高纺锤形苹果树三维重建和光照特性的评价

以13a生"富士"树为试材,应用三维数字化仪和Piaf Digit软件对高纺锤形"富士"的大、中、小冠层进行数字化,树体模型及光截获的计算均在Vege STAR软件中实现。光截获效率用STAR值来表征。实测的透光率与模型计算出的值无显著差异,表明基于三维数字化仪的重建模型可以用来进行冠层光照特性的评价,以对冠层结构进行量化与定性分析。结果表明:大、中、小冠层的光截获量依次增大,而5种枝条类型中,长营养枝的STAR值最大,果台枝最小;果实的STAR值与果台枝和短营养枝、长营养枝和短果台副梢的光截获量有关。由三维模型构建得出的STAR值可以作为评价冠层光截获的指标,为后期树体冠层内光合作用的研究及整形修剪提供了理论参考。     

不同树形对苹果幼树树冠中下层光截获与产量及品质的影响

以5年生"丽嘎啦"苹果为试材,选取高纺锤形、细纺锤形、自由纺锤形、Y形4种树形,运用三维数字化仪,结合Piaf Digit和Vege STAR 4.0软件,对"丽嘎啦"苹果的4种树形进行了为期2年的模拟,并对其产量、品质进行了分析,为三维数字化仪在树形评价方面的推广应用提供依据。结果表明:高纺锤形中下层的光截获率高于其它树形,总STAR与枝类STAR的线性相关性强于其它树形,中下层产量最高,品质也体现出优势,适合于光照充足的黄土高原地区矮化密植果园大量推广;各树形中皆是短果台副梢(PS)、短营养枝(VS)的STAR值高于其它枝类的STAR值;运用三维数字化仪可以准确地评价果树的总光截获率和各枝类的光截获率,能在果树上进行推广应用。     

大樱桃夏季修剪几项关键技术

1摘心 摘心的作用主要是控制枝条的旺长，增加分枝级次和短果枝量，加速扩大树冠，促进枝条向结果枝转化，有利于幼树提早结果，这项措施主要用于幼树和旺树，在枝条尚未完全木质化前进行。对于盛果期树新梢年生长量少于15cm的果树不宜进行摘心。     

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压冠期苹果树如何进行冬季修剪兼答山东读者安庆宏　　苹果压冠期树修剪主要是控制树体生长 ,防止树冠郁闭 ,以达通风透光 ,冬剪的主要任务有以几项。1　培养合理的树体结构　对层间辅养枝 ,根据空间的大小和枝条的生长情况 ,进行疏除或回缩。2　控制冠高和冠径　超过高度的树及时落头 ,削弱上部生长势 ,为缓和全树生长势 ,疏除直立枝。缓放中庸枝 ,骨干枝的延长枝尽量少短截 ,促使果树多成花 ,以果压冠 ,减少向外扩展的枝条。3　调整营养枝和结果枝的比例　压冠期随着结果量的增加和控冠 ,长势逐渐缓和 ,结果枝数量显著增加。为此 ,应调整…     

枣树的生长特性及整形修剪

1枣树的生长特性 枣树的枝、芽类型和生长结果习性,与一般果树不同。枣树有3类枝,枣头、枣股和枣吊。枣头是新生的营养枝,是扩大树冠、扩大结果面积的的基本枝条。枣股是结果母枝,其特点是短缩性，每年只长几毫米，但寿命很长，一般可有效利用10年以上。枣吊就是结果枝，是着生叶片和结果的枝条。     

不同修剪方式对番荔枝生产的影响初报

番荔枝修剪可促春秋两季成花着果,比较了春季9种修剪方式对新梢萌发、花芽抽生、新芽可溶性糖含量、果实产量和品质的影响,并比较了秋季3种修剪方式对新梢萌发及果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明,春季短截摘叶处理后5 d新梢萌发率达到100%,短截不摘叶处理较短截摘叶处理新梢萌发延迟。春季不短截情况下,枝条去顶后只留顶部叶片更容易促进枝条基部萌发花芽。春季短截处理虽然抽生花芽时间比不短截处理提早约1周,但是不短截处理的新芽可溶性糖含量高于短截处理,短截与不短截处理在花蕾抽生时新芽可溶性糖含量趋于一致。秋季短截外围1/3、2/3及全部枝条摘叶处理的新梢萌发时间相近,均在处理后5～6 d萌发;秋季短截外围2/3枝条摘叶处理着果枝率适中,优质商品果比例达77.0%,产量高。因此,海南岛番荔枝生产春季修剪以留中间枝短截外围枝条并留顶端2个芽点为宜,秋季修剪以短截外围2/3枝条摘叶留叶柄为宜,秋季果效益较高,建议以秋季番荔枝生产为主。     

提高果实品质的修剪原则

通过整形,可培养成结构良好、骨架牢固、大小整齐的树冠,达到符合栽培距离的要求。合理修剪．可使新梢生长健壮．营养枝和结果枝搭配适当,不同类型、不同长度的枝条能保持一定的比例,并使结果枝分布合理．连年形成健壮新梢和足够的花芽,产量高而稳定。合理修剪还能使果树通风透光,果实色泽鲜艳,大小均匀。品质优良。     

苹果冠层枝梢类型对光能截获效率和光合生产力影响的模拟分析

为了探究苹果冠层枝梢类型对光能截获效率和光合生产力的影响,以苹果短枝型品种'礼泉短富'和长枝型品种'丽嘎拉'为试材,利用三维数字化技术结合枝梢和叶片尺度异速生长关系建立枝梢及冠层尺度的三维虚拟植物模型,利用RATP功能结构模型结合虚拟试验系统比较枝梢类型对枝梢形态结构、光能截获效率及枝梢相对比例对冠层光能截获效率和光合...     

遮阴对日光温室柑橘生长及生理特性的影响

以4年生枳砧砂糖橘为试材,研究不同遮阴处理对温室柑橘树冠微环境、柑橘生长及叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明:未遮阴的日光温室条件下,中午光合有效辐射强、温度高、相对湿度低,柑橘叶片净光合速率日变化呈"双峰型",有明显的光合"午休"。遮阴可显著降低光合有效辐射,降低柑橘树冠温度,增加树冠相对湿度,柑橘叶片净光合速率日变化表现为"单峰型"。遮阴处理对新萌发夏梢生长表现出抑制作用,随着透光率的降低,柑橘枝长、枝粗、枝条数降低。遮阴处理使柑橘叶片单叶面积增大,叶片变薄。遮阴使叶绿素b含量增加,随着透光率的降低,叶绿素a/b值变小。一层遮阴柑橘幼果坐果率比对照提高了16.44%,二层遮阴处理坐果率为0。     

黄冠梨生长特性及修剪技术

<正>1生长特性1.1枝条生长特性萌芽力强,成枝力中等,1年生枝上的芽,第2年萌发的能力强,除极少数瘪芽外,其他的芽都萌发。直立枝除顶芽外萌发后形成短枝多,平生枝萌发后形成中长枝多。结果后容易抽生细长果台副梢,结果超量时果台副梢容易变成辐条枝。背     

双主干并棒树形对矮化自根砧苹果幼树生长和结果的影响

为了探究双主干并棒（Bibaum?）树形‘富士’系苹果在中国渭北黄土高原地区的生长和结果表现,以 M9-T337 矮化自根砧长枝型‘富士’系‘富姬酷’（‘Fujiko’）为试材,调查了并棒形（1.2 m × 3.5 m）与高纺锤形（1.0 m × 3.5 m）幼树树体生长、枝（梢）类组成、成花率、果实品质和产量等指标。结果表明：并棒形树高、干径小于高纺锤形,砧木粗度大于高纺锤形,2016 年东西方向冠幅（行间冠幅）及平均冠幅小于高纺锤形;单株枝量及单位面积枝量 2016 年高纺锤形较高,2017 年无差异;并棒形2016—2017 年间树高、干径、砧木粗度以及单位面积枝量的年增长速率大于高纺锤形;并棒形 2016 年中枝（5 ~ 15 cm）比例、果台副梢长枝比例高于高纺锤形,2017 年营养长枝（> 30 cm）比例低于高纺锤形,同时并棒形 2018 年枝梢成花率高于高纺锤形;两种树形果实品质及单位面积产量无差异,并棒形单株果实数量、2017 年单株产量以及 2016—2017 年单位面积产量在增长速率大于高纺锤形。综合认为,矮化自根砧‘富士’系幼树采用并棒树形,可以显著削弱树体高度,减小行间冠幅,树体生长及枝量增长速度快,长枝比例低,易成花,果实产量上升潜力大。     

Partitioning of C-photosynthates from different current shoots neighboring with fruiting spur in later-maturing Japanese pear during the period of rapid fruit growth

To elucidate the fate of photosynthates from different current shoots and their influence on fruit growth and bud differentiation in neighboring spur complex during the period of rapid fruit growth in two late-maturing Japanese pear cultivars: ‘Atago’ and ‘Shinkou’ with contrasting fruit size, ¹³C labeling of single shoot was done to investigate of C-relations in fruit branches of eight shoot-combinations. The results showed that all of the current shoots investigated (bourse shoots of nonfruiting spur, bourse shoots of fruiting spur, extension shoot, nonfruiting spur, vegetative shoot, and water sprout) could export photosynthates to the neighboring fruit and buds. Water sprouts together with vegetative shoots, bourse shoots, and extension shoots are important source for fruit growth after shoot growth termination during the period of rapid fruit growth in production of late-maturing pears. The carbon transfer rate from the neighboring to the fruit bearing spur is depent (i) on the types of shoot which acts as C source, (ii) on the position of the fruiting spur and (iii) on the source-sink distance. Furthermore, the cultivar difference in carbon partitioning from different current shoot-combinations confirmed that the movement of photosynthates into the fruit was determined by sink strength of the fruit, and ‘Atago’ exhibited a greater relative sink strength of fruit than ‘Shinkou’. In addition, vegetative shoots are very important C sources for fruit growth in ‘Atago’ and the growth pattern of bourse shoot seriously affects C allocated to fruit in ‘Shinkou’.     

不同枝量类型富士苹果光强分布及产量品质比较

对陇东改良纺锤形富士苹果3种枝量类型树冠内相对光照强度、树冠不同部位光照分布特征、果实产量、产量分布特征及品质进行了对比研究。结果表明:枝量过多型树冠内小于30%的相对光照强度比例最大,枝量合理型次之,枝量不足型最小。枝量合理型、枝量不足型、枝量过多型小于30%的相对光照体积所占树冠总体积分别为32.23%、24.19%、49.53%;产量分别为3 195、1 555、2 098 kg/667m2;果实品质各项指标枝量不足型略高于枝量合理型,但二者均达到了优质苹果的要求,确定出陇东地区富士苹果优质高产的最适留枝量为84 000/667m2左右。     

Relationships between canopy size,light interception and productivity in conventional avocado planting systems

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a relatively under-developed tree crop, grown commercially in climates ranging from tropical to temperate. Orchard productivity across a broad range of tree crops has been demonstrated to be related to total light interception. However, little information is currently available for avocado. Here we document the relationships between canopy volume per hectare, total orchard light interception and yield per ha for avocados of cultivar ‘Hass’ grown in low density planting systems. Total orchard light interception increased with canopy volume, with increases in light interception per unit canopy volume becoming smaller at the higher levels of canopy volume/ha. Yield/ha increased with light interception and canopy volume up to approximately 80–84% total light interception and 30,000–35,000 m³ canopy volume/ha. It is unclear whether the trend in yield/ ha at the very highest measured levels of orchard light interception and canopy volume should be described as plateauing or declining. Mean fruit weight decreased as light interception increased, although the relationship varied between seasons. For these conventional planting systems there is no yield benefit from increasing canopy light interception above 80–84%, and there may be yield decline at higher levels of orchard light interception.     

Contributions of short- and long-shoots to yield of ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

The canopy of a mature ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) tree is composed of two types of shoots: short-shoots composed entirely of preformed nodes, and long-shoots composed of both preformed and neoformed nodes. Since the production of these two types of shoots is known to be related to rootstock and rootstock influences yield of pistachio the relationship of these two types of shoots to yield was investigated during two cropping years. Individual short-shoots produced significantly less yield and had fewer fruit clusters per shoot compared with long-shoots, but collectively produced 55–60% of the total yield. Long-shoots positively affected yield components in one year, but had no effect in the other year. Whether the differences in the one year were due to canopy position and light interception or differences in the carbohydrate allocation within the two types of shoots could not be determined from the current data. Long-shoots initiated more inflorescence buds, although inflorescence bud formation was restricted to the preformed growth and only the 3–4 earliest neoformed nodes. However, when expressed as a percentage, long-shoots retained a lower percentage of initiated inflorescence buds, compared with short-shoots. Regardless of shoot type, less than half of the retained inflorescence buds produced mature fruit clusters. Thus, inflorescence bud retention, a previously hypothesized mechanism of pistachio alternate bearing, may not be the primary limiting factor to yield in pistachio.     

Light studies in a spacing trial with apple on a dwarfing and a semi-dwarfing rootstock

Light interception by the orchard canopies in a spacing trial with Golden Delicious and Jonathan on M IX and on M II was measured in 1968, 1969 and 1970. In 1969 and 1970 light distribution over the Golden Delicious hedges in the high-density plots was also measured and related to fruit and foliage distribution and to fruit quality. Simultaneously, integrated light readings at 100–200 locations were taken over 24-hour periods, using a photochemical method.Although all plots attained their ceiling yield level in 1967, the 6th year after planting, light interception continued to increase from 1968 to 1970. In the low-density plots — 1100 trees per ha on M IX and 660 trees per ha on M II — the canopies intercepted roughly half of the incident light and yields levelled off at 40 tons per ha. The high-density M IX plot (3300 trees per ha) intercepted two-thirds, the high-density M II plot (2260 trees per ha) more than three-quarters of incident light. Both plots yielded more than 70 tons per ha in 1967 and 1968, but thereafter the yield level dropped, especially for trees on M II, presumably because of mounting inter-tree competition for light.Light levels in the hedges in the high-density plots at equal distances from the hedge perimeter were very much the same for both varieties, for both rootstocks and in the two years. Light levels fell sharply towards the interior and bottom parts of the hedges. The main advantage of the M IX hedge was its smaller cross section, leaving little room for a poorly illuminated centre. At lower light levels weight per fruit and especially fruit colour declined, but the relation between light level and fruit quality was not consistent for both rootstocks and in both years. These inconsistencies could be explained on the basis of differences in pruning system, affecting the type of wood on which the fruit is borne.Fruit was concentrated in the interior part of the hedges, so that a high proportion of the crop suffered from the poor light conditions in this part. Fruit distribution was generally correlated with foliage distribution. In the M IX hedge by far the highest leaf density was found in the centre of the hedge. This is an advantage in comparison with the large leaf area — relatively unproductive and casting much shade — in the top of the M II hedge. Light measurements before and after fruit removal suggested that the shade cast by the fruit is negligible as compared to shading by the foliage.It is concluded that canopy architecture in the high-density M IX plot, with a leaf area index of 2.15, is close to the optimum for single row planting systems in Northwest Europe. Gains in percentage light interception, as in the high-density M II plot, are associated with a greatly inferior light distribution over the canopy, leading to lower yields per unit growth and deterioration of fruit quality. In addition to light, pruning strongly influences fruit quality.     

Light distribution in apple orchard systems in relation to production and fruit quality

Summary

The effect of tree density (2000, 2667, and 4000 trees per ha) and the ratio of between to within-row distance (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) on light interception, fruit production, colour and individual fruit weight was evaluated in a ten-year comparative field study with apple at two sites in The Netherlands (51° 30′ and 52°0′ N) and one site in Denmark (55°30′). For each combination of tree density and rectangularity, trees were pruned at three heights (1.50, 1.88, or 2.25 m). Fruit production over nine years and seasonal incoming radiation between bloom and harvest were 20 and 15% greater in The Netherlands. Climate-based estimates of potential production as provided by a crop-growth model, predicted 18% higher fruit production in The Netherlands. Production was proportional to light interception and increased with tree density, but the amount of well-coloured fruit per ha in later years did not increase with planting density. With more than 70% light interception in later years, a large proportion of shade within the canopy was found. Fruits were smaller and less coloured at the Danish site. Fruits were more coloured in the taller and more open trees, even at the highest tree densities. Plantings with 1:1 and 2:1 between-to within-row distances intercepted more light and had a more uniform light distribution than 3:1 designs. This led to higher fruit production and better fruit colour. Fruit weight was not influenced by tree density, rectangularity, or tree height.     

Wood age and leaf area influence fruit size and mineral composition of apple fruit

Summary

The influence of wood age, fruiting position and leaf area within the tree canopy on fruit mineral content and quality for several apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars was investigated. Size and Ca, Mg and K content of individual fruit on one-year (lateral and terminal positions), two-year and older than three-year wood were compared for cvs Royal Gala, Braeburn, Granny Smith and Fuji. Fruit on two-year spurs and one-year terminals was generally larger at commercial harvest than that on one-year laterals and spurs older than three years. Flower receptacles at full bloom were larger and fruit growth rates were greater from 60 to 100 d after full bloom on two-year spurs than on one-year laterals. Fruit Ca and Mg concentrations and contents at commercial harvest were highest for terminal fruit, but there was no consistent difference between fruit from other positions. One-year terminals had the greatest primary and bourse leaf areas, two-year spurs were intermediate and one-year laterals had the lowest areas of both leaf types. Removal of 50% of primary leaves and/or removal of bourse shoots from clusters at bloom reduced fruit Ca content at commercial harvest for two-year spurs, one-year laterals and one-year terminals. Bourse shoot removal also reduced Mg content for all positions. However there was no effect of leaf removal on fruit size or K content. Ca content of individual fruit increased curvilinearly with increasing total spur leaf area for fruit on two-year spurs and one-year terminals but not for fruit on one-year lateral clusters. Terminal fruit with total spur leaf areas and fruit size similar to those on two-year spur fruit had higher Ca content.     

Response of watersprout growth to fruit load and intensity of dormant pruning in peach tree

Watersprout occurrence and growth were investigated over a two-year period in an early maturing peach cultivar (Alexandra) under different intensities of dormant pruning for fruited and defruited trees. A preliminary study focused on identifying the laws that determine the probability of presence and occurrence of watersprouts in relation to watersprout-bearing shoot (WBS) length. The increase in watersprout probability of presence and occurrence resulting from greater WBS length illustrated the high capacity of peach for sprouting. Watersprout lengths were measured, as well as the lengths of young shoots, one-year-old fruit-bearing shoots (FBSs) and older branches considered as WBS in order to evaluate total shoot growth within the tree. Watersprout number and total length tended to be higher under severe dormant pruning and in fruited trees than under light dormant pruning and in defruited trees. This stimulation of watersprout length appeared to compensate for the concomitant lower total length of young shoots, resulting in a constant overall vegetative growth rate for the whole tree. In the second year of the experiment, watersprouts were either removed by summer pruning or not in order to evaluate watersprout incidence on the rest of the tree. After light and severe watersprout removal (WSR), the annual diametrical growth of FBS tended to be higher and lower, respectively, compared to trees not submitted to summer pruning. Light WSR might favour light interception in the centre of the canopy, thus improving assimilate production and allocation to FBS, whereas severe WSR could prevent carbohydrate export from watersprouts to FBS. Under our conditions, the limit at which WSR intensity became detrimental for FBS diametrical growth appeared to be after approximately 75% of the watersprouts were removed. Severe WSR appeared likely to improve fruit diameter, whereas it had no significant impact on the percentage of soluble solids.