番茄温敏雄性不育系T-4生理生化特性研究

以温敏型雄性不育系T-4及保持系First为试材,通过观察花粉发芽情况、统计果实种子数、观察花器官,并测定花药内脯氨酸、淀粉及可溶性糖含量,探究不同温度处理条件下,番茄生殖生长期不育系与保持系生理生化特性差异.结果表明:T-4在昼28℃/夜18℃的可育温度条件下花粉发芽率、果实种子数、脯氨酸、淀粉及可溶性糖含量均高于昼28℃/夜24℃及昼28℃/夜12℃的不育温度条件下的处理;与保持系First不存在显著差异.     

温敏型核雄性不育系番茄T4育性的研究

以温敏型核雄性不育系番茄T4及对照First为试材,通过调查花粉发芽率、自交结实率、果实种子数以及采用Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳方法分析叶片及花药蛋白质的变化,研究T4的育性转化,并分析其在可育和不育条件下花粉发芽率、自交结实率、果实种子数、叶片及花药蛋白质的差异。结果表明：28 ℃/18 ℃（昼/夜）处理的T4花粉发芽率、自交结实率最高,果实种子数最多,与对照First差异不显著,表明此时T4恢复部分育性|28 ℃/24 ℃和28 ℃/12 ℃处理的T4花粉发芽率、自交结实率和果实种子数与对照差异均达到极显著水平,表现为不育。不同温度处理的T4花药蛋白质与叶片蛋白质差异均达到显著水平|28 ℃/24 ℃和28 ℃/12 ℃处理的T4叶片蛋白质与对照差异显著,但28 ℃/18 ℃处理的差异不明显。     

半根交替干旱对‘大久保’桃叶片中几种有机渗透调节物质的影响

 和良好水分条件的对照相比较, 半根交替干旱处理(ARS) 对‘大久保’桃叶片日出前水势无显著影响, 但显著高于全根干旱(WRS) 处理。WRS导致叶片中游离氨基酸、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著增加和淀粉含量显著降低, 而ARS和对照之间叶片中游离氨基酸、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和淀粉含量均不存在显著性差别。此外, 叶片中游离氨基酸、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量与日出前叶片水势呈显著或极显著负相关, 而淀粉含量与日出前叶片水势呈极显著正相关。上述结果表明, ARS条件下植株具有良好的水分供应能力, 并不存在积累上述有机物质进行渗透调节的现象。     

洋葱主要品质性状比较及其相关性分析

对 2 3份不同皮色洋葱材料的主要品质性状及其相关性进行分析 ,结果表明 :白皮洋葱的鳞茎紧实度、干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量和丙酮酸含量均高于其它皮色品种 ,红皮洋葱的蛋白质含量最高 ;可溶性固形物含量与除蛋白质含量外的 4个性状间相关性均达到极显著水平 ;鳞茎紧实度与可溶性糖含量呈极显著相关 ,与可溶性固形物含量和丙酮酸含量的相关性达到显著水平。     

柑桔花药中游离脯氨酸含量与花粉育性的关系研究

本研究首次报道柑桔花药中游离脯氨酸含量同花粉育性具有极为密切的关系。采用磺基水杨酸浸提、酸性茚三酮比色法对12个柑桔品种的检测结果表明,不同育性品种间花药游离脯氨酸含量具有极为显著的差异。育性正常型品种花药中游离脯氨酸含量很高,败育型品种其含量极低,部分败育型品种则居于二者之间。相关分析表明,花药游离脯氨酸含量同花粉萌芽率和果实种子数呈极显著正相关。利用花药游离脯氨酸含量作育性指标,对供试柑桔品种进行了育性分类探讨。     

不同大小的刺梨果实品质特征及重要指标间的相关性

为确定刺梨产品加工中原料鲜果的质量分级依据,以贵州6个县(区)种植的4~5年生"贵农5号"刺梨果实为研究对象,测定不同大小等级的果实品质,分析品质指标间的差异性及相关性。结果表明,刺梨果实的品质特征是,中小型果的可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、维生素C和总黄酮含量较大果高,而种子数、出汁率、可食率和含酸量较大果低。果实大小与种子数、出汁率、可食率、可滴定酸含量呈极显著正相关,与可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、维生素C、总黄酮的含量呈极显著负相关,可溶性总糖和可滴定酸的含量与维生素C含量分别呈极显著和显著正相关,可溶性固形物与维生素C含量不相关;可溶性固形物与总黄酮含量呈显著正相关;可溶性总糖、可滴定酸与总黄酮含量呈极显著负相关。刺梨的中、小型果实是产品加工的优质原料鲜果,在刺梨果实质量分级中不宜仅以果实大小作为判定质量高低的指标。     

火龙果果实发育过程中淀粉与可溶性糖含量变化及其相关性分析北大核心

研究金都一号和越南白肉火龙果不同发育时期果实中淀粉与可溶性糖含量变化趋势,旨在为火龙果果实品质提升提供科学依据。以金都一号和越南白肉为试验材料,分别测定7个发育时期的果实中淀粉、蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量等变化趋势。结果表明,金都一号和越南白肉火龙果果实淀粉含量均呈单峰型变化,二者均从花后5 d开始迅速积累淀粉,分别于花后20 d和15 d达到峰值,之后淀粉含量迅速降低,成熟期淀粉含量较少。金都一号火龙果蔗糖含量在花后10 d和30 d分别出现2个高峰值,而越南白肉火龙果的蔗糖含量呈现先降后升再降的变化趋势,二者蔗糖含量均在花后30 d达到最高。2个品种从花后5~15 d期间果实中果糖和葡萄糖含量波动较小,花后20 d果糖和葡萄糖含量均急剧增加。金都一号火龙果果糖和葡萄糖含量分别在花后30 d和35 d达到最高,而越南白肉火龙果的葡萄糖和果糖含量分别在花后30 d和35 d达到最高。相关性分析发现,金都一号火龙果果实淀粉与蔗糖含量变化存在显著负相关关系;越南白肉火龙果的淀粉含量与蔗糖含量呈极显著负相关,与果糖和葡萄糖含量均呈显著负相关。火龙果果实淀粉降解和可溶性糖含量增加存在极显著和显著负相关,为探讨火龙果果实中可溶性糖积累与淀粉降解机制之间的关系提供了理论依据。     

板栗果实糖和淀粉积累及相关酶活性关系的研究

 以6年生板栗‘3113’为试材,采用比色法对果实发育过程中可溶性总糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量及相关酶活性的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明：果实横、纵径生长规律呈双“S”型,单苞质量呈“S”型曲线。可溶性总糖含量呈上升趋势,蔗糖含量呈下降趋势;淀粉含量呈单峰曲线。蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性在花后60 d达到峰值,之后趋于下降,与蔗糖含量变化趋势吻合;ADPG焦磷酸化酶（AGPPase）、水溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶（GBSS）的活性均呈单峰曲线,但最高峰的时间略有差异。相关分析表明,可溶性淀粉与可溶性总糖呈极显著的正相关,相关系数为0.978;SS和SPS活性与蔗糖存在极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.905和0.892;可溶性淀粉含量与SSS活性呈显著正相关,与GBSS活性呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.764和0.883。     

低温冷藏对番红花花芽中碳水化合物和氨基酸含量的影响

以番红花鳞茎为试材,进行不同变温处理,采用蒽酮比色法、3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法和高速氨基酸自动分析仪,测定不同时间段花芽内可溶性糖、淀粉、淀粉酶和游离氨基酸含量,探讨低温冷藏与番红花发芽休眠解除之间的关系。结果表明:处理30 d后,可溶性糖含量急剧上升,淀粉含量急剧下降,α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性均表现出与可溶性糖含量相似的变化趋势;5℃/10℃处理30 d后花芽中可溶性蛋白质含量显著上升,精氨酸和脯氨酸含量显著下降;3个处理的谷氨酸含量均呈现整体上升趋势;多项测定指标之间呈显著或极显著相关。由此可知,番红花花芽经30 d低温处理后开始解除休眠,且以5℃/10℃处理效果最佳。     

湿包类型菠萝蜜采后呼吸跃变和主要成分的变化

以湿包类型菠萝蜜‘301’株系为试材,对常温贮藏条件下果实的呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率、淀粉、纤维素、果胶和可溶性总糖含量进行了研究。结果表明：湿包菠萝蜜‘301’属于典型的呼吸跃变型果实,分别于采后2 d和3 d出现乙烯高峰和呼吸高峰。果肉中的淀粉、纤维素和原果胶含量在采后前2 d迅速下降,可溶性果胶和可溶性总糖的含量分别于采后2 d和3 d达到最大值后下降。果腱中淀粉、纤维素、果胶和可溶性总糖含量变化与果肉相同,只是趋势比较平缓。在整个贮藏期间,果肉中的淀粉、可溶性总糖（除采后2 d外）含量极显著或显著高于果腱,而纤维素和可溶性果胶含量则极显著低于果腱,果肉中的原果胶和总果胶含量在采后前2 d极显著高于果腱,随后总果胶极显著低于果腱。     

Observations on the Effect of Potash Supply on the Tension of the Tracheal Contents in Fruit Trees and Bushes

Summary

The effects of pollen source on fruit set and fruit quality characteristics (xenia effects) were examined in three commercial cultivars of mandarin, Imperial, Ellenor, and Murcott. Six trees of each cultivar received six pollination treatments: three cross-pollen sources, self-pollination, bagging and bagging with emasculation. Pollen tube growth, percentage fruit set, fruit weight, seediness, sugar and acid content were assessed in all treatments. Significant xenia effects, including effects on sugar content, were found in all cultivars. `Imperial' was found to be self-incompatible as self-pollen tubes were inhibited in the upper style. This resulted in a lower fruit set in self-pollinated fruits (P<0.01), a very low fruit weight (33–55 g, compared with 92–103 g, P<0.01), and fruits containing few or no seeds. In addition, `Ellenor' and `Murcott' pollen significantly increased sugar content of fruit by between 0.9–1.6% compared with self-pollinated and unpollinated treatments (P<0.05). Widespread problems of variable production and poor fruit quality in `Imperial' may be alleviated by interplanting with appropriate pollen sources such as `Ellenor' and `Murcott'. Pollen source significantly affected fruit set, seed number and sugar content but not fruit weight of cv. Ellenor. In particular, `Murcott' pollen produced a significantly higher fruit set, relatively low seed number, and the highest mean sugar content (13.2%), significantly higher than `Imperial' pollen, bagged, and unpollinated treatments (>12.5%, P<0.01). Fruit production, seediness and sugar content of `Ellenor' mandarin may be improved by interplanting with `Murcott'. Cross-pollination significantly increased seed number of `Murcott' (15–21 seeds per fruit, compared with 13–17 seeds per fruit, P<0.01). `Murcott' could be planted in pure blocks since self-pollinated `Murcott' fruit had slightly fewer seeds than crosses, without any significant loss of size or quality. These results demonstrate the need for careful consideration of interplanting of cultivars and management of pollinators such as the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. to maximize fruit production and quality in mandarins.     

Effects of pollen-load on fruit yield,seed production and germination in melons,cucumbers and squash

Summary

Four cultivars of each of three cucurbit species were used to examine the effects of pollen-load (i.e., the number of pollen grains deposited on the stigma of pistillate flowers) on fruit-set, seed-set, and germinability (i.e., germination percentage and germination rate) in four greenhouse experiments. Increasing pollen-load increased the number of fruit per plant in the four melon cultivars over two growing seasons, and in two non-parthenocarpic cucumbers, but had no effect on all four squash cultivars. In most cases, increasing pollen-load increased the number of fully-developed seeds, decreased the percentage of empty seeds, and tended to decrease mean seed weights. On average, melons produced 2.2 fruits per plant in the Winter, and only 0.9 fruits per plant in the Autumn. In contrast, melons produced 275 fully-developed seeds per fruit in the Autumn, but only 57 seeds in the Winter. Mean melon seed weight was higher in Autumn, and the sum of all seed yield component effects resulted a significantly higher seed yield per plant in the Autumn. Germinability of melon seeds from the Autumn season, and of squash seeds from the Winter season, were not significantly affected by pollen-load treatment. These data are contrary to the theory that microgametophyte competition has a positive effect on the vigour of the progeny. The lower germinability of melon seeds obtained by passive pollination (i.e., self-pollination in covered flowers) may be due to the fact that pollination without insect or human interference yielded only a few seeds per fruit, and, under such circumstances, there may be a survival advantage for slow and distributed germination.     

杏不同品种花粉量及花粉萌发特性的研究

以17个鲜食杏品种、4个仁用杏品种和4个杏李杂交品种为试材,对单个花药花粉量、花粉萌发率、花粉管长度进行测定,并观察统计了这25个杏品种的完全花比例,为杏主栽品种选择适宜授粉树。结果表明:不同杏品种间单个花药花粉量、花粉萌发率、花粉管长度和完全花比率差异显著;不同果实类型(鲜食、仁用和杏李杂交)间花粉量和完全花比例差异显著,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度则没有果实类型间的显著差异。花粉量与花粉萌发率和完全花比率之间无显著相关性,而与花粉管长度显著相关(r=0.417,P0.05);花粉萌发率与花粉管长度极显著正相关(r=0.691,P0.01),与完全花比率负相关但不显著。聚类分析发现,花粉量较多且花粉管生长状况较好的杏品种有"串枝红"、"沙金红"、"金太阳"和"胡安娜",适宜作为授粉树;花粉粒较少和花粉管生长状况较弱的有"恐龙蛋"、"味帝"和"苏联4号",而它们的完全花比例都很高,需要配置授粉树。     

Methods for testing the fertility of tomato pollen formed at low temperature

A reliable indication of pollen fertility is the number of seeds per fruit produced following artificial pollination, but this method is laborious, and very slow because sampling needs ripe fruits. To seek faster techniques to test the fertility of tomato pollen produced at low temperatures, we cultivated a large collection of tomato cultivars and lines of related wild species under cold conditions with minimum nocturnal temperatures below 10°C. We compared numbers of seeds per fruit with: number of pollen tubes at the base of the style, index of natural fruit-set, percentage of pollen grains stained with acetocarmine, percentage of pollen grains giving fluorochromatic reaction with fluoresceine diacetate, and percentage of pollen grains which germinated in vitro. All these variates correlated positively and significantly between themselves. The number of pollen tubes at the base of the style most closely correlated with number of seeds. This technique is equally laborious, but is good for precise testing of small numbers of genotypes and results are quickly available. Both acetocarmine staining and fluorochromatic reaction were simple, fast techniques with potential for screening large collections to detect genotypes with highly fertile pollen at low temperature; acetocarmine was the best, but neither test would identify genotypes with low-fertile pollens. Index of natural fruit-set and germination in vitro did not effectively determine the fertility of pollen produced at low temperature.     

染色体易位对西瓜主要性状的影响

为了研究染色体易位对西瓜花粉败育率、单瓜种子数及果实品质的影响,通过杂交、回交转育方法,分别得到了具有2对和4对染色体相互易位的纯合品系,并用他们配制了F1代杂合体。结果表明2对染色体相互易位使西瓜花粉败育率达49%,单瓜种子数较双亲平均值减少51%,单瓜重增加5.7%,中心糖提高1.4个百分点。而4对染色体相互易位的杂合体,其花粉败育率超过60%,且单瓜种子数减少75%以上,中心糖和边糖分别提高了0.8%和1.3个百分点。利用4对染色体易位育成的津花四号西瓜新品种与其近等位系京欣一号相比,单瓜种子数减少70%,平均仅有70粒左右,单瓜重增加8.5%,含糖量提高0.5个百分点以上,但早期坐果性不如京欣一号。另外,染色体易位导致西瓜的雄花花瓣和雄蕊变小,瓤质变硬,耐贮运性提高,在西瓜育种及生产上将会有广泛的应用前景。     

枣、酸枣授粉生物学基础研究

采用离体培养技术对27个枣品种和酸枣的枣吊花蕾量、单花花粉量、花药开裂时间、花粉发芽率以及枣和酸枣单花不同开放阶段的花粉生活力和花粉贮藏特性进行了系统研究。结果表明:(1)不同枣品种和酸枣的枣吊花蕾量、单花花粉量、花粉发芽率存在极大差异,利用数量性状的概率分级体系可将它们分别分为3级;(2)枣和酸枣的花药开裂时间在蕾黄或蕾裂期;(3)从蕾裂到瓣平期的花粉发芽率极显著的高于蕾黄期、雄蕊展平期和雄蕊下垂期;(4)花粉贮藏后发芽率表现为下降—上升—下降的大体趋势。对杂交育种中父母本的选择、花粉采集和去雄的适宜时期也进行了讨论。     

外源硅对PEG渗透胁迫下黄瓜种子萌发及相关基因表达的影响

为探明硅缓解聚乙二醇（PEG）渗透胁迫抑制黄瓜种子萌发的调控机理,以‘新春4号’黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）种子为试材,PEG模拟干旱胁迫,以蒸馏水为对照,研究硅处理（0.5 mmol ? L-1 Si）、PEG处理（10% PEG）、PEG与硅共处理（PEG + Si）对黄瓜种子萌发、膜脂过氧化、渗透调节、抗氧化酶系统及碳水化合物代谢的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,10% PEG处理显著抑制黄瓜种子的萌发,其发芽势、发芽率、芽苗全长及鲜质量显著降低,丙二醛（MDA）和游离脯氨酸（Pro）含量显著升高,抗氧化酶活性升高,PEG + Si处理可显著缓解干旱胁迫对黄瓜种子萌发的抑制作用,发芽势、芽苗全长及鲜质量显著大于PEG处理,MDA及Pro的含量显著低于PEG处理,抗氧化酶活性显著提高;正常条件下,Si处理黄瓜种子的发芽势、发芽率、芽苗全长、鲜质量、MDA含量、Pro含量以及抗氧化酶活性与对照均无显著差异。与对照相比,在种子萌发0 ~ 48 h,10% PEG处理的淀粉含量高而可溶性糖含量低,同时降低了α–淀粉酶和β–淀粉酶活性,萌发36 h时,黄瓜种子α–淀粉酶（AMY）和β–淀粉酶（BMY）基因的表达水平显著下调;PEG + Si处理显著降低了淀粉含量,提高了可溶性糖含量、α–淀粉酶和β–淀粉酶活性,显著上调了AMY和BMY基因表达水平;Si处理淀粉含量、可溶性糖含量、α–淀粉酶和β–淀粉酶活性变化趋势与对照一致且无显著差异,显著上调了BMY的基因表达,对AMY无显著影响。可见,在干旱胁迫下,Si通过提高黄瓜种子抗氧化酶活性、淀粉水解酶活性、减少MDA积累量和上调AMY、BMY基因表达水平,缓解了干旱胁迫对种子的脂质过氧化损伤,提高了碳水化合物的转化速率,促进种子萌发。     

Pollen grains of heat tolerant tomato cultivars retain higher carbohydrate concentration under heat stress conditions

Exposure to high temperatures (heat stress) causes reduced yield in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), mainly by affecting male gametophyte development. Two experiments were conducted where several tomato cultivars were grown under heat stress, in growth chambers (day/night temperatures of 31/25 °C) or in greenhouses (day/night temperatures of 32/26 °C), or under control (day/night temperatures of 28/22 °C) conditions. In heat-sensitive cultivars, heat stress caused a reduction in the number of pollen grains, impaired their viability and germinability, caused reduced fruit set and markedly reduced the numbers of seeds per fruit. In the heat-tolerant cultivars, however, the number and quality of pollen grains, the number of fruits and the number of seeds per fruit were less affected by high temperatures. In all the heat-sensitive cultivars, the heat-stress conditions caused a marked reduction in starch concentration in the developing pollen grains at 3 days before anthesis, and a parallel decrease in the total soluble sugar concentration in the mature pollen, whereas in the four heat-tolerant cultivars tested, starch accumulation at 3 days before anthesis and soluble sugar concentration at anthesis were not affected by heat stress. These results indicate that the carbohydrate content of developing and mature tomato pollen grains may be an important factor in determining pollen quality, and suggest that heat-tolerant cultivars have a mechanism for maintaining the appropriate carbohydrate content under heat stress.     

猕猴桃花粉萌发的影响因子

试验以美味猕猴桃4个株系帮增1号、201、35-19N1、35-18N1为材料,测定不同株系花粉的活力和花粉萌发动态,并以蔗糖、硼酸、钙、锰、钼、氯化钠等作为环境因子,看其对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。结果表明:35-19N1萌发和活力最高,萌发率为51.73%;帮增1号萌发最差,萌发率为36.23%。在培养基中硼酸和蔗糖最适宜浓度分别为:150mg/L、10%;培养基中添加Ca(NO3)25mg/L,或Na6Mo7O2480mg/L、MnSO4100mg/L,能明显提高萌发率。不同株系花粉的发芽势高峰有差异。NaCl对花粉萌发和花粉管生长有抑制作用。