狄氏瓦螨(Varroa destructor)的研究进展

狄氏瓦螨(Varroa destructor)是严重危害西方蜜蜂(Apismellifera)的一种寄生螨,近几年对狄氏瓦螨的研究有了新的进展,本文就血统进化、生理机制、携带病原菌和最新的防治方法等领域作一综述。     

蜜蜂对雅氏瓦螨（Varroa jacobsoni）抗性的研究（综述）

蜜蜂对雅氏瓦螨抗性机制有：清理行为，分为自行清理、同伴清理和群体清理、封盖期历期短，螨产生的后代少；保幼激素浓度低抑制螨的繁殖，产生大量不繁殖螨从而使螨种群降低，在抗螨性状中，封盖期历期的遗传力研究最多，清理行为、螨繁殖抑制、卫生行为等也有一些报道。随着分子生物学的发展，可望将抗螨基因转移至经济性状优良的蜂群中，获得高产抗螨优良品质。     

巢房大小与狄氏瓦螨

这是一项关于幼虫巢房大小影响狄斯瓦螨行为的研究。2002年,有机会利用落螨数和生殖力百分率作为指标比较狄氏瓦螨(Varroa destructor)在大     

中国狄斯瓦螨(Varroa destructor,大蜂螨)研究进展

狄斯瓦螨（Varroa destructor Anderson ＆ Trueman 2000，通称“大蜂螨”）是对世界养蜂业威胁最大的蜜蜂病虫害。2000年重新命名之前，它一直被称为雅氏瓦螨（Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans1904）。2000年初，澳大利亚安德森（Denis L．Anderson）对采集自亚洲各地东方蜜蜂（蜂螨原始寄主）和世界各地西方蜜蜂的大量大蜂螨样本进行线粒体（mtDNA）测序的综合研究。结果表明：原被归入雅氏瓦螨的东方蜜蜂寄生螨，应划分为2个种，一个是新界定的雅氏瓦螨，主要分布在印尼和马来西亚，已发现9个基因型；另一个是新定名的狄斯瓦螨，分布于亚洲大陆的东方蜜蜂和世界各地的西方蜜蜂，已发现11个基因型。     

蜜蜂对狄氏瓦螨抗性机制的研究

全世界发现并报道的蜜蜂外寄生螨主要有12种,另附着于蜂体而无寄生关系的螨1种.根据目前国内学者采用Walter分类系统,它们的分类地位是:节肢动物门,蛛形纲,蜱螨亚纲,寄螨总目,中气门目,皮刺螨总科.     

防治狄氏瓦螨的新措施

<正>狄氏瓦螨对我国养蜂业造成很大的危害。本文主要针对养蜂生产中,养蜂者大多使用化学药物防治蜂螨,在蜂产品中药物残留量过高以及长期使用出现抗药性等问题,阐述前人运用生物技术防治蜂螨的一些方法,提出综合防治狄氏瓦螨的一些新措施。     

蜂蟹螨(Varroa destructor)对福化利抗药性及其防治的研究

建立培养皿药膜法进行蜂蟹螨福化利(Fluvalinate)抗药浓度检测方法。分别以福化利浓度为0、12.5、25、50、100mg/L进行台湾5处蜂场蜂蟹螨抗福化利剂量调查,经回归分析,计算LC50之浓度介于23.75～79.25mg/L之间,比意大利抗性螨385～857mg/L仍低很多,显示抗药性尚未大幅增加。以隔落螨法防治蜂蟹螨平均每日可捕捉44.7～49.1只。比较隔落螨法、割雄蜂蛹加隔落螨法、蚁酸加隔落螨法、福化利防治法的效果,当蜂蟹螨密度不高时,可采用隔落螨法或加割雄蜂蛹方式进行防治,蜂蟹螨密度高时,可先以福化利、蚁酸进行1～2次防治,再配合隔落螨法,将可达到长期防治效果。     

中国狄斯瓦螨(Varroa destructor,大蜂螨)研究进展(续)

蜜蜂的血淋巴是蜜蜂机体的内环境，血淋巴中含有蜜蜂生理活动所必需的一切物质，具有复杂的组分及特性，担负着多种生理功能。而大蜂螨是靠吸食蜜蜂的血淋巴生存的。试验证实：大蜂螨体内缺乏很多种生命活动所必需的物质，对螨而言，简便的办法是直接利用寄主的营养物质。比如，螨繁殖时直接利用意蜂的血淋巴蛋白，使卵子迅速发育，从而增加繁殖的有效性。另外螨是卵胎生的生物，若螨出壳时需要蜜蜂血淋巴中的某些成分来转化成一种外激素。因此推测，蜜蜂血淋巴中某些物质的存在、缺失和含量，与大蜂螨的寄生有直接的关系。     

蜜蜂外寄生螨的主要种类和恩氏瓦螨（Varroa underwoodi）在中国的首次发现

欣氏真瓦螨(Euvarroa sinhai)于1974年由Delfilaado-Baker在印度的小蜜蜂(Apis florea)上采到并定名。以后在泰国(1976)、斯里兰卡(1983)和伊朗(1986)的小蜜蜂上也先后发现。1981～1984年，中国云南省农科院蚕蜂研究所李有泉、王海容和云南农业大学匡邦郁等在云南西双版纳、德宏、思茅地区南部的小蜜蜂和黑色小蜜蜂(Apis andreniformis)的蜂体和蜂巢上采得此螨，经香港中文大学莫乘风教授鉴定为欣氏真瓦螨(尚氏真瓦螨Euvarroa sitihai)，于1994年止式报道。     

狄斯瓦螨的研究进展与防治

狄斯瓦螨是目前危害世界养蜂业最大的病害虫,给养蜂生产带来巨大挑战。它从原始寄主东方蜜蜂经过寄主转移到西方蜜蜂体上寄生,除对蜜蜂幼虫、蛹、成蜂造成直接危害外,还携带并传播蜜蜂病毒,造成蜂群崩溃。本文从狄斯瓦螨的生物学特性、狄斯瓦螨的危害和狄斯瓦螨的防治三个方面对近年来狄斯瓦螨的研究概况进行介绍。     

The control of Varroa destructor using oxalic acid

Twenty-four honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies were used to monitor the efficacy of a solution of 2.9% oxalic acid (OA) and 31.9% sugar against the mite Varroa destructor. Mite mortality was established prior to and after OA treatments, which were conducted in August and September. The treatments resulted in 37% mite mortality as opposed to 1.11% in the controls. OA treatment conducted in September on previously untreated colonies resulted in 25% mite mortality. OA treatments in October and November resulted in approximately 97% mite mortality. These results suggest that OA is effective during the broodless period and less effective when applied to colonies with capped broods. The possible use of OA against the Varroa mite in honeybee colonies as an alternative to routine chemical treatments is discussed.     

Resistance of Varroa destructor to most commonly used synthetic acaricides

This review presents different aspects of Varroa destructor resistance to most commonly used contact acaricides. It is concerned with (1)--genetic background of the mechanism of this resistance, (2)--phenomenon of cross-resistance, (3) spread of discussed resistance throughout Europe and North America, (4)--methods of combating varroa resistance. The authors conclude that a rapid and sensitive DNA based test, enabling early detection of varroa resistance to pyrethroids and other contact acaricides is urgently needed.     

滇南地区大、小蜂螨的治理方法比较

为了比较滇南地区大小蜂螨治理方法及效果的差异,采取1∶500的双甲脒溶液喷杀大蜂螨及以相同浓度双甲脒溶液配伍升华硫涂杀小蜂螨的手段对红河蜜蜂试验站整体西蜂场治螨,观察治螨效果和蜂群表现。结果显示,该方法能杀灭90%的蜂螨,但对封盖内和巢房底部的蜂螨毒杀效果不理想,蜂群表现为焦躁、易蜇人,对蜂王及采集影响不大。双甲脒及其配伍升华硫对滇南地区的大小蜂螨防治效果明显,可为在该地区的养蜂者提供参考。     

Rotenone and oxalic acid as alternative acaricidal treatments for Varroa destructor in honeybee colonies

This experiment assessed the efficacy of rotenone and oxalic acid (OA) in an aqueous sugar solution in controlling the honeybee mite Varroa destructor. Colonies were populated with mite-infested brood combs and worker bees. Three rotenone or OA treatments administered during the period with capped brood on 31 July, 14 and 18 August resulted in an average efficacy of 24.10%. In untreated colonies mite mortality averaged 5.40%. No significant differences (P>0.05) were found between the rotenone and OA treatments. Three OA treatments administered on 9, 12 and 18 September resulted in a 77.93% mite mortality. An increase in mite drop (P<0.05) was observed at 2 and 4 days after each treatment. OA applications in broodless colonies resulted in significantly (P<0.001) higher mite mortality rates (98.65% average) than the three treatments of rotenone or OA in colonies with capped brood. The dynamics of mite mortality after each rotenone or OA treatment are discussed in this study.     

蜜蜂幼虫血淋巴营养成分差异可能影响狄斯瓦螨的寄主选择

本研究着重从狄斯瓦螨依赖度极高的食物着手,较全面地比较了4种蜜蜂幼虫血淋巴中与螨繁殖高度相关的营养物质含量差异。结果显示,对狄斯瓦螨吸引力(繁殖力)最弱的中华蜜蜂工蜂幼虫血淋巴中,蛋白质含量显著低于其他3种幼虫,而游离氨基酸含量显著高于其他3者;对狄斯瓦螨吸引力(繁殖力)最高的中华蜜蜂雄蜂幼虫血淋巴中,Cu元素和维生素E(生育酚)含量是4种幼虫中最高的,分别与其他3者具有显著性差异。研究结果证实,与螨繁殖相关的营养成分含量的差异与螨寄生特性具有高度一致性,这为进一步分析螨的营养需求和寻求从营养上抑制螨繁育的方法打下良好的基础。     

Spatial epidemiology of the Asian honey bee mite (Varroa destructor) in the North Island of New Zealand

We describe the spatial epidemiology of Varroa destructor infestation among honey bee apiaries in the greater Auckland area of the North Island of New Zealand. The study population was comprised of 641 apiaries located within the boundaries of the study area on 11 April 2000. Cases were those members of the study population declared Varroa-infested on the basis of testing conducted between April and June 2000. The odds of Varroa was highest in apiaries in the area surrounding transport and storage facilities in the vicinity of Auckland International Airport. A mixed-effects geostatistical model, accounting for spatial extra-binomial variation in Varroa prevalence, showed a 17% reduction in the odds of an apiary being Varroa infested for each kilometre increase in the squared distance from the likely site of incursion (95% Bayesian credible interval 7–28%). The pattern of spatially autocorrelated risk that remained after controlling for the effect of distance from the likely incursion site identified areas thought to be ‘secondary’ foci of Varroa infestation initiated by beekeeper-assisted movement of infested bees. Targeted investigations within these identified areas indicated that the maximum rate of local spread of Varroa was in the order of 12 km/year (interquartile range 10–15 km/year).