桔小实蝇在柑桔园的防治指标

运用田间罩笼法在明确桔小实蝇释放量与柑桔损失率、释放量与诱捕量之间的关系基础上,推导出诱捕量与损失率之间的关系,并建立了桔小实蝇防治指标模型,以台州市温州蜜橘的最低售价及防治成本等参数得出桔小实蝇在柑桔园相对每棵柑桔的防治指标为2.2头。     

果蝇活动的规律及其影响因素研究

通过研究不同天气条件、不同时段果蝇的活动规律,为果蝇成虫诱杀技术的研发与应用提供理论依据。以果蝇为研究对象,设置不同处理,在现场研究果蝇在晴天、阴天、雨天及一天内不同时段的活动规律。在供试的6种成熟水果中,香蕉、蓝莓对果蝇的引诱效果显著高于其他4种水果(P＜0.01),绿如蓝牌果蝇引诱剂的引诱效果显著高于香蕉(P＜0.01)。在晴天,果蝇的活动更为频繁(P＜0.05),晴天诱捕到的雄果蝇数量明显高于阴天和雨天(P＜0.01)。诱捕到的果蝇种类主要是黑腹果蝇、斑翅果蝇、伊米果蝇、海德氏果蝇、筋果蝇等。一天内不同时间段果蝇的活动明显不同,8:00~10:00和16:00~18:00是其活动的两个高峰期。天气条件对果蝇活动有很大影响,一天内果蝇活动存在两个高峰期,分别是8:00~10:00和16:00~18:00,利用绿如蓝牌引诱剂可对果蝇成虫进行有效诱杀。     

A method of measuring the oviposition rate of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina under field conditions

A simple technique, which allows sheep to be rendered temporarily susceptible to fly attack, is described and used to examine oviposition rates of Lucilia cuprina under field conditions. Oviposition rates are shown to be related to both fly activity and fly density. The question of Hobson's 'live sheep factor' in attracting L. cuprina to sheep is re-considered.     

协同诱杀区诱蝇球捕获柑桔大实蝇的能力与适期

5月上旬至7月上旬,通过连续观测记载橘园及周边山林悬挂的诱蝇球捕获大实蝇成虫的数量,发现协同诱杀区诱蝇球捕获大实蝇成虫始盛期为6月上旬末,高峰期为6月中旬和下旬;协同诱杀区悬挂诱蝇球的适期应为6月初。     

Microsatellite genotyping reveals diversity within populations of Sodalis glossinidius, the secondary symbiont of tsetse flies

The aim of this study was to develop a PCR-based microsatellite genotyping method for identifying genetic diversity in Sodalis glossinidius, a symbiont associated with tsetse fly infection by trypanosomes causing human and animal trypanosomiasis. Allelic polymorphism at three loci, investigated on 40 fly gut extracts, evidenced eight alleles and the existence of five genotypes. This novel approach was shown to be efficient and suitable for routine large-scale genotyping of S. glossinidius present in the biologically complex tsetse fly extracts; it could favor progress in the fields of diagnosis, epidemiology, population genetics, and fly/symbiont/trypanosome interactions.     

Effect of daily floor treatment with sodium bisulfate on the fly population of horse stalls

OBJECTIVE: To determine application rate and effectiveness of sodium bisulfate to decrease the fly population in a horse barn environment. SAMPLE POPULATION: 12 privately owned farms in southeastern Pennsylvania. PROCEDURE: Application rates of sodium bisulfate were approximately 2.3 kg/stall, 1.1 kg/stall, and 0.5 kg/stall. Two or 3 stalls were treated, and 1 or 2 stalls were not treated (control stalls) at each farm. Farm personnel applied sodium bisulfate in treated stalls daily for 7 days. Fly tapes were hung from the same site in treated and control stalls. After 24 hours, the fly tape was removed, flies adhering to the sticky surface were counted and recorded, and a new fly tape was hung. This procedure was repeated daily during each of the testing periods. RESULTS: Following the application of 2.3 kg of sodium bisulfate/stall, the numbers of flies collected on the fly tape were significantly decreased in treated stalls, compared with control stalls during the same time periods on 9 of the 12 farms evaluated. Following the application of 1.1 kg of sodium bisulfate/stall, fly numbers were significantly decreased in treated stalls on 6 of the 9 farms evaluated. Following the application of 0.5 kg of sodium bisulfate/stall, fly numbers were significantly decreased in the treated stalls on 3 of the 4 farms evaluated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our findings suggest that sodium bisulfate would be effective for fly control in horse barns.     

Horse infestation with the larva of the deer warble fly, Hypoderma diana Brauer, 1985 (Diptera, Hypodermatidae)

In South Bohemia a case was discovered of a yearling colt attacked by the larva of the IIIrd instar of the deer warble fly Hypoderma diana Brauer. The dead, almost mature larva of the fly was squeezed out of a subcutaneous lump above the shoulder in the first decade of April, 1985. The case is evaluated from the point of view of the possibility of the transition of specific parasites--warble flies--to another host. The attacking of a non-specific kind can occasionally occur only when there is a large number of the parasites and both kinds of host. At present the degree of attacking of deer by subcutaneous warble flies is high and therefore under favourable circumstances even domestic animals can be attacked by this type of warble fly. The above case is the first to be ascertained of a horse being attacked by a deer warble fly.     

Efficacy of doramectin 0.5% w/v Pour-On for control of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans

In 1998, three groups of cattle at three locations in Lousiana were treated with Dectomax^® (0.5% doramectin) Pour-On and horn fly populations were monitored. Acceptable levels (less than 50 flies per side) of horn fly control were observed from 4 to 8 weeks. Differences in the length of control among the three sites were most likely affected by immigration of adult flies from untreated groups. In 1999, acceptable horn fly control was obtained for 13 weeks by the use of two treatments of doramectin Pour-On.     

诱蝇球对柑橘大实蝇雌、雄成虫诱粘能力研究

通过羽化监测取得大实蝇Bactrocera minax（Enderlein）成虫雌雄性比数据,采用诱蝇球诱集方式,监测弃管园田间成虫数量和性比变化情况,对各时段诱集的雌性成虫进行卵巢解剖分级,发现诱蝇球对雌性成虫的诱集能力略高于雄虫;田间成虫盛期雌性成虫卵巢发育加快,普遍具备产卵能力,田间成虫盛期与产卵为害盛期同步。大实蝇防治实践中,根据成虫发生时间确定诱蝇球的使用时间,不必考虑性别影响。     

柑桔园实蝇发生种群及消长规律探讨

摘要：对黔南州都匀市柑桔园实蝇系统监测表明：柑桔园实蝇优势种群为柑桔大实蝇和柑桔小实蝇,柑桔大实蝇成虫发生量占实蝇总发生量68.41%,发生时段为5月中旬至9月上旬,发生动态呈单峰型,最高峰值出现在6月7日;柑桔小实蝇成虫发生量占实蝇总发生量28.79%,发生时段为5月中旬至10月下旬,发生动态呈双峰型,第一个高峰值出现在9月2日,第二个高峰值出现在9月23日。     

Relationships between stable fly infestation with some physical facility characteristics and sanitation practices in several dairy farms in the State of Aguascalientes, Mexico

The possible relationships between stable fly infestation with dairy farm facilities and sanitation practices were studied using path analysis. Twelve dairies located in four counties of Aguascalientes dairy region were selected. The dairies were monitored from May to November 2003. In each occasion, fly infestation, individual physical facility characteristics, and sanitation practices were recorded. In all, 11 independent variables were involved in the study and related variables were grouped together and analyzed in two blocks by path analysis for each one of five population events (begin of fly season, first peak, fluctuation, second peak and decrease). There were significant regression coefficients only in the second peak for two variables, the distance to the silos and the distance to the dung heap (r(2)=0.96 for the full model). Among the 11 variables examined in the study, none had a statistical significant indirect contribution to fly infestation; direct contribution was observed for distance to the silos and for distance to the dung heap variables. However, only the distance to the silos variable was significantly related to stable fly Infestation.     

Persistence of exotic Newcastle disease virus (ENDV) in laboratory infected Musca domestica and Fannia canicularis

House flies (Musca domestica) and little house flies (Fannia canicularis) were examined for their ability to take up and harbor a velogenic strain of exotic Newcastle disease virus (ENDV) (family Paramyxoviridae, genus Avulavirus). Laboratory-reared flies were allowed to feed on evaporated milk containing ENDV at a virus concentration of 10(8.3) egg infectious dose (EID)50/0.1 ml or on poultry feces containing an ENDV titer of 10(5.8) EID50/0.1 g. Flies exposed to either infectious food source for 24 hr became transiently infected with virus. Virus persisted predominantly in the mid- and hindgut, with relatively little virus isolated from the remainder of the fly body. Virus persisted similarly in both fly species that were fed evaporated milk containing ENDV, with a maximum ENDV titer of 10(5.98) EID50/fly for the house fly and 10(4.78) EID50/fly for the little house fly at 1 day postexposure; titers decreased on subsequent days to 10(2.38) EID50/fly for house fly and > or = 1 EID50/fly for little house fly at 5 days postexposure. Both fly species acquired viral titers greater than the infective dose for a susceptible chicken (10(3.0) EID50-10(4.0) EID50). In addition, flies fed evaporated milk containing a high titer of ENDV maintained viral titers above the infective dose for up to 4 days postexposure to the infectious food source. Flies fed on infective feces retained a chicken infective dose for only one day. The decrease in viral titer over time was significantly explained by logistic regression for both fly species (P < 0.05). The slope of the regression line was not different for the two fly species (P < 0.05), indicating a similar rate of virus loss.     

Acquired immune response of cattle exposed to buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua).

Naturally acquired immunity to buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) infestation was examined in cattle. Animals exposed to flies had serum antibodies to buffalo fly antigens at levels that correlated with the intensity of exposure. Two weeks of intense exposure to buffalo fly induced an increase in peripheral blood eosinophil numbers and a concomitant rise in serum antibody levels in exposed animals. Antigens specific for antibody induced by natural exposure were identified using antisera from exposed cattle to probe Western blots of whole fly homogenate separated using SDS-PAGE. Similar immunoreactive bands were found with buffalo fly saliva. Immunoreactive proteins were partially purified from whole fly homogenates by anion-exchange chromatography. Fractions eluted from columns were screened using Western blots probed with serum from exposed animals. Exposed animals showed immediate hypersensitivity to partially purified antigens and to buffalo fly saliva. Flies which fed on exposed animals with high serum levels of antibody to fly antigens did not show greater mortality than flies fed on unexposed animals.     

Efficacy of zeta-cypermethrin as pour-on or spray formulations for the control of buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) in cattle

Objective To determine the efficacy of zeta-cypermethrin in controlling buffalo fly ( Haematobia irritans exigua ).
Design Five field trials in northern and central Queensland.
Procedure Zeta-cypermethrin pour-on at 2.5 mg/kg, spray at 62.5 ppm, deltamethrin pour-on and pour-on vehicle were applied to groups of 20 cattle. Buffalo fly counts were conducted three times before treatment and 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after treatment.
Results In central Queensland where synthetic pyrethroid resistance in buffalo fly populations was rare, 2.5 mg/kg of zeta-cypermethrin pour-on gave good control of buffalo fly for 4 weeks and was better than a deltamethrin product. A zeta-cypermethrin spray used at 62.5 ppm gave 14 days control. In far-north Queensland where resistance to synthetic pyrethroids and heavy rain was common, the maximum period of efficacy of zeta-cypermethrin pour-on was reduced to 2 weeks.
Conclusion In areas where there is low resistance to synthetic pyrethroids among buffalo flies, zeta-cypermethrin pour-on can be expected to give good control for 4 weeks.     

粉煤灰与无土基质混合对高羊茅生长的影响

采用单形格子设计将粉煤灰、草炭、木屑和稻壳4种基质按照不同比例混合,研究其对高羊茅生长的影响。结果表明,不同处理之间,除出苗密度外,株高、分蘖数、盖度、地上与地下生物量均达到了显著性差异。其中,粉煤灰、草炭、木屑、稻壳的体积比2∶6∶1∶1的T2处理和粉煤灰、草炭、木屑、稻壳的体积比2∶4∶1∶3的T9处理为高羊茅生长的最佳基质配比,T2处理的株高、盖度、地下生物量较其他处理表现最好,T9处理在分蘖数、地上生物量较其他处理表现最好。     

Keratitis in Reindeer: Relation to the Presence of 1St Instar Larvae of the Nostril Fly (Cephenomyia Trompe L) in the Conjunctival Sac and to Natural Ultraviolet Radiation

The significance of the presence of 1st instar larvae of the reindeer nostril fly (Cephenomyia trompe L) in the conjunctival sac of reindeer was investigated. The influences of natural ultraviolet radiation upon the development of inflammatory reactions of the eyes was also studied. It is stated that both 1st instar larvae of the Cephenomyia fly, when deposited on the eye, and natural ultraviolet radiation may act as predisposing or enhancing factors in the etiology of keratitis in reindeer. In certain cases keratitis may develop when both parameters are present.     

Prospective medical evaluation of 7 dogs presented with fly biting

Fly biting describes a syndrome in which dogs appear to be watching something and then snapping at it. Medical work-up of fly biting in dogs has never been reported. The aims of this case series were to characterize fly biting and perform a complete medical evaluation of dogs displaying fly biting.     

Distribution of horn flies on individual cows as a percentage of the total horn fly population

Twenty-three mixed-breed herd cows were phenotyped for their ability to serve as a suitable host for Haematobia irritans, the horn fly. Based upon consistent observations within the lower quartile or upper quartile of individual fly counts, four cows were phenotyped as low carriers and five cows were phenotyped as high carriers of horn flies. The cows designated as low carriers consistently carried levels of flies below the economic threshold. However, during a period of fly population explosion, low carriers harbored flies well above the economic threshold. Although the number of flies counted on these low carrying cattle increased as the population increased, the relative percentage of the population that they carried changed very little. A hypothesis is proposed to explain this observation, and future studies are suggested.     

Lesions and saliva-specific antibody responses in rabbits with immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the bites of Glossina morsitans centralis

Rabbits exposed to feeding tsetse flies developed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to fly bites. These responses had characteristics of immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity. Saliva components from the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans centralis were electrophoretically separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Major salivary proteins of 160, 92, 66, 64, 55, 42, 33, 28, and 15 kilodaltons were identified. Separated salivary components were transferred to nitrocellulose filters and probed with lectins and with whole sera and purified IgG from rabbits which had been exposed, via fly feeding, to tsetse antigens for variable periods. Many of the salivary proteins were identified as glycoproteins. Several major salivary proteins were recognized by antibodies from sensitized rabbits.     

Toxicity of cypermethrin and diazinon to Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) in its American southern range

Synthetic pyrethroids are considered currently less effective than organophosphate insecticides for controlling Haematobia irritans on cattle in its American southern range. To test the validity of this hypothesis, horn fly populations from 95 cattle herds in central-northern Argentina and southern Brazil were evaluated to determine 50% lethal concentrations (LC(50)) to cypermethrin and diazinon, respectively. Horn flies were exposed to filter papers and glass vials treated with cypermethrin and diazinon, respectively, and LC(50) values were determined using probit analysis. Two and 78 fly populations showed LC(50) values indicating susceptibility and resistance to cypermethrin, respectively, in comparison to historical LC(50) values obtained when the horn fly populations were susceptible to cypermethrin. Five fly populations had an undetermined resistance status to cypermethrin. The diazinon tests showed no obvious indications of H. irritans resistance. Thirty nine percent of farmers still rely on pyrethroids to control horn fly populations on cattle which represents a decreasing proportion from a few years ago when horn fly control was carried out using pyrethroids almost exclusively. Organophosphates could provide control for horn flies resistant to pyrethroids; however, the reliance on chemicals alone to control H. irritans is not considered a proper approach for the future.