外源葡萄糖对番茄盐胁迫耐受性的影响

以番茄为试材,研究了外源葡萄糖(3%、5%、7%)对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗的生长、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质的含量变化。结果表明:在NaCl胁迫条件下,一定浓度外源葡萄糖提高了番茄叶片叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,提高了可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量,降低了叶片丙二醛(MDA)、超氧阴离子自由基(O_2·)和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)的含量,促进了幼苗生长。进一步证实外源葡萄糖对于缓解植物盐害具有重要作用。     

盐胁迫对番茄果实糖含量及蔗糖代谢的影响

以番茄栽培品种辽园多丽为试材,在果实发育期进行盐胁迫〔50 mmol·L-1 NaCl以及等渗透势的NaNO3、KCl、KNO3、CaCl2和Ca（NO3）2〕处理,研究不同种类盐胁迫对番茄果实品质及蔗糖代谢的影响。结果表明：3种Cl-盐胁迫处理均提高了成熟番茄果实中可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、有机酸含量和糖酸比。盐胁迫下番茄完熟期果实各部位己糖（果糖+葡萄糖）含量增加,蔗糖转化酶（酸性转化酶+中性转化酶）活性增强,而且各处理可溶性糖和己糖含量变化与蔗糖转化酶活性变化成正比。由此可见,果实发育期盐胁迫下番茄果实可溶性糖含量的提高是由于蔗糖转化酶活性的增强|提高番茄品质的最佳盐是KCl。     

NaCl胁迫对不同倍性西瓜幼苗叶片叶绿素含量的影响

为探讨NaCl胁迫对不同倍性西瓜幼苗叶绿素含量的影响,用浓度为0、100、200、300、400 mmol·L-1的NaCl处理西瓜幼苗,95%(φ)乙醇提取叶片中的叶绿素,比较NaCl胁迫下不同倍性西瓜幼苗叶绿素含量的变化。结果表明,在低盐浓度下,西瓜幼苗叶片中的叶绿素含量随胁迫时间增加的变化较小。在NaCl浓度为100 mmol·L-1时,随着NaCl胁迫时间的增加,2x、3x、4x叶片中的叶绿素含量分别由33.4、33.5、32.3 mg·g-1降为30.2、32.8、29.8 mg·g-1。随着NaCl浓度的增加,西瓜幼苗叶片中的叶绿素含量逐渐减少。在NaCl浓度为400 mmol·L-1时,2x、3x、4x叶片中的叶绿素含量分别由33.0、33.6、33.4 mg·g-1减少到9.2、4.6、5.5 mg·g-1。叶绿素含量受低盐浓度影响较小,高盐浓度条件下,叶绿素含量随着NaCl胁迫时间的增加而逐渐减少,2x、3x、4x西瓜叶片叶绿素含量受NaCl胁迫后变化趋势一致,并且在各倍性之间叶绿素含量变化没有明显差异。     

盐胁迫对番茄幼苗生长及保护酶活性的影响

测定了0、100、200、300.mmol/L NaCl浓度处理下番茄幼苗地上及地下部分的干鲜重;叶绿素含量、光合特性;SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性及O2·-产生速率.结果表明:随NaCl处理浓度的增加,番茄幼苗的FW、DW、Pn、GS呈现降低趋势;Ci、chl、SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性及O2·-产生速率随盐处理浓度的增加而增加.NaCl处理对番茄幼苗的生长具有抑制作用,非气孔因素是引起光舍下降的主要因素,抗氧化酶活性不断增加以清除盐胁迫产生活性氧类,使番茄幼苗可以在盐胁迫条件下生存.     

短期夜间亚低温及恢复对番茄光合作用和蔗糖代谢的影响

 为了明确番茄叶片光合作用及蔗糖代谢对夜间亚低温的响应机制,系统研究了9 ℃夜间亚低温及其恢复对番茄净光合速率、各器官干物质量、碳水化合物积累、蔗糖代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明：9 ℃夜间亚低温降低了番茄净光合速率和各器官的干物质量,增加了淀粉、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖的含量;抑制了番茄中酸性转化酶（AI）、中性转化酶（NI）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性;夜间9 ℃亚低温处理6 d内,在15 ℃适温恢复9 d时番茄光合速率、各器官干物质量、淀粉、果糖、葡萄糖含量等均可恢复到对照水平,但处理9 d时再恢复9 d,光合速率、淀粉和果糖含量、SS活性均未能恢复到对照水平,特别是处理6 ~ 9 d时再恢复9 d,蔗糖、蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性均未恢复到对照水平,且亚低温处理时间越长恢复所需时间越长。从蔗糖和淀粉含量分别与净光合速率和SPS活性呈极显著负相关关系的结果看,夜间亚低温导致的净光合速率的降低可用“光合末端产物的反馈抑制”来解释,说明源叶中光合末端产物的积累可能是光合效率降低的直接原因之一。     

水分胁迫对番茄幼苗转化酶表达及糖代谢的影响

 以栽培番茄品种‘Ailsa Craig’的6 叶期幼苗为试材, 在水培条件下研究了5 %、7. 5 %和10 %聚乙二醇(PEG) 水分胁迫对叶片转化酶种类和活性表达及葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和淀粉代谢的影响。结果表明, 随着水分胁迫强度的加大, 可溶性酸性转化酶和胞壁转化酶活性增强, 己糖和蔗糖水平提高, 持续的强水分胁迫(10 % PEG) 使转化酶和可溶性糖水平显著增加, 而淀粉含量降低。     

盐胁迫对番茄幼苗叶片光合特性及叶绿素和β-胡萝卜素含量的影响

以新疆当地栽培种"石红305"和"黑番茄"为试材,采用基质栽培方法,设置50、100、150、200mmol/L不同盐胁迫浓度,以0mmol/L为对照,测定了番茄幼苗叶片的光合特性以及叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和β-胡萝卜素的含量变化,以探讨盐胁迫对不同番茄品种光合特性及光合色素含量的影响。结果表明:随盐胁迫程度的增加,2个番茄品种叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)均表现为先升高后降低的趋势,且光合速率的降低主要由气孔限制因素造成;而水分利用效率(WUE)却基本成增高趋势,这与Pn和Tr的下降幅度有关;叶绿素a含量随盐胁迫浓度的增加而逐渐降低,而叶绿素b、总叶绿素以及β-胡萝卜素含量的变化趋势与净光合速率等的变化趋势相同;这说明一定程度的盐胁迫在影响植物的光合作用、叶绿素合成等初级代谢的同时,也会对其次级代谢色素产生影响,且β-胡萝卜素的含量变化与叶绿素以及净光合速率的变化趋势相符合。     

NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫对盐地碱蓬幼苗生理特征的影响

以盐地碱蓬幼苗为试材,研究了相同Na+浓度的NaCl和Na2 SO42种盐胁迫对盐地碱蓬幼苗含水量、叶绿素、有机酸、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的影响.结果表明:NaCl胁迫能促进盐地碱蓬幼苗含水量的增加,而Na2SO4胁迫则抑制其增加;NaCl和Na2 SO4胁迫均导致其叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量的减少以及有机酸含量的下降;而脯氨酸含量则随盐浓度的增大而增加,可溶性糖含量随盐浓度的增大呈先升高后降低的变化趋势.总体表现出Na2 SO4胁迫对盐地碱蓬的伤害作用弱于NaCl.     

盐胁迫下两个苹果品种光合性能研究

研究不同浓度(0、0.2%、0.4%)NaCl盐分胁迫处理对"寒富"、"华红"2个苹果品种1a生嫁接苗叶片中光合作用和光合色素含量的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫改变了苹果叶片光合日变化曲线,使其光合性能整体下降;2个苹果品种的光合色素含量均随着盐浓度的增加而降低。综合分析发现,2个品种在盐胁迫下的光合能力为:"华红""寒富"。     

盐分胁迫对不同番茄品种生理生化指标的影响

在无土栽培条件下,以1/2MS营养液及含NaCl浓度分别为50、100、200、400mM的营养液对3个番茄品种“红润156”、“早冠二号”和“黄圣女”处理一周,研究盐胁迫对番茄幼苗叶片的影响.结果显示：随盐分浓度的增加,植株伤害加重.番茄叶片细胞膜透性增大,丙二醛（MDA）含量,过氧化物酶活性先升高后降低,脯氨酸含量明显增加,叶绿素含量下降.但各指标的变化程度因番茄品种不同而异.在盐胁迫下,“黄圣女”的脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性,叶绿素含量都明显高于另外两品种,“早冠二号”最低.细胞膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量则是“早冠二号”最高,“红润156”居中,“黄圣女”最低.     

‘巨峰’葡萄盛花后弱光胁迫对叶片光合生理及光合酶基因表达的影响

为了探明弱光胁迫对葡萄叶片光合生理的影响,以4年生‘巨峰’葡萄为材料,在盛花后进行20 d 70%遮光作为弱光处理,然后恢复至未遮光植株(对照)水平,测定果实品质和叶片的光合参数、叶绿素荧光、叶绿素含量、叶片糖含量及组分、光合酶基因及蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因表达等。结果发现,弱光处理导致成熟期葡萄果实可溶性固形物含量降低,可滴定酸含量升高,果皮花色苷含量减少,果实纵径降低。随着弱光时间延长,叶片叶绿素b含量增加,叶绿素a/b值下降,光合速率和光化学效率降低,叶片中可溶性糖含量降低,Rubisco大、小亚基,PRKase,SPS1-2,SPS3等基因表达受到抑制;光照恢复至对照水平10 d后,光合速率、光化学效率及可溶性糖含量略有上升,光合酶基因表达得到部分恢复;恢复光照50 d后,叶绿素a/b、叶片可溶性糖含量、部分光合酶基因和SPS表达等基本与对照水平一致,仅Rubisco大亚基1(RbcL1)表达仍低于对照。说明长时间弱光处理对葡萄叶片光合中心的损伤短期内不可逆,部分光合酶和蔗糖代谢关键酶基因表达受到抑制,叶片光合能力下降,光合产物合成与积累减少,进而导致了葡萄果实变小,品质降低。     

Changes in chlorophyll,ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase,glycine betaine content,photosynthesis and transpiration in Amaranthus tricolor leaves during salt stress

Summary

We examined changes in leaf growth and chemical composition, including chlorophyll content, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO), and glycine betaine (GB) in relation to photosynthesis and transpiration responses to salt stress in Amaranthus tricolor leaves. To induce salt stress, plants were transferred to a growth medium containing 300 mM NaCl for 7 d followed by 7 d of relief from salinity. A decrease in leaf enlargement began 3 d after salt stress, and leaves subsequently showed the same degree of regrowth as controls after relief in non-salt medium. Chlorophyll content expressed on a leaf-area basis increased under conditions of salinity due to a reduction in leaf tissue water content. The decrease in chlorophyll content continued throughout the 7 d of relief from salinity. The RuBisCO and soluble protein contents when expressed on a leaf dry-weight basis decreased in response to salinity, and then gradually increased during the relief period. GB content increased slightly up to 3 d of salt stress, and showed typical accumulation during salt stress. GB content decreased sharply immediately after plants were transferred to non-stress medium, but remained at a higher level throughout the relief period. A decrease in photosynthetic activity and transpiration rate preceded any changes in leaf area, RuBisCO or GB content. During relief from salinity, photosynthesis and transpiration rates gradually recovered to control levels with restoration of stomatal conductance. The above findings suggest that the increase in GB content is important in adaptation to salt stress in Amaranthus plants, although photosynthesis and transpiration responses occurred immediately after salt-stress.     

丛枝菌根真菌对番茄渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度NaCl (0.5%和1% ) 胁迫下, 接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF) 对番茄生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明: 盐胁迫下, 与未接菌番茄相比, 接种AMF番茄能显著增加植株的生长, 促进叶片和根系可溶性糖的积累, 增加叶片可溶性蛋白含量及根系脯氨酸含量, 使植株耐盐能力增强。接菌株可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白的增加以及根系脯氨酸的大量积累在AMF提高番茄耐盐的渗透调节机制中具有重要的作用。     

外源葡萄糖对‘长富2号’苹果花芽生理分化期可溶性糖和相关基因表达的影响

以‘长富2号’苹果为材料,于花后25和30 d喷施浓度1.5%和3%的葡萄糖,研究处理后短枝顶芽的发育状况、可溶性糖、淀粉含量及相关代谢酶活性的动态变化,并利用实时荧光定量PCR检测糖代谢相关基因与成花相关基因的表达模式。结果表明:葡萄糖处理后,短枝顶芽长度、宽度及质量有一定程度增加;短枝顶芽中,蔗糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇在生理分化中前期显著高于对照,淀粉含量整体升高,而果糖含量在整个生理分化期显著降低;山梨醇脱氢酶、山梨醇氧化酶、蔗糖合酶合成方向以及蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性在不同时期有所增加,而酸性与中性蔗糖转化酶,及蔗糖合酶分解方向酶活性普遍降低;叶片中碳水化合物积累明显,糖代谢相关酶活性也发生相似改变;顶芽糖代谢相关基因及2个MdTPS基因都响应葡萄糖处理;成花关键基因MdFT 1、MdFD、MdLFY、MdSOC 1和MdAP 1均显著上调,而成花抑制基因MdTFL 1从花后30 d开始,表达显著下调。     

桃果实和叶片中糖分的季节变化及其与碳代谢酶活性的关系研究

以晚熟的艳丰一号桃为试材,研究了果实和叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉及相关酶活性的变化。结果表明,在果实生长发育早期,果实和叶片中的可溶性糖主要是还原糖,中后期,还原糖维持在相对较低的水平上,非还原糖大量积累;在整个果实生长发育期间,果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量显著地高于叶片,而叶片中山梨醇和淀粉含量则显著地高于果实;叶片中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量和果实中山梨醇含量较稳定,在整个生长季节中差异较小;在整个生长发育期间蔗糖在果实中持续积累,尤其是在成熟前急剧增加,果实内葡萄糖和果糖含量在生长发育前期总体呈下降趋势,中后期维持在一个相对较低的水平上;叶片中山梨醇含量在生长前期下降,之后维持在相对稳定状态。在整个果实生长发育期间果实中果糖含量与NI、SS和SDH活性及葡萄糖含量与SS和SDH活性呈显著正相关;叶片中葡萄糖含量与SDH活性呈显著正相关且果糖含量与SS和ADPGPPase活性呈显著负相关,此外叶片中蔗糖含量与SPS活性呈显著正相关,但果实中蔗糖含量与SPS不存在任何相关性。因此认为各主要糖的合成与转化在叶片和果实中可能存在着不同的酶调控机制。     

Carbohydrate content of inflorescent buds of defruited and fruiting pistachio (Pistacia vera L) branches in relation to biennial bearing

Summary

Changes in carbohydrate content of inflorescent buds of fruiting and defruited branches of the same tree were measured in 1994 and 1995 in the period before and during bud abscission in pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. Aegenes) to investigate its relationship to inflorescent bud abscission. HPLC was used for soluble sugar analysis, while starch was hydrolyzed to glucose enzymatically and the amount of glucose was then determined using the glucose oxidaseperoxidase method. The effect of fruit on leaf net photosynthesis (Pn), chlorophyll a and b (Chl (a+b)) in leaves and specific leaf weight (SLW) was also investigated in 1995. Starch concentration was initially similar in buds of fruiting and defruited branches but became greater in buds of defruited branches from early June 1994 (57 d after full bloom (AFB)) and 20 June 1995 (61 dAFB), resulting in higher starch contents. Glucose and fructose concentrations were similar in flower buds throughout the whole period of measurement; inositol and sucrose (the most abundant sugar in flower buds) both became much lower in fruiting branches from early July 1994 (83 dAFB) and mid July 1995 (88 dAFB). The rapid decrease in sucrose concentration coincided with rapid seed growth and the greatest period of bud abscission in fruiting branches. During the same period, total sugar and total carbohydrate concentrations and contents were greater in buds of defruited branches. The presence of fruit increased Chl (a+b) content in leaves while decreasing SLW between 43 and 61 dAFB. During this same period, leaf Pn rates were greater in fruiting shoots than in defruited ones.     

Carbohydrate changes in flowers,leaves, shoots and spurs of ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ apple during flowering and fruit setting periods

Summary

Changes of carbohydrate concentrations in different parts of the flower and the surrounding tissues (leaves, spurs and shoots) were measured in apple (Malus pumila) in 1987 and 1988, during the periods of flowering and fruit setting, to investigate their importance for fruit setting. HPLC was used for soluble sugar and sorbitol analysis. Starch was hydrolysed to glucose enzymatically and glucose concentration was determined colorometrically to estimate starch concentrations. Soluble sugars plus sorbitol (the soluble pool) increased rapidly in all parts of the flower from bud burst until full bloom. In contrast, in the same period, starch concentrations decreased rapidly and reached about zero at full bloom in the storage organs (shoots and spurs), indicating starch conversion to sugars and their movement to the growing flowers. Sorbitol was the most abundant carbohydrate in all apple tissue measured, with the exception of sepals, in which glucose concentration was the highest from full bloom onwards. Sepals had much higher glucose and fructose concentrations than leaf laminae but much lower sorbitol concentrations. Although dry weight, soluble pool and starch concentrations and total soluble pool content increased in the receptacle after petal fall, sucrose concentrations and total sucrose content dramatically decreased. These results suggest a preferential mobilization and utilization of sucrose rather than sorbitol during the fruit setting period and probably an important role of sucrose metabolism in fruit setting.