444、京冬8号和石麦15的产量和千粒重在自然生长和热处理环境中均较高,抗热性好;在自然生长和热处理环境间中麦875的产量差异不大,但千粒重均较高,抗热性较好;衡08观29、衡观35和石优17的产量和千粒重在自然生长环境下较高,但在热处理下均较低,抗热性较差.与自然生长环境相比,热处理下小麦籽粒硬度增加,其他指标变化规律不一致,石优17的吸水率、湿面筋含量和硬度差异显著,衡08观29的蛋白质含量、延展性和湿面筋含量差异显著;灌浆高峰期自然生长下灌浆速率为1.5～1.8g· d-1,热处理下灌浆速率为1.3～1.6g·d-1.     

蒲城椽头馍与普通馒头的品质特性比较

为揭示蒲城椽头馍与普通馒头的品质差异,通过测定蒲城椽头馍和普通馒头的pH值、酸度、水分含量、比容、质构特性、扫描电镜图像(SEM)、挥发性物质等品质特性,并采用定量描述分析(QDA)方法进行感官评价,探讨了两者之间的差异性。结果表明,蒲城椽头馍的pH、酸度、水分含量、比容、质构特性与普通馒头差异显著(P0.05);蒲城椽头馍与普通馒头相比,其微观网络结构更紧密,尚有部分清晰可见的淀粉粒;蒲城椽头馍的香气、酸味、咀嚼性等感官特性的强度均高于普通馒头,甜味、弹性等感官特性的强度低于普通馒头;挥发性物质种类比普通馒头多2~10种,蒲城椽头馍的挥发性成分主要是酸类物质,而普通馒头的挥发性物质主要是醇类物质。目前,工厂化还不能完全代替手工椽头馍的生产。     

小麦品质性状杂种优势及其配合力研究

采用二组品质性状不同的12个亲本材料,通过6×6NCⅡ完全双列杂交设计,配制了36个组合,对小麦品质性状的杂种优势及其配合力进行了研究。结果表明,除谷蛋白大聚合体的平均杂种优势较大外,其它品质性状后代的平均杂种优势较小,但组合间杂种优势具有显著差异;大多数品质性状都受基因加性效应和非加性效应影响,以加性效应为主。在亲本之间、性状之间以及组合之间一般配合力效应值和特殊配合力效应值的差异均较大。除干面筋含量以外,各品质性状的亲本间和组合间方差分别达到显著或极显著差异水平。     

接种菌剂条件下玉米秸秆还田对玉米产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响

通过田间试验研究接种菌剂条件下玉米秸秆还田对玉米产量、品质以及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,除可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量、植株磷含量和吸收量以外,施肥处理各项指标均优于对照。与单施化肥处理相比,化肥配施玉米秸秆直接还田导致玉米产量、农艺性状、品质和植株氮素与钾素含量下降,但接种菌剂能够改善农艺性状,降低减产幅度,而且能够改善玉米籽品质,提高植株氮素与钾素养分含量及吸收量。不同菌剂处理间以FSB2农艺性状较好,而品质和植株养分无明显差异。另外,化肥配施玉米秸秆直接还田能够增强土壤酶活性、提高土壤养分有效性,接种菌剂时效果更佳,在土壤养分方面以FSB2效果较好,而土壤酶无明显差异。说明接种降解菌剂有利于提高秸秆还田效果。     

华南地区花生生产与品质特征的研究

为了引导和深化华南地区花生生产的区域分工,高效合理地利用农业资源,提升花生产品的质量,基于GIS技术和数理统计方法,对该区花生生产与品质特征进行了研究。结果表明:该区花生种植规模与产量在全国占有重要地位,产区相对集中,单产水平较低,增产潜力较大,花生用途区域差异明显,深加工已见雏形。受生态条件所限,生产上应用的品种主要是珍珠豆型花生,其品质属食用高蛋白、油用高脂肪,且O/L比值普遍较高,有利于增强花生制品的稳定性。在空间分布上,花生蛋白质含量分布趋势不明显,而脂肪含量由西向东逐渐降低,花生O/L比值呈现由北向南增加的趋势。海南岛地区花生O/L比值偏低,这与生育期降雨量偏低有关。气候与土壤肥力条件是影响花生蛋白质、脂肪含量及O/L比值高低和空间分布的主导因子。     

Molecular weight distribution and content of water-extractable β-glucan in rye crisp bread

Rye crisp doughs and breads were made from three rye flours with different falling numbers (i.e. different enzyme activity), with or without oat bran rich in β-glucan (OBG) added, and with different fermentation times. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of endogenous enzymes in the flour on molecular weight and content of water-extractable β-glucan in the doughs and breads. The molecular weight distribution of β-glucan was unimodal for the flours, with a calcofluor average molecular weight of about 90×10⁴ g/mol for the rye flours, and 150×10⁴ g/mol for rye flours with added OBG. The molecular weight decreased with increasing fermentation time for all doughs, but was almost unchanged during oven-baking. The calcofluor average molecular weight was highest in doughs and breads made of flour with highest falling number (i.e. lowest enzyme activity), indicating that the endogenous enzymes in the flour were responsible for the breakdown of β-glucan. During fermentation, water-extractable β-glucan was released from the insoluble matrix, probably by the endogenous enzymes in the flour. When the molecular weight of the water-extractable β-glucan decreased, they probably associated with each other or with other components in the dough to form unextractable complexes. The content of water-extractable β-glucan did not change during oven-baking.