Solute leaching in a sandy soil with a water-repellent surface layer: A simulation

Many sandy soils in the Netherlands have a water-repellent surface layer covering a wettable soil with a shallow groundwater table. Fingers form in the water-repellent surface layer and rapidly transport water and solutes to the wettable soil in which the streamlines diverge. Although several field observations are available, this system has not yet been studied systematically. In this paper, we present a model with a steady-state water flow to which solutes are added as a pulse. The model predicts the flow through the distribution zone and through the finger in the water-repellent surface layer with a closed form solution and transport in the wettable subsoil numerically. Model calculations show that the travel time through the water-repellent surface layer and the thickness and hydraulic conductivity of the wettable soil have the strongest effect on the arrival time of the solute pulse at groundwater level. The calculations also show that, assuming transport in the wettable subsoil to take place in fingers, the travel time is considerably shorter than when the diverging flow in the wettable soil is included.     

斥水膨胀土的水力稳定性

由于对斥水性黏土的斥水稳定性缺乏认识,斥水土应用仅针对斥水干砂,而干砂的力学性质较差,应用范围非常有限。为充分扩展斥水土的应用范围,该研究用十八胺对吸附性较强的膨胀土进行斥水改性,并对不同斥水度的松散膨胀土吸附水蒸气后的斥水稳定性展开研究,在此基础上进行5种膨胀土击实试样（亲水膨胀土、亲水膨胀土+亲水砂、亲水膨胀土+斥水砂、斥水膨胀土、斥水膨胀土+斥水砂）的水力稳定性研究。结果表明：水气吸附试验前不同斥水度（包括轻微斥水）的膨胀土在吸附稳定后都变成了极度斥水,且各测试点都均匀斥水。击实后的斥水膨胀土与斥水膨胀土+斥水砂试样,在较大的含水率变化范围内均表现出了斥水性。与其他试样相比,斥水膨胀土+斥水砂的水力性能最好,它使膨胀土的膨胀率从33.9%下降为3.45%,收缩裂隙度从18.75%下降为3.6%,与亲水膨胀土相比,斥水膨胀土的基质吸力与强度参数并没有出现明显的改变。膨胀土较强的吸附性及斥水团聚体的存在是斥水膨胀土产生特殊的斥水性与水力特性的主要原因。研究可为斥水性黏土在农业工程中的应用及推广提供思路,同时也为扩展斥水性土壤的应用范围提供相应的试验基础。     

砒砂岩改良风沙土对磷的吸附特性影响研究

【目的】适量砒砂岩能有效改良风沙土的吸水和保水特性,但对于砒砂岩改良风沙土的养分有效性尚不清楚。本文研究了不同用量的砒砂岩改良风沙土对磷吸附特性的影响,以期为评价改良土壤对磷的吸附特性,揭示改良土壤对磷的吸附机理和指导磷肥合理施用提供依据。【方法】本试验设计了砒砂岩和风沙土0∶100(L)、10∶90(LS1)、25∶75(LS2)、50∶50(LS3)、75∶25(LS4)、90∶10(LS5)和100∶0(S)(烘干质量比)7个不同比例的改良模式。研究了在25℃下砒砂岩不同添加量改良风沙土的磷吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,并应用吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型进行参数拟合,以揭示改良土壤对磷的吸附机理,同时分析了砒砂岩添加比例与改良土壤中磷的最大吸附量的关系。【结果】1)同一初始浓度下,随着吸附时间的延长,改良土壤对磷的吸附量呈增大趋势,24 h后逐渐达到平衡。2)吸附时间一定的情况下,随着磷初始浓度的增大,改良土壤对磷的吸附量逐渐增大,直到接近或达到吸附最大值。3)风沙土对磷的吸附量大于砒砂岩的吸附量,改良土壤中随着砒砂岩添加比例的增加,土壤对磷的吸附量呈减小趋势。4)风沙土、砒砂岩和改良土壤对磷的吸附动力学曲线符合准二级动力学模型。等温吸附曲线以Langmuir模型的拟合效果最优。5)风沙土、砒砂岩和改良土壤对磷的吸附属于均质的单层吸附,由膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制吸附反应速率,吸附机理主要是化学吸附和离子交换。6)改良土壤对磷的最大吸附量随砒砂岩添加比例的增加呈线性减小关系。在生产实践中,可通过测定砒砂岩和风沙土对磷的最大吸附量及风沙土中砒砂岩的添加比例来对改良土壤中磷的最大吸附量进行预测。【结论】砒砂岩可显著减小风沙土对磷的吸附固定,增加施入磷肥的有效性。所以当改良土壤恢复植被以后,磷肥施用初期,砒砂岩添加比例较大的改良土壤中,磷素的肥效较好。但随着植物的生长利用,各改良土壤中吸附磷素的释放效果以及磷肥肥效的持续性有待进一步研究。     

Heterogeneous solute flow in a sandy soil under a pine forest: evaluation of a modeling concept

This study investigated the heterogeneous water characteristic functions and hydraulic conductivities for a gleyic podzol under a coniferous forest 40 km northeast of Hannover, Germany. The hydraulic properties were parameterized with the van Genuchten model. Reference functions and sets of scaling factors were derived for every horizon. The scaling factors showed correlation lengths of about 0.2 m. Along a 10 m long transect the spatially variable rain throughfall as the upper boundary and the groundwater level as the lower boundary was measured. A tracer experiment was conducted for the period of main groundwater recharge. Using the independent measurements of heterogeneous hydraulic properties, we simulated the solute transport for this period with a conventional model that solves the Richards' equation for water flow and the convective dispersive equation for solute transport. We found qualitative agreement between some features of the measured and modeled solute transport such as its channel‐like structure. However, the partly preferential flow of solutes and the correspondingly large dispersivities could not be modeled.     

Consequences of slotting on the pore characteristics of a sandy soil in northeast Thailand

In the sandy soils of northeast Thailand, root development is generally limited to the topsoil (0–20 cm depth) but a simple slotting intervention (20–40 cm) significantly increased the root frequency in the slotted material (E_slot) compared with the undisturbed subsoil (E horizon). The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of slotting on the soil structure by analysing at different scales the pore characteristics of the original soil profile and of the soil material inside the slot. These characteristics were studied using bulk density measurements, image analysis of thin sections and mercury porosimetry. Our results showed that the total porosity of the E horizon and E_slot material was similar when measured in 100 cm³ cylinders, but that the pore size distribution had been changed by slotting. The unaltered E horizon contained mainly small pores characterized by a narrow distribution related to close packing of the sand grains, associated with some biological macropores probably with poor continuity as they did not contain roots despite their size. On average, pores were larger in the E_slot material, with a broader distribution resulting from looser packing of the sand grains but with fewer biological macropores. Although slotting reduced the number of biological pores, the looser packing appeared to be more favourable to root development than the presence of macropores in the E horizon. Finally, the comparison of the porosity in the different horizons with the porosity of the E_slot material, indicated the significance of the closeness of the sand packing on root development.     

改变碳输入对南亚热带海岸沙地典型天然次生林土壤呼吸的影响

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的一个重要过程,开展环境因子和改变碳输入对土壤呼吸影响的研究具有重要意义.2015年3月-2016年2月,在南亚热带海岸沙地典型天然次生林中设置去除根系、去除凋落物、加倍凋落物和对照4种处理,采用LI-8100连续观测改变碳输入对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明:改变碳输入没有显著影响l0cm土壤温度和湿度(P＞0.05);不同处理土壤呼吸速率存在明显的季节变化,表现为夏高冬低,最大值出现在5月或者6月,最小值出现在11月或12月;土壤呼吸速率的年均值为加倍凋落物＞对照＞去除根系＞去除凋落物,不同改变碳输入方式均降低了土壤呼吸的Q10值;矿质土壤呼吸、凋落物呼吸和根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献分别为41.24％、43.29％和15.45％;不同处理土壤呼吸速率分别与土壤温度和湿度呈显著的指数和线性正相关(P＜0.05),双因子模型能解释土壤呼吸变异的45％ ～ 69％;改变碳输入影响土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳,不同处理土壤呼吸速率与可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳呈正相关.因此,改变碳输入引起土壤易变碳的变化进而影响土壤呼吸.     

Nitrogen transformation from three soil organic amendments in a sandy soil

Abstract

A sandy soil was amended with various rates (20 – 320 g air-dry weight basis of the amendments per kg of air-dry soil) of chicken manure (CM), sewage sludge (SS), and incinerated sewage sludge (ISS) and incubated for 100 days in a greenhouse at 15% (wt/wt) soil water content. At the beginning of incubation, NH₄-N concentrations varied from 50 – 280 mg kg^?1 in the CM amended soil with negligible amounts of NO₃-N. Subsequently, the concentration of NH₄-N decreased while that of NO₃-N increased rapidly. In soil amended with SS at 20 – 80 g kg^?1 rates, the NO₃-N concentration increased sharply during the first 20 days, followed by a slow rate of increase over the rest of the incubation period. However, at a 160 g kg^?1 SS rate, there were three distinct phases of NO₃-N release which lasted for160 days. In the ISS amended soil, the nitrification process was completed during the initial 30 days, and the concentrations of NH₄-N and NO₃-N were lower than those for the other treatments. The mineralized N across different rates accounted for 20 – 36%, 16 – 40%, and 26 – 50% of the total N applied as CM, SS, and ISS, respectively.     

Bioavailability of triazine herbicides in a sandy soil profile

The bioavailability of atrazine was evaluated in a Danish soil profile (Drengsted) using a combination of soil sorption, transport and mineralisation methods as well as inoculation using Pseudomonas ADP. Sorption of atrazine decreased markedly with depth as indicated by K_d values of 5.2 l kg^-1 for the upper soil and 0.1 l kg^-1 for the subsoils. The transport of atrazine was evaluated using soil TLC plates and the resulting R_f values were 0.1 for the upper soil and 0.9 for the subsoil. Only a relatively small amount of atrazine leached through undisturbed soil columns taken from the upper 60 cm. Inoculating with Pseudomonas strain ADP (1᎒⁶ CFU g^-1 dry weight soil) revealed that the degradation of 0.01 ppm atrazine was fully completed (80% mineralisation) within 10 days in the subsoil, while it reached less than 15% in the upper soil. Over a period of 500 days, a total mineralisation of 37% of added atrazine in the upper soil was found (2 mg kg^-1 incubated at 20° C). However, in the subsurface soil where 0.02 mg kg^-1 of atrazine was incubated at 10°C, the degradation was slower, only reaching about 12%. Terbuthylazine mineralisation was found to be temperature-dependent and low (less than 5%) in the upper soil and very much lower in the subsoil. Desethylterbuthylazine was the most frequently found metabolite. Finally, Pseudomonas strain ADP inoculated into soils from different depths increased the mineralisation of terbuthylazine dramatically. Modelling using a "two-compartment model" indicated that desorption of terbuthylazine is the limiting step for its mineralisation.     

Nutrient leaching losses from a sandy soil in lysimeters

Abstract

Two lysimeter experiments were conducted on annual leaching losses of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), sulphate‐sulphur (SO₄‐S), and magnesium (Mg) (one experiment only) from a sandy soil in central England during 1988–1995 to provide information on typical nutrient losses under arable agriculture below 1.2 m (Experiment 1) or 1.5 m (Experiment 2). Total annual losses, in the absence of manure additions, were highly dependent on the amount of drainage; flow‐weighted average concentrations were similar between years within experiments. Concentrations, averaged over the duration of the experiments were 74 and 78 mg L^‐1 Ca, 17 and 27 mg L^‐1 Na, 11 and 8 mg L^‐1 K, 74 and 77 mg L^‐1 Cl, and 57 and 38 mg L^‐1 SO₄‐S for the two experiments respectively; Mg concentration was 17 mg L^‐1. Applications of chicken litter were made to some of the lysimeters in the last three years, and all nutrients showed increased leaching as a result. Application rates akin to disposal (rather than for crop fertilization) produced the largest losses. Following a total application of 125 t ha^‐1 over three years, average concentrations in water draining below 1.5 m in the final year were 57 and 277 mg L^‐1 Ca, 22 and 75 mg L^‐1 Cl, 7 and 14 mg L^‐1 K, 22 and 57 mg L^‐1 Na, 27, and 125 mg L^‐1 SO₄‐S for the untreated and manured soils, respectively.     

沙岸木麻黄防护林不同更新模式土壤结构分形特征及其效应

运用分形模型对滨海沙地木麻黄防护林10种更新模式土壤结构进行研究,探讨了分形维数与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明,沙质土壤小径级沙粒含量越大,土壤结构分形维数越大,土壤肥力越高,保水能力越强。土壤结构分形维数与土壤小径级颗粒含量及其他理化性质指标均存在显著回归关系。木麻黄、刚果12#桉、厚荚相思和湿地松顺序排列多行混交模式土壤结构分形维数最大,其改土效果最明显,为最优更新模式。分形模型在沙质土壤肥力研究上应用为木麻黄防护林更新模式选择提供了新思路。     

Spatial heterogeneity of a microbial community in a sandy soil ecosystem

A fieldwork was carried out in Caesarea sand dunes, Israel, to determine the influence of fine-scale landscape-patch abiotic-factor heterogeneity on microbial activity in a Mediterranean region. Soil organisms in terrestrial systems are unevenly distributed in time and space, and are often aggregated. Spatio-temporal patchiness in the soil environment is thought to be crucial for the maintenance of soil biodiversity, providing diverse microhabitats that are tightly interwoven with resource partitioning. Determination of a ‘scale unit’ to help understand ecological processes has become one of the important and most debatable problems in recent years. To better understand the distribution of soil microbial communities at multiple spatial scales, a survey was conducted to examine the spatial organization of the community structure in two sandy soil ecosystems. One-hundred forty-four soil samples were collected from two patches 4000 m apart from each other. Basal respiration (CO₂ evolution without the addition of any external substrate), microbial biomass, functional diversity, and community-level physiological profile (CLPP) in soil were measured with a MicroResp? system. Soil abiotic analysis was performed by soil standard analytical methods. The results demonstrated that bacterial distributions can be highly structured, even within a habitat that appears to be relatively homogeneous at the plot and field scale. Different subsets of the microbial community were distributed differently across the plot. This is due to spatial heterogeneity associated with soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Although spatial variability in the distribution of soil microorganisms is generally regarded as random, this variability often has a predictable spatial structure. This study provided evidence that a spatially explicit approach to soil ecology can enable the identification of factors that drive the spatial heterogeneity of populations and activities of soil organisms, at scales ranging from meters to hundreds of meters. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that spatial soil ecology can yield new insights into the factors that maintain and regulate soil biodiversity, as well as on how the spatial distribution of soil organisms influences plant growth and plant community structure.     

Organic carbon dynamics in soil particle-size separates of sandy Spodosols when forest is cleared for maize cropping

In southwest France, much of the forest lands on sandy Spodosols has been converted to continuous maize cropping in the last few decades. To evaluate the impacts of such change on the content and properties of the soil organic matter, we compared the amount of organic carbon and ¹³C natural abundance in soil and particle-size separates at three locations, selected on the basis of different contents of 0–50 μm particles (clay + silt). After three decades of cultivation, the amount of carbon from the forest pools ( C _f) decreased by about 60%, attributable mainly to easily degradable material in sand-sized fractions (−70%). However, a recalcitrant residue remained in soil at a constant proportion, showing that organic matter in these fractions is heterogeneous. Organic matter in the clay + silt fraction was relatively resistant, decreasing by only 20% after 30 years of cultivation. Intensive agricultural management has homogenized the characteristics of the soil and the mineralization of the organic matter, which has resulted in a long-term convergence of organic carbon from the three locations. However, small natural variations in fine particle content were associated with significant differences in the accumulation of carbon in soil. The protective capacity of the soil depended on the proportion of clay + silt fraction, which stabilized the organic matter. Furthermore, the degree of saturation of this fraction with original carbon from forest and its rate of decomposition determined the soil's capacity to accumulate newly added carbon derived from maize.     

Compaction of sandy forest soils by forwarder operations

Soil compaction by repeated passes of a loaded forwarder (a log-carrying vehicle with a gross weight of 26 tonnes) was measured on 2 coarse-textured soils in pine plantations under wet conditions. On soil that was previously undisturbed, the depth of wheel ruts increased linearly with the logarithm of the number of passes, up to 19 cm for 27 passes. On old tracks, which had been used previously only for thinning operations, new ruts were formed to a depth of 5 cm.Penetrometer resistance increased 2–3 fold in the previously undisturbed soil, but decreases in resistance were measured on the old tracks, where the initial values exceeded 5 MPa. Changes in the physical properties of the soil occurred to a depth of at least 70 cm. Soil bulk density increased under all tracks and reached about the same final value on the old tracks and on the initially undisturbed soil. A moderate decrease in saturated hydraulic conductivity and an increase in water retention at 10 kPa was measured.The compacted soil is likely to be restrictive to root growth. The possibility of reducing soil compaction by reducing ground pressure from the machine was assessed on the basis of laboratory measurements of soil strength and compressibility. It is argued from the results that the use of wider, low-pressure tyres would be beneficial on these unusual compactible sands, but this would have to be evaluated in further field trials.     

Measurements and modeling of tracer transport in a sandy soil

A physically-based dual-porosity model of water and solute transport under transient field conditions was used to simulate³H transport in seven undisturbed monoliths of a coarse-textured sand under bare soil conditions over a period of 15 months. A double-tracer application of³H and³⁶Cl was performed to test whether sidewall flow occurred in this experimental set-up. The objectives of this study were: to identify any impacts of preferential flow in this type of soil, to quantify³H losses from the soil due to evaporation, and to assess the suitability and relative behavior of³H and³⁶Cl as tracers of water. The model input parameter values were obtained by a combination of direct measurements and model calibration. One domain flow simulations of water flow and tracer concentrations in seepage agreed fairly well with those observed, indicating convective-dispersive behavior in this sandy soil. From the observed tracer and water balance for the entire observation period, the recovery of³H and³⁶Cl in seepage was 33 and 91% respectively, with 67% of the applied H lost by evaporation. Both³H and³⁶Cl broke through in seepage simultaneously, showing that³⁶Cl is equally suitable as a tracer of water as³H. The double-tracer test showed that sidewall flow did not occur.     

干旱风沙区农田防护林网空间风速与地表风蚀特征

为准确了解和评价干旱风沙区在典型大风环境下农田防护林空间风速分布,以及林网内风蚀状况,分别利用三杯风速仪和诱捕法,对干旱风沙区盐池县农田防护林网空间风速与地表风蚀特征开展了林网内不同水平距离内的距地表50、200 cm高度风速分布与地表风蚀状况监测。研究表明:1)随着防护距离的逐渐增大,风蚀量呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,而风速变化规律正好相反;50和200 cm高度的风速变化规律均一致,均呈先逐渐降低后逐渐升高的变化,以12H处对风力减小作用最明显,50和200 cm高度的风速降幅分别达到了51%和46%;林带防风效益与距离呈先增加后减小趋势,以12H(12倍的防护林带树高,下同)处200 cm高度最佳,为53.65%;侵蚀模数由林带内的轻度、1H处的强度到3H、7H处的剧烈,12H处为极强度,以3H处最大,为21 944.62 t/km~2。2)沙粒粒径以73.99、87.99、104.6μm区间为主,其中82.53%~99.93%沙粒均集中在248.9μm以下,为细沙粒,而旷野对照组沙粒粒径主要集中在104.6~148μm,沙粒明显较粗。因此,干旱风沙区沙质农田防护林网在典型大风日内对风速的减缓非常有效。但由于林网内沙物质源丰富,风蚀现象依然严重,对当地沙尘暴发生影响较大。该研究对准确掌握当地林网风蚀,科学评价林网防护功能等有一定的借鉴作用。     

非饱和砂质黏性紫色土崩解特性及MICP加固试验

砂质黏性紫色土遇水极易崩解是导致西南山区土壤侵蚀流失等水土灾害的重要原因,为揭示其崩解规律和机制,改善土体的崩解性,采用自制崩解测量仪对不同初始干密度、含水率及颗粒级配条件下的紫色土进行浸水崩解试验,并从非饱和有效应力角度分析了其崩解演化机制,在此基础上,通过扫描电镜（Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM）探讨利用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation,MICP）加固技术对紫色土崩解性的改善效果。结果表明：1）紫色土浸水崩解全过程包含排气吸水期、平衡期、崩解发展期、崩解残余期4个阶段;2）崩解率与平均崩解速率随初始干密度及含水率的增大而减小,且细颗粒含量越高,平均崩解速率越大;3）紫色土浸水后非饱和有效应力的衰减过程受初始饱和度的影响较大,平均崩解速率随初始饱和度的增大呈指数函数衰减;4）MICP加固土的崩解率和平均崩解速率相较于素土分别下降了73～97个百分点和84%～99%,固化沉积的碳酸钙晶体使土体结构中的微裂隙与大孔隙大幅减少,形成较为致密的孔隙结构,大幅增强了粒间胶结强度,使土体抗崩解性能明显提升。MICP技术可以作为西南山区紫色土水土灾害防治的有效措施。     

基于离散元法的贯入圆锥对沙土颗粒运动特性分析

为了预测土壤颗粒在圆锥指数仪贯入沙土过程中的运动特性,该文通过建立一个三维长方体料床模型用离散元法模拟了圆锥贯入沙土的全过程,讨论了料床指定初始位置上颗粒的运动轨迹,还将料床的位移场按照位移量大小分成4个区,分析了料床的横向、纵向以及合成的位移场,最后给出了不同贯入深度的料床速度场及力链分布规律。研究结果显示:受到圆锥向下贯入和左右壁面阻挡的共同作用,大多数颗粒在圆锥贯入过程中以纵向移动为主,横向上体现为近似线性梯度的受限扩散式移动,尤以锥尖附近的横向位移最明显;颗粒在纵向上均经历了先向下运动再向上运动的过程,在圆锥贯入过程中料床的纵向位移场,作为向上和向下位移区的分界线,一条"衣领"带状区域的颗粒近似静止;越靠近锥尖附近的颗粒接触力和速度越大,且随着贯入深度的增加,锥尖处的接触力增大。该文的研究为土壤圆锥指数实地测量时测量点间距的取值提供理论依据。     

沙地整治下榆林土地利用及土壤有机质时空分异特征

毛乌素沙地是典型的生态脆弱区,近年来针对其在榆林境内的沙地整治利用取得显著成效,也对土壤环境产生了深刻影响。为了探究沙地不同整治利用方式对土壤有机质的影响,该研究选取榆林市显性沙地,利用多光谱遥感影像及相关光谱指数,结合沙地土地利用变化特征,通过XGBoost机器学习方法,反演1990-2020年土壤有机质含量;分析不同土地类型下土壤有机质含量变化,通过半变异函数揭示了其空间变异性,厘清人为因素和自然环境的影响程度。结果表明,30 a间榆林5 460 km2沙地中超过半数得到整治和利用,沙地-草地是最主要的地类转变方式,建设用地面积增长最迅速;沙区土壤有机质含量上升,但整体呈现先增加后降低的趋势,有机质均值由0.34%增长至0.79%,近10年降低至0.51%;榆林沙区土壤有机质具有较强的空间自相关性。起初,人为利用对其有积极作用,但随着沙地的利用强度增大,对土壤有机质产生负向作用,进而致使其含量下降,面临土地退化危机。建议加强退化林草的修复改良,放缓建设用地开发力度,研究以期为沙地整治提供理论和实践借鉴意义,保护榆林沙地土壤环境安全。