水稻籽粒氮代谢几个关键酶对花后高温胁迫的响应及其与贮藏蛋白积累关系

以早籼水稻嘉935和嘉353为材料,利用人工气候箱设高温(32℃)和适温(22℃)处理,探讨了高温对水稻籽粒氮代谢关键酶活性的影响及其与籽粒粗蛋白含量和各种氨基酸组成间的关系,并结合荧光定量PCR对水稻籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS) 2个同工型基因的表达及其温度响应进行了检测分析。结果表明,花后高温处理对谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)的影响基本一致,均表现灌浆前期升高、后期下降的趋势,但花后高温处理下水稻籽粒中粗蛋白总量和各类氨基酸含量的增加,并不一定是其籽粒氮素物质的转运能力和蛋白质合成能力的增强所致;谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)在高温处理下的生理活性普遍高于其相应时期的低温处理,其中,GS2是GS基因在水稻胚乳中高表达的一种同工型,在水稻灌浆后期的表达量甚至超过GS1,高温胁迫处理会通过改变GS1和GS2基因在籽粒中的转录水平,从而对水稻籽粒灌浆中后期的GS活性产生调控。     

The Differences in Grain Weight and Quality Within a Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Panicle as Affected by Panicle Type and Source-sink Relation

The effects of panicle type and source‐sink relation on the variation in grain weight (GW) and quality within a panicle were investigated using four japonica (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in grain density and two source‐sink adjusting treatments. There were significant differences in GW and filling grain percentage (FGP) among superior and inferior grains for compact‐panicle varieties (Xiushui 994 and Xiushui 63), while not for loose‐panicle ones (Xiushui 11 and Chunjiang 15). The floret‐removal treatment significantly improved the development of inferior florets and reduced the differences in FGP and GW between superior and inferior grains for the compact‐panicle variety, while leaf‐deleting treatment reduced FGP and GW of both superior and inferior grains. For the loose‐panicle varieties, the two treatments had little effect. The difference in chalky grain percentage (CGP) and amylose content (AC) between the two kinds of florets was larger in compact‐panicle varieties than in loose‐panicle ones. Both floret‐removal and leaf‐deleting treatments caused the changes in CGP and AC of superior or inferior grains for compact‐panicle varieties, but not for loose‐panicle ones. The difference in starch content (SC) between superior and inferior grains was much larger for Xiushui 994 than for Xiushui 11, and the two varieties differed in the response of SC to the change of source‐sink relation. The differences in AGP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPG‐Ppase), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and soluble starch synthase (SSS) activities between the two kinds of grains were basically same for the two varieties, with superior being higher than inferior ones at early filling stage and smaller at later stage. In floret‐removal treatment, the activities of ADPG‐PPase, SSS, and SBE in superior grains of Xiushui 994 decreased at early filling stage and increased at middle or later stages. Meanwhile, the activities of SSS and SBE in both kinds of grains at early filling stage, and of ADPG‐PPase and granule‐bound starch synthase (GBSS) in inferior grains over the whole stage were increased. In leaf‐deleting treatment, the activities of ADPG‐PPase and SBE at early filling stage and GBSS at later filling stage were reduced in superior grains, while SSS activity at middle filling stage and SBE activity at later stage were increased.     

水稻食味品质形成影响因素研究与展望

改良水稻食味品质已是全面提升稻米品质,增强国际竞争力的必然要求。鉴于当前稻米品质尤其是食味品质研究进展缓慢,严重制约了规模化生产条件下水稻的优质化生产和产业化发展水平,本研究分析了稻米食味品质与其密切相关的理化指标之间的关系,归纳总结了影响稻米优质食味形成的主要栽培措施及其研究进展。在此基础上,综合分析了当前稻米食味品质研究中存在的问题并提出了相关建议,旨在为全面提升规模化生产条件下的稻米食味品质提供理论依据。     

结实期不同时段高温对稻米品质的影响

选用扬稻6号（籼稻）和武育粳3号（粳稻）两个品种,利用人工气候室进行灌浆结实期阶段控温试验,探讨结实期高温对稻米品质指标和淀粉RVA的影响,以及温度影响的时段效应。结果表明,结实期温度对稻米品质影响明显,且不同品种、不同品质指标对温度的反应存在差异。结实期高温,使两品种长宽比变小,垩白粒率、垩白度变大,糙米率、精米率和整精米率显著降低,蛋白质含量升高,淀粉RVA谱特征值糊化开始温度、冷胶黏度、回复值和消减值升高,最高黏度、热浆黏度和崩解值下降;结实期温度对AC的影响因品种而异,高温使扬稻6号AC升高,武育粳3号AC降低。全结实期高温对稻米品质的影响最大,结实前期高温次之,结实后期高温的影响较小。从抽穗到开花后20 d是温度影响稻米品质的关键时期,对稻米品质的形成具有决定性作用,而结实后期（开花20 d后）环境温度对稻米品质的影响较弱。     

不同施肥期和施肥量对津川1号产量和食味品质的影响

以天津地区主栽的优质粳型水稻品种‘津川1号’为试验材料,研究施肥期和施氮量对水稻的产量、稻谷的常规品质、米粉的RVA特征值和米饭食味的影响。结果表明,不同施肥期和施氮量对产量,糙米率,垩白率,直链淀粉含量,RVA的峰值黏度、热浆黏度和消减值,米饭食味值各种指标上均有显著差异。在低氮处理和高氮处理中,时期一与其他两个时期相比,产量更高,稻米的碾磨品质、米粉的直链淀粉和蛋白质含量、RVA谱的特征值、米饭的外观和食味等理化指标都更为优异。因此,就‘津川1号’这一品种而言,水稻进入抽穗期应尽早施入穗肥。施肥时期一的产量最高,食味品质最好。     

早晚季水稻耐光氧化反应特性及其与品质稳定性的关系

以耐光氧化反应特性和品质性状具有明显差异的9个水稻品种为材料,研究在早、晚季不同温光栽培条件下,水稻品种的耐光氧化反应特性和品质性状表现及其相互关系。结果表明,水稻的耐光氧化反应特性与稻米品质的优劣不呈显著性相关,但与垩白米率,垩白度,精米率,整精米率,磨损率和直链淀粉含量等品质性状在早晚季的稳定性密切相关,即耐光氧化反应特性强的品种在不同季节栽培其米质稳定性较好。     

早籼水稻垩白部位淀粉的蒸煮食味品质特征

以5个典型品质类型的早籼品种为材料,利用差示扫描量热分析仪(DSC)和淀粉粘度测定仪(RVA)分析了稻米垩白与无垩白部位淀粉在热糊化特性和粘滞性等蒸煮食味品质指标上的差异.结果发现:垩白部位淀粉糊化时的起始温度(To)、峰值温度(Tp)和终结温度(Tc)普遍高于相同品种(材料)的无垩白米粉,且糊化过程所需的热焓(T)也显著增加,     

稻米营养品质的研究现状及分子改良途径

本文综述了稻米营养品质(蛋白质、赖氨酸和微量营养素)的经典遗传学和分子遗传学、分子育种的研究现状，并对利用分子标记辅助育种方法提高稻米营养品质作了展望。     

花后高温下水稻可溶性淀粉合酶同工型基因的表达模式

利用人工气候箱设高温(32℃)和适温(22℃)两个温度处理,结合实时荧光定量PCR技术,对水稻胚乳中可溶性淀粉合酶(SSS)8个主要同工型基因的表达特征及其温度响应进行了检测分析。结果表明,水稻SSS各同工型基因对花后高温胁迫的响应表达模式明显不同,SSSIIb、SSSIIc、SSSIIIb和SSSIVa等同工型基因呈上调表达模式,而SSSIIa、SSSIIIa等则呈下调表达模式;SSSI和SSSIIIa是水稻SSSs基因在胚乳中表达的主要形式,而其他6种同工型基因的相对表达量均较低;与SSSI、SSIIc、SSSIIIb和SSSIVb相比,水稻胚乳中SSSIIb、SSSIIIa和SSSIVa等同工型基因对高温胁迫的响应表达更敏感。     

水稻籽粒灌浆过程直链淀粉的积累及其相关酶的品种类型间差异

对籼、粳、糯3种类型水稻籽粒灌浆过程中直链淀粉含量的变化及其相关酶活性差异的比较分析表明,不论是早籼品种浙733,还是早粳品种浙农104,其直链淀粉含量在籽粒灌浆过程中的变化趋势基本相似,均表现为灌浆初期的直链淀粉含量较低,随着灌浆时间的推移,籽粒中直链淀粉含量明显升高,灌浆后期则略有降低,而对早糯品种早香糯而言,     

水稻亚种间、品种间杂交揭示杂草稻的起源和进化

杂草稻是在稻田或可耕地周边生长的类似杂草并兼有野生稻和栽培稻特性的稻属植株或群体。迄今对杂草稻的发生和进化尚有很多的争论和假说,本研究通过水稻亚种间和品种间的杂交试验以及亲本与杂交后代籼粳分化分子标记的遗传分析,对杂草稻起源和进化途径进行了探讨并提出了相应的防控策略。研究结果显示:亚种间和品种间特定亲本杂交组合(7个籼/粳,4个籼/籼)的后代中均可分离出类似杂草稻的植株,其频率为籼/粳>籼/籼;籼粳交或籼籼交F2-F4代群体中产生类似杂草稻植株的频率随世代增加呈现递增趋势(F2最低为1.26%,F4最高为15.35%),这与双亲的遗传背景有密切关系,即籼、粳亚种的遗传背景差距越大,其杂交组合后代中产生杂草稻的机率越高;籼/粳交组合安山稻/9311F3代分离群体中类似杂草稻的植株以籼型为主(占52.8%);韩国粳稻品种安山稻在籼粳组合中不论作母本或父本,杂交后代都易产生类似杂草稻单株,这可能与其籼粳组分遗传异质性较高有关;粳/粳组合后代中未鉴定出类似杂草稻的植株,预示粳稻品种间杂交可能不易产生杂草稻。本研究为杂草稻的防控和利用研究提供参考依据。     

籼稻背景下导入Wx~(in)等位基因改良稻米食味和理化品质

水稻Wx~b等位基因已广泛用于籼稻的品质改良,但携带该等位基因的一些籼稻米饭往往偏软,仍需进一步改良。为明确籼稻背景下导入Wxin等位基因对稻米食味品质和理化品质的效应,分别以携带Wxin的IR64和携带Wx~b的9311为供体,以携带Wxa的籼稻SIR3611 (3611)为受体,基于分子标记辅助选择,通过杂交和连续回交的方式构建了3611背景下携带Wxin和Wx~b的近等基因系。系统比较了不同近等基因系间的农艺性状以及稻米的食味和理化品质。结果表明,近等基因系与受体亲本3611的主要农艺性状基本接近,无显著差异。NIL(Wxin)稻米的表观直链淀粉含量较亲本3611极显著下降而胶稠度极显著增加。NIL(Wx~b)稻米表观直链淀粉含量最低且与之对应的胶稠度最高。近等基因系NIL(Wxin)和NIL(Wx~b)稻米的食味值较亲本极显著提高。NIL(Wx~(in))和NIL(Wx~b)稻米的GBSSI丰度与对应的表观直链淀粉含量具有明显的正相关。稻米粉的黏滞性谱、热糊化特性和晶体结构与直链淀粉含量显著相关性。本研究为在我国籼稻品种品质改良中有效利用Wxin等位基因提供了重要依据。     

分子标记辅助选择改良特青及其杂交稻米的蒸煮与食味品质

特青是我国育成的一个超高产籼稻常规品种，同时也可作为两系杂交稻的重要亲本，但其直链淀粉含量较高，蒸煮与食味品质较差。采用水稻蜡质基因内的一个分子标记（称为PCR-AccⅠ）进行辅助选择育种，经回交转育向特青品种导入来自中等直链淀粉含量优质籼稻的Wx基因，选育了仍保持原有亲本主要农艺性状的3个优质品系特青TT-1、特青TT-2和特青TT-3。改良品系胚乳中Wx基因表达量较改良前明显下降，直链淀粉合成大幅减少，由改良前的28.5%成功下调至15%左右的中等偏低水平。用改良品系与培矮64S所配两系杂交组合仍能保持较高的结实率及其他优异农艺性状，而杂交稻米的直链淀粉含量明显改善。直链淀粉含量降低后对亲本及杂种稻米中胶稠度等其他蒸煮食味品质的改善也有明显作用。     

灌浆期淀粉合成酶动态与米质的相关性分析

籽粒灌浆动态与酶活性变化有密切的联系,灌浆速率最大的时期也是大多数酶活最高的时期,一般在开花后10d前后。籽粒灌浆平缓,灌浆前、中期时期较长的稻米品质较好,能达到14d左右最好。ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性较稳定,不同品种的酶活性高峰一致,均在开花后12d左右。Q酶表现出与其它各酶不一样的动态,与其它各酶没有显著相关性。     

Comparison of Starch Levels Reduced by High Temperature During Ripening in Japonica Rice Lines Near‐Isogenic for the Wx Locus

One problem caused by high temperature during ripening in Japonica rice cultivars is a reduction in the amount of starch in the endosperm. To better understand this deleterious effect, we compared the accumulation of the two components of starch, amylose and amylopectin in grains ripened at high (32/28 °C) and low (22/18 °C) day/night temperatures in a set of lines of Japonica cultivar Taichung 65 (T65Wx^b) that are near‐isogenic for the Wx locus, which encodes granule‐bound starch synthase I. In T65Wx^b ripened at high temperature, the amount of starch per grain decreased. However, amylose per grain significantly decreased while amylopectin per grain significantly increased. On the other hand, the amount of amylopectin in T65wx, the amylose‐free line, did not differ significantly at the high and low temperatures. These data indicated that high temperatures during ripening did not directly affect amylopectin accumulation in T65Wx^b and that the reduction in starch in T65Wx^b from the high temperatures was caused by a decrease only of amylose. The results for T65Wx^a and T65Wx^op were also consistent with this conclusion. As a result of the decrease in amylose, the outer region of starch granules from T65Wx^b ripened at the high temperatures also had less I₂KI staining. Because this fact might suggest that a portion of amylose was synthesized inside the developing granules after amylopectin synthesis in rice, the effect of amylose deposition in increasing of the density of starch granules is also discussed.     

Influence of Seasonality on Certain Leaf Characteristics in Rice Cultivars

Higher growth and grain yield in rice was obtained in February planting as compared to July and October plantings. This was achieved through favourable leaf characteristics. In all the three plantings, leaf number monitored the leaf area rather than ILS which showed minimal alterations by the seasonality. There was a considerable variation in the attainment of critical leaf area index (LAI) among cultivars in different seasons. Thus, attainment of critical LAI would be necessary to influence the sink strength positively.     

Temporal-Spectral Profile Characteristics of Certain Rice Cultivars

The spectral variables have been found to be useful in distinguishing high and low yielding rice cultivars under different growing seasons. Transverse shift in the spectral profile served as a tool for identification of these cultivars.     

Influence of Low Light Irradiance on Grain Filling in Rice (Oryza saliva L.) cultivars

Time course of grain filling pattern in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, grown under normal and low light intensities, was studied. The number of spikelets, partially filled grains and high density grains were monitored at a 5 day interval during grain filling period from uniform panicles tagged at anthesis. The low light tolerant cultivar Swarnaprabha had more high density grains and less partially filled grains throughout the grain filling period and at harvest compared to cultivar Ratna under both normal and low light intensities. Further, the opening of spikelets in two flushes in Swarnaprabha seemed to result in a more efficient resource allocation and hence better yield as compared to Ratna, in which the opening of spikelets was in a single flush on day 10.     

稻米外观品质的研究进展与分子改良策略

本文综述了稻米外观品质(长、宽、长宽比和垩白)的经典遗传及分子遗传研究状况，归纳列举了已定位的外观品质性状的QTLs，提出了稻米外观品质改良的分子策略。     

Ratoon Growth and Development in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Various Temperature Regimes

Plants exhibited differential response for ratoon growth and development under different temperature regimes before and after main crop harvest. Low temperature (23°/20 °C) before cutting induced ratooning whereas similar temperature after cutting delayed and reduced ratoon tillering. Ratoon grain yield and its attributes were significantly affected under various temperature regimes. Ratoon grain yield under low temperature regime before cutting did not differ from that of the control. Ratoon growth duration was maximum under low temperature regime after cutting. High temperature (37°/27 °C) after main crop cutting resulted in high spikelet sterility in the ratoon crop.