早期断奶仔猪蛋白质营养研究进展

早期断奶最大障碍在于仔猪的消化机能不健全而对饲料的要求特别高。本文结合早期断奶仔猪消化生理特点，介绍了仔猪断奶后氨基酸营养的需要和各种蛋白质饲料原料的营养价值，为调制由母乳过渡到仔猪日粮且不影响仔猪生长率的蛋白质饲粮提供参考。     

早期断奶仔猪蛋白质营养研究进展

早期断奶最大障碍在于仔猪的消化机能不健全而对饲料的要求特别高。本文结合早期断奶仔猪消化生理特点，介绍了仔猪断奶后氨基酸营养的需要和各种蛋白质饲料原料的营养价值，为调制由母乳过渡到仔猪日粮且不影响仔猪生长率的蛋白质饲粮提供参考。     

早期断奶仔猪蛋白质营养需要研究

仔猪早期断奶已成为集约化、规模化养殖生产中所采取的一项重要手段,虽然早期断奶技术可以提高母猪生产性能,也有利于提高仔猪的成活率,但是伴之而来的腹泻、生长迟缓、消化不良、免疫力低下等仔猪“早期断奶综合症”严重影响了养猪业的经济效益,这一问题迄今还没有彻底解决。仔猪断奶综合症发生的原因包括很多方面,比如动物心理、环境以及营养等改变所产生的应激作用,经过多年的研究表明,营养性因素特别是饲粮蛋白质（CP）水平是引起仔猪早期断奶综合症的主要因素。本文从饲粮CP组成及水平对断奶仔猪腹泻及机体免疫的影响以及早期断奶仔猪CP需要量方面作一阐述,为养猪生产者提供一定的理论依据。     

早期断奶仔猪蛋白质及矿物质的营养需要

早期断奶仔猪消化道酶系发育尚未健全，胃内pH值升高，易发腹泻，低蛋白氨基酸平衡日粮可显著降低仔猪断奶后腹泻和提高仔猪的生长速度，第一限制性氨基酸，赖氨酸在日粮中的含量以1．65－1．80％为最佳，日粮中的蛋白质原料以动物性蛋白质为主，添加饲用酸化剂，脂肪，酶制剂和抑菌促生长剂都能提高全猪对蛋白质的消化率和减少腹泻发生，日粮中钙水平控制在0．58％－0．80％之，高铜日粮能提高猪的日增重和饲料效率，高锌和含砷制剂日粮能促进仔猪食欲，减少腹泻发生。     

早期断奶仔猪蛋白质及矿物质的营养需要

仔猪断奶是养猪生产中非常重要的环节，是制约养猪生产效益的重要因素。随着养猪生产水平的提高，仔猪断奶日龄日趋缩短(从传统的60Et龄缩短到21～28日龄)，早期断奶不但可以缩短母猪的产仔间隔，提高母猪的利用强度，还可以防止仔猪被压死，切断仔猪最初感染源(母猪)，有利于提高仔猪     

早期断奶仔猪蛋白质营养需要

仔猪断奶是养猪生产中非常重要的环节，是制约养猪生产效益的重要因素。随着养猪生产水平的提高，仔猪断奶日龄日趋缩短(从传统的60日龄缩短到21～28日龄)。早期断奶不但可以缩短母猪的产子间隔、提高母猪的利用强度，还可以防止仔猪被压死，切断仔猪最初感染源(母猪)。有利于提高仔猪成活率和生长速度。但由于仔猪消化系统尚未发育成熟，因此能否配出一个既经济又能减轻“早期断奶综合症”的日粮，使仔猪能顺利完成从母乳到断奶日粮的过度，同时又能维持最大的生长速度，是一个配方师所面临的最大挑战。本文就早期断奶仔猪的消化生理特点、…     

早期断奶仔猪蛋白质及矿物质的营养需要

早期断奶仔猪消化道酶系发育尚未健全，胃内pH值升高，易发腹泻。低蛋白氨基酸平衡日粮可显著降低仔猪断奶后腹泻和提高仔猪的生长速度，第一限制性氨基酸，赖氨酸在日粮中的含量以1．65％。1．80％为最佳，日粮中的蛋白质原料以动物性蛋白质为主，添加饲用酸化剂、脂肪、酶制剂和抑菌促生长剂都能提高仔猪对蛋白质的消化率和减少腹泻发生。日粮中钙水平控制在0．58％-0．80％之间。高铜日粮能提高仔猪的日增重和饲料效率。高锌和含砷制剂日粮能促进仔猪食欲，减少腹泻发生。     

早期断奶仔猪的蛋白质营养研究

早期断奶是指区别于传统的28～35日龄或更大日龄断奶，一般称在21日龄以内断奶为早期断奶。新生仔猪能够充分利用乳中简单的碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质，但对于饲料中植物来源的大分子并不能很好的消化利用。此外，早期断奶尤其是超早期断奶的仔猪，消化机能不健全，消化系统尚未发育成熟，且受心理和环境等应激的影响，常表现出厌食或拒食、消化机能紊乱、腹泻、水肿、生长迟滞和饲料利用率低等所谓的“仔猪早期断奶综合征”。从而严重影响了养猪业的经济效益，这个问题迄今还没有得到彻底解决，其中导致仔猪早期断奶综合征的主要因素是营养应激。现就早期断奶仔猪的蛋白质营养研究进行综述。     

早期断奶仔猪的营养需要研究进展

随着规模化、集约化养猪生产的发展 ,为了提高母猪生产力和栏舍利用率 ,生产上对仔猪实行早期断奶 (3～ 4周龄 ) ,从而提高母、仔畜的生产力 ,增加经济效益。然而早期断奶的仔猪由于受心理、环境及营养应激的影响 ,常常会表现出一系列的不良现象 ,如厌食或拒食、消化机能紊乱、腹泻水肿、生长迟滞、饲料利用率低等所谓的“仔猪早期断奶综合症” ,从而严重影响了养猪业的经济效益。因此 ,本文从早期断奶仔猪的消化生理、免疫系统的发育演变的特点出发 ,就早期断奶仔猪的营养需要的研究进展及当前对克服断奶应激所采取的种种措施 ,特别是如何…     

Effect of salmon protein hydrolysate and spray-dried plasma protein on growth performance of weanling pigs

Two experiments, each consisting of 2 trials, were conducted to determine the effect of salmon protein hydrolysate (SPH) and spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) fed during the first week postweaning and their subsequent effect on the growth performance of weanling pigs. Pigs were fed in a 3-phase feeding program with durations of 7 d for phase 1 in both Exp. 1 and 2; 14 or 15 d for phase 2 in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively; and 7 or 8 d for phase 3 in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Dietary treatments were fed only during phase 1, whereas the same diet was fed to all pigs in phases 2 and 3. Pigs were blocked by initial BW and sex, and littermates were balanced across treatments. Data from the 2 trials within each experiment were combined and analyzed together; no treatment × trial interactions (P > 0.10) were observed. In Exp. 1, a total of 324 weanling pigs (10 replications of 5 or 6 pigs per pen) with an average initial BW of 6.4 ± 1.3 kg were assigned to 1) a control diet with no SPH or SDPP, 2) 1.5% SPH, 3) 3.0% SPH, 4) 1.5% SDPP, 5) 3.0% SDPP, or 6) 1.5% SPH + 1.5% SDPP. Experiment 2 was similar to Exp. 1, but red blood cells were removed from all diets to reduce diet complexity. In Exp. 2, weanling pigs (n = 320, 14 replications of 5 or 6 pigs per pen) with an average initial BW of 5.4 ± 1.2 kg were assigned to 1) a control diet with no SPH or SDPP, 2) 1.5% SPH, 3) 1.5% SDPP, or 4) 1.5% SPH + 1.5% SDPP. Three batches of SPH were used, and each batch was analyzed for AA composition. In Exp. 1, the inclusion of SDPP or SPH during phase 1 did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG, ADFI, or G:F compared with those of pigs fed the control diet. No carryover effects on growth performance were observed in any of the subsequent phases. Overall, G:F was greater (P = 0.08) in pigs fed the 1.5% diets compared with those fed the 3.0% diets. In Exp. 2, no differences (P > 0.10) were observed in ADG, ADFI, or G:F among pigs fed the SPH or SDPP diets compared with those of pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed the combined diet had greater (P < 0.10) overall ADFI compared with that of pigs fed the control diet, but ADFI was similar to that of pigs fed the SPH and SDPP diets. These results indicate that inclusion of up to 3% SDPP or SPH in diets fed during the first week postweaning did not affect the growth performance of weanling pigs, and no subsequent carryover effects were observed. Salmon protein hydrolysate did not affect the growth performance of weanling pigs and may be considered an alternative protein source in diets for weanling pigs.     

Influences of lipopolysaccharide-induced immune challenge on performance and whole-body protein turnover in weanling pigs

The objective of this study is to characterize the influence of immune stress induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on protein utilization and turnover for early-weaned pigs. A total of 15, crossbred weanling pigs (initial body weight 10.15 ± 0.39 kg) were assigned to one of three treatments. Pigs were injected with LPS and fed ad libitum (LPS-challenge), or injected with endotoxin-free physiological salt solution (PSS) and fed ad libitum (control), or injected with PSS and fed the same amount of feed as LPS-challenged pigs (pair-feed). All pigs received a 4-d nitrogen balance trial. On d 1 and 3 of the trial, LPS-challenged pigs were injected intramuscularly with 200 μg/kg BW of LPS dissolved in 1 ml PSS. Pigs in other treatments were injected with 1 ml PSS. ¹⁵N-Glycine (5 mg/kg BW) was gastrically infused after the second injection. Feces and urine were collected daily to determine the N output throughout the duration of the trial. Lymphocyte blastogenesis (LB) and serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) were also detected to illustrate the LPS-induced immune responses. Results indicated that the injection of LPS significantly (P < 0.01) elevated the LB and resulted in lower average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI) and efficiency of feed utilization than control pigs. Pair-fed pigs had higher performance than LPS-challenged pig but poorer than control pigs. Injection of LPS also resulted in significantly (P < 0.01) lower nitrogen intake and efficiency of utilization than controls, and more fecal N excretion than Pair-fed pigs (3.19 ± 0.85 vs. 2.19 ± 0.67 g/d, P < 0.05). The whole-body nitrogen flux (4.34 ± 0.19 vs. 11.35 ± 0.12 g N/kg BW^0.75/d) and N accretion (5.57 ± 0.59 vs. 10.17 ± 1.12 g Pr/kg BW^0.75/d) were acutely (P < 0.01) reduced as the feed intake decreased, but there was no significant difference between LPS-challenged and pair-fed pigs. Injection of LPS markedly (P < 0.05) increased the protein degradation (16.76 ± 1.09 vs. 14.53 ± 1.24 g N/kg BW^0.75/d). It is concluded that LPS-induced immune challenge depresses growth performance and feed utilization efficiency by enhancing protein degradation rate and decreasing protein utilization for body protein retention.     

环磷酰胺对断奶仔猪免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在探讨环磷酰胺(CY)对断奶仔猪免疫功能的影响。选取12头(28±3)d的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分为对照组和CY组。第1天和第7天,给CY组仔猪注射50mg/kg BW的CY,对照组仔猪注射等量的生理盐水;第7天和第14天,前腔静脉采血待测;第14天,测定迟发型超敏反应。结果表明:(1)CY可降低第7天断奶仔猪的中性粒细胞数量(P0.1)及第14天白细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞(P0.05)和单核细胞数量(P0.1);(2)CY可降低第14天牛血清白蛋白抗体水平(P0.05);(3)CY可降低第7天干扰素-γ水平(P0.05)。本研究结果表明,CY可抑制断奶仔猪的免疫功能。     

Performance, intestinal microflora, and wall morphology of weanling pigs fed sodium butyrate

Adding organic acids to piglet diets is known to be helpful in overcoming postweaning syndrome, and butyric acid is known to be the main energy source for the epithelial cells of the large intestine and the terminal ileum. This study investigated the effect of sodium butyrate (SB) on in vitro and in vivo swine microflora, piglet growth performance, and intestinal wall morphology. During a 24-h in vitro cecal fermentation, total gas production and maximal rate of gas production were reduced linearly by SB (P < 0.001). Ammonia in cecal liquor was increased linearly by SB after 4, 8, and 24 h of fermentation (P < 0.001). In the in vivo study, 48 piglets housed in individual crates were allotted to 4 treatment groups (12 animals per treatment) for 6 wk. Piglets received a basal diet with a) no addition (control), or with SB at b) 1,000 ppm, c) 2,000 ppm, or d) 4,000 ppm. After 6 wk, 6 animals per treatment were killed, and samples of intestinal content and mucosa were collected. Sodium butyrate did not improve the animal growth performance. In the cecum, SB increased pH and isobutyric acid concentration (linear, P < 0.05) and tended to increase ammonia concentration (P = 0.056). Intestinal counts of clostridia, enterobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria as well as intestinal mucosal morphology were not affected by feeding SB. This study showed that SB influenced the cecal microflora in an in vitro system, reducing the total gas production but increasing ammonia concentrations. When fed to piglets, SB did not improve the animal growth performance, increased cecal pH, and tended to increase cecal ammonia concentrations. Further studies will be needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the effects observed when SB is fed to piglets.     

Effects of a whey protein product and spray-dried animal plasma on growth performance of weanling pigs

Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a high-protein, whey protein product (WPP; 73% CP, 6.8% lysine, 12.8% fat, and 5% lactose) and spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) on growth performance of weanling pigs. In all experiments, pigs were fed experimental diets from d 0 to 14 after weaning in a pelleted form and then a common diet in meal form for the remainder of the experiment. Dietary treatments were established by substituting WPP or SDAP for dried skim milk (Exp. 1) or soybean meal (Exp. 2, 3, 4, and 5) in the control diet. In Exp. 1, we maintained a constant level of lactose in all diets by adjusting the amount of added crystalline lactose. The amount of lactose in diets used in Exp. 2 through 5 varied slightly by the addition of WPP. In Exp. 1 and 2, 180 weanling pigs (initially 5.8 kg and 19 +/- 1 d of age or 5.5 kg and 17 +/- 1 d of age, respectively) were used. Treatment diets contained SDAP (2.5 and 5%) or WPP (2.7 and 5.4% in Exp.1, and 2.5 or 5.0% in Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, from d 0 to 7 after weaning, ADG and ADFI increased with increasing SDAP (linear, P < .01). No other treatment effects were observed during the d 0 to 14 period. In Exp. 2, from d 0 to 14 after weaning, ADG and G:F increased (linear, P < .04) with increasing SDAP or WWP. In Exp. 3, 305 weanling pigs (initially 4.1 kg and 12 +/- 1 d of age) were used. The control diet contained 2.5% SDAP. The experimental diets were similar to the control diet but contained an additional 2.5 or 5.0% SDAP or 2.5 or 5.0% WPP. From d 0 to 14 after weaning, ADG, ADFI, and G:F increased (quadratic, P < .05) with increasing SDAP up to 5.0%. Increasing WPP increased ADG (quadratic, P < .07) and ADFI (linear, P < .09). In Exp. 4 and 5, 329 and 756 weanling pigs (initially 4.1 kg and 12 +/- 1 d of age and 5.2 kg and 18 +/- 1 d of age, respectively) were fed diets in which WPP was substituted for 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% (Exp. 4) or 0, 50, and 100% (Exp. 5) of the SDAP in the control diet. In Exp. 4 and 5, from d 0 to 14 after weaning, pigs fed a 1:1 blend of each protein source had better ADG (quadratic, P < .04) than those only fed SDAP. In conclusion, WPP can be used in combination with or as a total replacement for SDAP in diets for weanling pigs without reducing performance.     

Taste aversion learning in suckling and weanling pigs

Pigs are able to learn to avoid a novel flavor that has previously been associated with gastrointestinal malaise. Suckling pigs were allowed to nurse from maple syrup coated teats and then were injected with 0.3 M LiCl i.p. Littermates controls were injected with 0.9% NaCl. Three days later the LiCl treated piglets did not ingest as much milk from maple syrup coated teats as their littermate controls. Weanling pigs were treated with 0.05 mg/kg apomorphine i. v. or 0.3 M LiCl 5 ml/kg intraduodenally immediately after their first meal of maple flavored feed. When maple flavored feed was offered to them again several days later they ate less than they did initially and less than controls which had been treated with 0.9% NaCl after their first maple flavored meal. The implications of taste, aversion learning in pigs for both research and swine production are discussed.Supported by N. S. F. Grant BNS 77-16510 NIH Grant AM-17601     

Studies on the pathogenesis of Salmonella heidelberg infection in weanling pigs

Experiments were conducted to define the pathogenic potential of Salmonella heidelberg in weanling pigs. Oral inoculation with S heidelberg resulted in severe catarrhal enterocolitis with accumulation of large amounts of fluid in the small intestine and colon. Salmonella heidelberg was demonstrated, with fluorescence microscopy and bacteriologic cultural techniques, to colonize the ileum, to invade ileal mucosal enterocytes, and to reach mesenteric lymph nodes and extraintestinal tissues by 8 hours. In 5 pigs, intestinal loops were surgically prepared and inoculated with S heidelberg (to determine its invasiveness). Microscopically, there were atrophy of villi, erosion of enterocytes, and neutrophilic infiltration in the lamina propria. Ultrastructurally, intracellular bacteria were demonstrated in villous and cryptal enterocytes, as well as in macrophages of the lamina propria. Bacteria were morphologically intact, occurred free and membrane-bound and caused no detectable cytotoxic effect to the cell.     

Effect of mannan oligosaccharides on growth performance of weanling pigs

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of mannan oligosaccharides (provided by Bio-Mos [BM], a product containing a minimum of 28% glucomannoprotein from S. cerevisiae) on growth performance of nursery pigs. Treatments were replicated with five to six pens of four to five pigs each. Initial BW ranged from 4.7 to 5.4 kg, and pigs were weaned at 16 to 20 d of age. Experiments 1, 2, and 4 consisted of Phase 1 (7 to 8 d), Phase 2 (12 to 14 d), and Phase 3 (7 to 8 d) periods, but Exp. 3 consisted only of Phase 1 (7 d) and 2 (14 d) periods. The diets for Phase 1, 2, and 3 contained 1.6, 1.5, and 1.1% Lys, respectively. The treatments in Exp. 1 were 0, 0.20, and 0.30% BM, which did not affect growth performance. The treatments in Exp. 2 were two levels of excess Zn (0 and 3,000 ppm) and three levels of BM (0, 0.20, and 0.30%) in a 2 x 3 factorial. Excess Zn increased (P < 0.08) ADG and ADFI in Phase 2 and 3 and overall. The 0.20% BM addition increased ADG (Phase 3 and overall) and ADFI (Phase 2 and overall) in the absence of excess Zn but did not affect or decreased these response variables in the presence of excess Zn (Zn x BM quadratic, P < 0.08). Experiment 3 was similar to Exp. 2, but the 0.30% BM addition was not used. Excess Zn decreased (P < 0.09) ADG in Phase 1 but increased (P < 0.09) ADG and ADFI in Phase 2. The BM decreased (P < 0.03) overall ADFI but increased Phase 2 and overall ADG and gain:feed (GF) in the absence of excess Zn but not in the presence of excess Zn (Zn x BM, P < 0.07). The BM decreased ADFI during Phase 2, but the decrease was greater in pigs fed excess Zn (Zn x BM, P < 0.07). Experiment 4 evaluated the interactive effects of the antibiotic (oxytetracycline and neomycin) and BM and of Zn and BM. Antibiotic (no excess Zn) increased (P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI in Phases 2 and 3 and overall. The BM addition decreased ADG and GF in Phase 2 when the antibiotic was not in the diet but increased ADG when the antibiotic was in the diet (antibiotic x BM, P < 0.05). Excess Zn increased (P < 0.07) ADG and ADFI during Phases 2 and 3 and overall. In Phase 2, the 0.20% BM decreased GF when excess Zn was not added to the diet but increased GF when Zn was included (Zn x BM, P < 0.03). Mannan oligosaccharides improved pig performance in some instances during Phase 2 when fed in combination with an antibiotic and no excess dietary Zn, but it had no effect or negative effects in the presence of excess Zn or in the absence of an antibiotic.     

First-pass splanchnic metabolism of dietary cysteine in weanling pigs

Cysteine is a semi-indispensable AA in neonates and is synthesized from the indispensable AA, methionine, by transsulfuration. We previously showed that the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a metabolically important site of methionine transsulfuration to cysteine, yet the metabolic fate of dietary cysteine in the GIT has not been established. Cysteine use by gut epithelial cells may play an important role for maintenance of glutathione synthesis and cellular redox function. Our aim was to quantify the extent of gastrointestinal first-pass cysteine metabolism in young pigs. Four-week-old weanling pigs (n = 10) were fed a liquid milk-replacer diet and given an intragastric and intravenous [1-(13)C]cysteine infusion on 2 separate days in a crossover design. Arterial and portal blood samples were collected for cysteine isotopic enrichment by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and for (13)CO(2) enrichment by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Our results indicated that dietary cysteine is metabolized during its first-pass splanchnic metabolism, accounting for about 40% of dietary cysteine intake. We also showed that intestinal absorption was the major metabolic fate of dietary cysteine, representing about 75% of intake, indicating that the GIT utilizes 25% of the dietary cysteine intake. Thus, utilization by the GIT represents about one-half (approximately 53%) of the first-pass, splanchnic uptake of dietary cysteine. Moreover, a substantial proportion of dietary splanchnic cysteine metabolism was consumed by the GIT via nonoxidative pathways. We conclude that the gut utilizes 25% of the dietary cysteine intake and that synthesis of mucosal epithelial proteins, such as glutathione and mucin, are a major nonoxidative metabolic fate for cysteine.