维生素作为免疫调节剂的作用

疾病和免疫学应激对畜禽生产性能造成很大的影响，有关疾病对动物生产性能影响的机制表明，提高饲料的营养水平是增强动物的免疫功能，抵抗疾病的重要措施。一些维生素（特别是那些具有抗氧化特性的维生素），因为它们在免疫和健康方面的特殊作用而受到重视。如果我们掌握了营养与免疫之间互作的机制，就可以从营养的角度来提高机体对传染病的抵抗力。本文的目的是进一步讨论并确定维生素在动物免疫反应中的重要作用。仅供参考。１免疫系统免疫系统可以保护机体不受因疾病而诱导的细菌、病毒、真菌、寄生虫和肿瘤细胞的侵袭，它包括了很多对…     

维生素E对鸡的营养免疫作用

维生素Ｅ是家禽营养中一种重要的微量营养素，具有多种多样的生物学作用。近来的研究结果表明：维生素Ｅ除了具有一般的营养作用外，还能提高机体免疫功能，是鸡免疫系统发育所必需的，也是维持免疫功能达到最佳状态的重要物质；它能保证鸡免疫器官的正常发育，对体液免疫、细胞免疫和细胞因子产生有益的影响，提高机体抵抗疾病的能力。１维生素Ｅ对鸡免疫功能的影响１．１免疫器官 法氏囊、胸腺和脾脏是鸡的主要免疫器官。缺乏维生素Ｅ将阻碍免疫器官的发育。根据结构与功能原理，当免疫器官发育受到抑制时，其免疫功能也会受到损伤。Ｍａ…     

猪营养状况对其免疫机能的影响

营养与疾病之间存在着密切的关系,动物的营养状况影响着机体的免疫功能和对疾病的抵抗力,机体的健康状况又影响着动物的营养需要。营养免疫学的诞生与发展为解决动物生产中的疾病提供了新的思路。国内外关于猪的营养与免疫的研究热点主要有营养素对猪免疫机能的影响以及免疫状况对猪营养代谢和营养需要量的影响。对猪免疫功能有重要影响的营养主要有蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、维生素和微量元素等。     

补饲胡萝卜对夏洛莱种公牛精液品质的影响

在种公牛生产中，其生产性能受遗传、营养、环境和管理等诸多因素的影响，但随着现代育种水平的提高．日粮营养已成为提高种公牛生产性能的关键因素。胡萝卜的营养全面，维生素、微量元素和胡萝卜素等含量丰富，其中β-胡萝卜素对精子形成有独特的作用，对繁殖、免疫、抗氧化作用均有重要影响，特别是对维生素A的合成起着决定性作用。     

维生素E对动物营养调控的研究进展

维生素E是一种脂溶性维生素,在动物体内具有生物抗氧化、增强免疫、抗应激及维持动物正常生殖机能等生物学功能,是动物营养中的重要营养调控剂。文章就维生素E的作用原理、营养调控方法及效果等方面综述了维生素E对动物营养调控的研究进展。     

维生素A与其他营养素互作对畜禽免疫机能影响研究进展

维生素A作为动物机体的必需营养素之一,具有促进生长发育、维持上皮结构完整性、防止脱毛和皮肤硬化等作用。近几年研究发现,维生素A还具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、提高免疫力和提高母畜的繁殖机能等作用,维生素A对畜禽免疫机能的影响同时受到其他营养素的影响。对维生素A与其他营养素间的免疫互作效应进行总结,为提高维生素A在日粮营养中的作用提供理论依据。     

氧化应激对断奶仔猪的影响及营养的调控作用

氧化应激与仔猪健康关系密切,营养物质影响仔猪机体的氧化还原水平和健康。仔猪出生后遭遇断奶、疾病、免疫等应激,损伤机体健康,其在一定程度上体现机体抗氧化能力的改变。本文从断奶对仔猪氧化还原系统的影响、氧化应激对断奶仔猪的影响以及营养缓解氧化应激的作用进行综述,初步探讨氧化应激作为判断仔猪健康的生物标识的可行性。     

饲料营养对动物免疫机能的影响初探

文章综述了近年有关饲料养分（蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物）对动物免疫机能影响的研究，强调了营养因素在机体免疫过程中所起的重要作用。     

维生素E在动物健康及营养中的研究进展

本文综述了维生素E在动物营养及健康中的作用，维生素E在增强动物免疫力、抗应激能力、抗氧化能力、繁殖能力及改善动物产品品质等方面，具有重要作用，尤其是维生素E可促使动物的免疫功能。     

饲料营养对动物免疫机能的影响初探

文章综述了近年有关饲料养分（蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物）对动物免疫机能影响的研究，强调了营养因素在机体免疫过程中所起的重要作用。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.