Wind erosion and sand accumulation effects on soil properties in Horqin Sandy Farmland,Inner Mongolia

Rain-fed agriculture is widespread in Inner Mongolia, northern China, where wind erosion of farmland is very common because of sandy soil and dry, windy weather. However, very little is known about the effects of wind erosion on soil physical and chemical properties in this region. A field experiment was conducted in sandy farmland, where erosional and depositional gradients were established to evaluate the effects of wind erosion and leeward sand accumulation on soil texture, nutrient content, soil water, and soil temperature. The research showed that long term wind erosion could result in significant soil coarseness, infertility and dryness. Severe erosion reduced clay by 59.6%, organic C by 71.2%, total N by 67.4%, total P by 31.4%, available N by 64.5%, available P by 38.8%, and average soil water content by 51.8%, compared with non-eroded farmland in the study region. The sand fraction (particles > 0.05 mm), pH and ground-surface temperature increased by 6.2%, 3.7%, and 2.2 °C, respectively. Accumulated sand also caused a decrease in nutrients and soil water content. Under severe sand accumulation, clay was reduced by 2.0%, organic C by 19.3%, total N by 21.7%, total P by 13.7%, available N by 52.5%, and average soil water content by 26.6%. The sand fraction, pH, available P, and ground-surface temperature increased by 0.2%, 0.9%, 5.8% and 2.8 °C, respectively.     

Soil properties, crop productivity and irrigation effects on five croplands of Inner Mongolia

In the Horqin Sand Land, more than half of the original pasture area has been converted to farmland over the last century. A field experiment was conducted from 2000 to 2001 on five croplands in the Horqin Sand Land of Inner Mongolia to examine differences in soil properties, crop productivity and irrigation effects across different soils in the region to assess their relative suitability for cultivation, in the face of continued pressure for conversion of these generally fragile, sandy soils to agriculture.Two irrigated croplands studied were originally sandy meadow (ISM) and sandy grassland (ISG), and three dry croplands were from sandy meadow (DSM), sandy grassland (DSG) and fixed sand dunes (DFD). Results showed that most measured properties of soils, and crop productivity, differed among the five croplands. The silt + clay fraction, bulk density, organic matter content, total N and P, available N and P, average soil moisture and temperature, plant height and aboveground biomass were as follows in the DSM|DSG|DFD soils: 51.1%|47.5%|24.3%; 1.44 g/cm³|1.49 g/cm³|1.58 g/cm³; 6.3 g/kg|4.6 g/kg|3.4 g/kg; 0.55 g/kg|0.33 g/kg|0.21 g/kg; 0.21 g/kg|0.17 g/kg|0.13 g/kg; 27.0 mg/kg|13.7 mg/kg|7.7 mg/kg; 2.9 mg/kg|2.9 mg/kg|3.0 mg/kg; 9.4%|7.0%|6.2%; 21.4 °C|21.7 °C|22.0 °C; 225 cm|220 cm|181 cm; and 2116 g/m²|1864 g/m²|1338 g/m². Corresponding values for ISM|ISG soils were: 54.3%|47.9%; 1.42 g/cm³|1.49 g/cm³; 8.5 g/kg|6.4 g/kg; 0.58 g/kg|0.42 g/kg; 0.20 g/kg|0.19 g/kg; 29.0 mg/kg|23.3 mg/kg; 4.7 mg/kg|7.9 mg/kg; 13.0%|10.1%; 21.0 °C|21.1 °C; 266 cm|245 cm; and 2958 g/m²|2702 g/m².In general, the ecological origin of a cropland was a stronger determinant of its current characteristics than was irrigation history, although irrigation was correlated with significantly increased organic matter content, some soil nutrient levels, and aboveground biomass productivity. Results indicate that fixed sand dunes should not be converted to cropland because of their very sandy and poorer soil, lower biomass productivity and greater wind-erosion risk. Although both the sandy meadow and sandy grassland may be reclaimed for farming, the cropland derived from the sandy meadow had higher resistance to wind erosion and higher crop productivity, so is somewhat more suitable than sandy grassland.     

民勤绿洲区撂荒农耕地抗风蚀效果

通过风洞试验,在5个风速下对民勤绿洲区5种不同撂荒年限农耕地的土壤风蚀速率、0—20cm风沙流结构进行了模拟观测研究。结果表明:农耕地撂荒20年后土壤风蚀速率明显增加,撂荒30,40年土壤风蚀速率是其他处理的2.40～4.97倍。不同撂荒年限土壤风蚀速率均随风速的增大呈指数函数递增,但在撂荒30,40年条件下递增较快。风速为14m/s是民勤绿洲农田土壤风蚀加剧的转折点,当风速>14m/s时,农耕地撂荒20年后的土壤风蚀速率明显高于撂荒20年内。0—20cm内,农耕地撂荒20年内和撂荒20年后输沙率与高度分别呈负线性和负指数关系,农耕地撂荒20年内0—4cm输沙量和输沙量百分比(Q0—4/Q0—20)均低于撂荒30,40年。随着撂荒年限的延长,农田表层不可蚀性颗粒(粒径≥1mm的团聚体及粗砂砾)的含量明显降低,且土壤风蚀速率随不可蚀性颗粒含量的增加呈非线性降低趋势。因此,增强民勤荒漠绿洲区撂荒农耕地抗风蚀能力需适当减少撂荒年限。     

内蒙古砒砂岩地区风蚀、水蚀及重力侵蚀交互作用研究

内蒙古砒砂岩地区是黄河重要的粗沙来源区 ,具有水蚀、风蚀及重力侵蚀交互的特点。利用 3个试验流域1983～ 1997年的天然观测资料 ,分析得到了砒砂岩侵蚀交互作用的时空分布规律 ;通过对砒砂岩的理化性质及侵蚀产沙特性的分析表明 ,砒砂岩的产流和产沙能力均高于当地的黄土和风沙土。建立了砒砂岩地区的水蚀模型 ,并对水力侵蚀过程进行了模拟     

3种植物基固沙剂固土性能及其对植物生长影响的试验研究

植物基固沙剂是以植物材料提取物为主成分的环保型固沙剂，为研究其应用于沙质耕地是否具有可行性，以3种植物基固沙剂(刺槐型、亚麻型和向日葵型)和沙土为研究对象，喷施等量清水处理为CK,开展不同用量植物基固沙剂对沙土形成的固结层抗压、抗风蚀及其植物种子萌发、幼苗生长的比较试验研究。结果表明：(1)刺槐型、亚麻型、向日葵型固沙剂喷施于风沙土地表，均可形成1～14 mm厚度固结层，其平均抗压强度较CK分别提高206.21%,147.51%,72.74%。(2)3种植物基固沙剂均具有显著的固沙效果，随用量增加土壤抗风蚀能力均显著增强，在5 g/m²用量下风蚀量最低，较CK分别减少65.92%,58.33%和69.55%。(3)刺槐型、亚麻型固沙剂对小麦种子萌发及芽生长有促进作用，向日葵型固沙剂有抑制作用，且随用量增加抑制效果明显，在3 g/m²用量时种子发芽受到显著抑制，发芽率较CK降低62.50%;在4 g/m²用量时，根系萌蘖受到显著抑制；在2 g/m²用量时，芽生长受到显著抑制。(4)固结层对幼苗破土有一...     

我国北方半干旱地区土壤的沙漠化演变过程与机制

土地沙漠化是我国北方干旱半干旱地区土地退化最严重的类型之一。但迄今为止,人们对这一地区土地沙漠化过程中土壤沙化过程和机制的了解还不够透彻。2002-2003年,我们在科尔沁沙地选择具有明显沙漠化梯度的一个区域,调查和研究了土壤沙漠化演变过程和机制。结果表明,在科尔沁沙地,不同粒径土壤颗粒的理化特性具有较大差异,其中土壤粘粉粒和粗沙相比,具有较低的土壤容重和较高的土壤结持力、起沙风速、毛管持水力和养分含量。从土壤粘粉粒到粗沙,容重增加了10.32%,结持力、毛管持水量、有机碳、全氮分别下降了99.15%,51.23%,83.73%和80.24%。沙漠化过程中,土壤的理化性质随着土地沙漠化程度的增强而明显恶化。和非沙漠化土地相比,严重沙漠化土地的土壤粗沙含量、非毛管孔隙度和容重分别增加了35.04%,117.50%和21.7%,细沙含量、粘粉粒含量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水量、毛管持水量、土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮和有效磷分别下降了77.78%,70.00%,15.38%,27.49%,54.34%,37.54%,64.15%,70.77%,65.90%,66.32%和50.59%。相关分析结果表明,沙漠化过程中,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、土壤含水量和土壤结持力的变化与土壤粘粉粒的减少呈明显正相关,与土壤粗沙含量的增加呈明显负相关。这说明,沙漠化过程中,由于风蚀而导致的富含养分和具有较高持水能力的土壤细颗粒的损失,是沙漠化过程中土壤退化的主要机制。     

基于土壤粒度和大风日数的风蚀风险预报

为寻求一种较为简便、广泛适用的土壤潜在风蚀风险评价方法体系,选取内蒙古中西部的吉兰太戈壁、乌兰布和半固定沙地、毛乌素沙地、武川农田和希拉穆仁草原5种典型风蚀试验区,基于数字图像技术,获取地表不可蚀颗粒含量,结合地区大风日数资料,建立土壤潜在风蚀风险指数方程,并进行实地验证。结果表明:吉兰太戈壁、灌丛地表已经处于粗化过程后期,抗风蚀能力较强,平均抗风蚀指数分别为91.40%和81.40%。由于灌丛群落的存在,乌兰布和沙漠半固定沙地土壤颗粒空间分布差异明显,导致土壤抗风蚀能力呈现不同程度的差异。毛乌素沙地风成沙物质颗粒较细,抗风蚀指数仅为13.40%,极易起沙。应用土壤潜在风蚀风险方程实地表征所得结果与实际情况吻合,与人类活动关系最为密切的农田、草原土壤潜在风蚀风险最高。研究结果可实现科学、有效地预测地表潜在风蚀风险,为干旱、半干旱地区风蚀荒漠化监测提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Nitrogen availability to grain sorghum from organic and inorganic sources on sandy and clayey soil surfaces in a greenhouse pot study

In a greenhouse pot study, we examined the availability of N to grain sorghum from organic and inorganic N sources. The treatments were¹⁵N-labeled clover residues, wheat residues, and fertilizer placed on a sandy clay loam and loamy sand soil surface for an 8-week period. Soil aggregates formed under each soil texture were measured after 8 weeks for each treatment. Significantly greater ¹⁵N was taken up and recovered by grain sorghum in sandy clay loam pots compared with loamy sand pots. Greater ¹⁵N recovery was consistently observed with the inorganic source than the organic sources regardless of soil texture or time. Microbial biomass C and N were significantly greater for sandy clay loam soil compared with the loamy sand. Microbial biomass ¹⁵N was also significantly greater in the sandy clay loam treatment compared to the loamy sand. The fertilizer treatment initially had the greatest pool of microbial biomass ¹⁵N but decreased with time. The crop residue treatments generally had less microbial biomass ¹⁵N with time. The crop residues and soil texture had a significant effect on the water-stable aggregates formed after 8 weeks of treatments. Significantly greater water-stable aggregates were formed in the sandy clay loam than the loamy sand. Approximately 20% greater water-stable aggregates were formed under the crop residue treatments compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Soil texture seemed to be one of the most important factors affecting the availability of N from organic or inorganic N sources in these soils.Contribution from the MissouriAgricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series No.12131     

土壤含水率及物理性砂粒含量对风蚀模数影响的风洞模拟

为了探究土壤含水率及物理性砂粒含量对土壤风蚀模数的影响,在室内风洞中在5、6、9、12、15和18m/s风速下对不同含水率(0,1%,2%,3%,4%,5%,6%,7%,8%,9%和10%)的7种土壤(物理性砂粒质量分数的分别为20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%和80%)进行了10min吹蚀,在风洞轴线距出口1.2m处放置旋风式集沙仪分别测定垂直方向上10个不同高度的风蚀物收集量(高度分别为20、60、120、180、240、300、400、500、600和700mm),并利用MATLAB7.4.0(R2007)软件采用3次样条插值拟合法对旋风式集沙仪不同高度的风蚀物收集量进行积分,通过换算计算土壤风蚀模数E。结果表明,物理性砂粒质量分数低于40%的土壤在各种水分条件下集沙仪不同高度风蚀物收集量均很小。物理性砂粒质量分数≤20%时,风蚀物收集量在空间上符合指数函数变化规律;20%<物理性砂粒质量分数<40%风蚀物收集量在空间上利用指数函数和幂函数拟合相关性均很好,物理性砂粒质量分数高于40%后,风蚀物收集量在空间上呈现幂函数曲线变化规律。9m/s风速基本上是风蚀物空间动态发生变化的临界点;低于临界风速,风蚀物收集量与高度符合指数曲线变化规律;高于临界风速,二者符合幂函数曲线变化规律。集沙仪不同高度的总输沙量随风速的增加而增大,二者符合指数曲线变化关系。物理性砂粒质量分数低于40%的土壤,不会有风蚀现象发生;当物理性砂粒质量分数大于40%后,土壤容易发生风蚀,而且风蚀程度随物理性砂粒含量的增加而增大,尤其当土壤含水率低于3%时,极易发生风蚀。风速越大土壤风蚀模数越大,风蚀模数与风速按照指数曲线规律进行变化。阴山北麓旱作区冬春季节土壤地表含水率一般维持在3%～4%,土壤的物理性砂粒质量分数基本在50%～80%;单纯从土壤水分和土壤物理性砂粒含量考虑,阴山北麓旱作区大部分地区是沙尘暴的发生源。     

内蒙古宜耕沙地作物适宜性评价与节水灌溉方式配置

内蒙古自治区拥有大量宜耕沙地,但普遍都面临干旱缺水、土壤漏水漏肥、地表高温、微地形复杂等问题,经营管理不善不仅会进一步加剧水资源危机,而且还会因土地生产力水平低下而导致土地撂荒与沙化。为了在作物种植结构优化与灌溉方式选配方面给当地农户提供参考依据,该研究从内蒙古宜耕沙地可持续利用过程中所遇到的共性问题出发,以内蒙古自治区近5 a产量和种植面积都居前的7种农作物(春玉米、春小麦、谷子、大豆、油菜、水稻、马铃薯)为评价对象,从需水量、有效积温、土壤pH值、增温响应、经济效益、耐旱性能等6方面对其适宜性进行分析与比较。同时,又以该地区近10 a种植面积居前的8种牧草(冰草属牧草、沙蒿、柠条锦鸡儿、批碱草属牧草、羊草、紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、无芒雀麦)和1种近年来得到广泛关注的牧草(青贮玉米)为评价对象,从降水量、气温、土壤pH值、营养价值等四方面对其适宜性进行了分析与比较。然后,针对各种作物的种植模式,结合各种灌溉方式的自身特点以及内蒙古宜耕沙地主要的土壤、气候、地形地貌特征,以提高水分与养分利用效率为主要目标,为各种作物选配了适宜的节水灌溉方式。结果表明适宜在内蒙古宜耕沙地上种植的农作物依次为春玉米、春小麦、谷子、大豆、油菜、水稻、马铃薯,牧草依次为冰草属牧草、沙蒿、青贮玉米、柠条锦鸡儿、批碱草属牧草、羊草、紫花苜蓿/沙打旺、无芒雀麦。在条件许可的情况下建议玉米、水稻、大豆、马铃薯等疏植作物选用滴灌甚至膜下滴灌,其他密植作物(包括牧草)选用喷灌。因该研究在对作物适宜性进行评价时所采纳的数据均来自于公开发表的文献资料,试验条件存在较大差异,并且所采纳的评价指标以及权重因子在一定程度上仍存在主观性,导致评价方法仍有待进一步改进与完善,但相关结果仍可为内蒙古宜耕沙地可持续高效利用提供借鉴。     

The Vertical Distribution of Soil Seed Bank and Its Restoration Implication in an Active Sand Dune of Northeastern Inner Mongolia,China

Although the functions and characteristics of soil seed banks in topsoil layers have been described for various ecosystems, the spatiotemporal pattern of the seed bank in deep soil and its ecological implications for vegetation restoration of active sand dune have not been fully explored. In 2007 and 2008, seed densities with regard to dune position, soil depth and season were investigated on an active and a stabilized sand dune of northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Seeds in the 0–10 cm topsoil layer accounted for 60% of total soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while more than 40% of seeds were stored in the 50–100 cm layers on the active sand dune. Seed density declined significantly with soil depth on the stabilized sand dune, but it was relatively constant across the 0–100 cm soil profile on the active sand dune. Seed density fluctuated with soil depth on the active sand dune suggesting that seeds were either relocated upward or downward over time. Seeds of annual non‐psammophytic species accounted for the majority of soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while pioneer psammophytes contributed more to the soil seed bank of the active sand dune. Our data suggest that seeds in the deep soil layers of active sand dunes account for a large proportion of the whole soil seed bank. Because of the effect of wind erosion, seeds in deep soil could be gradually exposed to shallow soil layers and potentially contribute to population recruitment and vegetation restoration on active sand dunes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using the RBFN model and GIS technique to assess wind erosion hazard of Inner Mongolia,China

Soil wind erosion is the primary process and the main driving force for land desertification and sand‐dust storms in arid and semi‐arid areas of Northern China. While many researchers have studied this issue, this study quantified the various indicators of soil wind erosion, using the GIS technology to extract the spatial data and to construct a RBFN (Radial Basis Function Network) model for Inner Mongolia. By calibrating sample data of the different levels of wind erosion hazard, the model parameters were established, and then the assessment of wind erosion hazard. Results show that in the southern parts of Inner Mongolia wind erosion hazards are very severe, counties in the middle regions of Inner Mongolia vary from moderate to severe, and in eastern are slight. Comparison of the results with other research shows conformity with actual conditions, proving the reasonability and applicability of the RBFN model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

干枯植被覆盖对公路沿线地表风沙流结构的影响

[目的] 以内蒙古S105草原公路沿线地表为研究对象,探讨挟沙风作用下干枯植被覆盖度对风沙流结构的影响,旨在为防治公路两侧土壤风蚀提供理论参考依据。[方法] 采用风洞模拟试验,在0%,20%,40%和50%覆盖度水平下测定输沙率。[结果] 在挟沙风作用下,输沙率随干枯植被覆盖度的增大而递减,最大输沙率点的高度层不断上升。覆盖度为0%时,输沙率随高度的增加呈指数函数规律降低;覆盖度为20%,40%和50%时,输沙率随高度的增加呈递减→递增→递减→趋于平缓的变化规律;在85 mm高度以下符合多项式函数关系,85 mm高度以上符合指数函数关系。随覆盖度的增大总输沙量递减,最大抗风蚀效率达65.73%。[结论] 干枯植被覆盖显著影响地表风沙流结构,可削弱挟沙风侵蚀力,是抑制公路沿线地表土壤风蚀沙化的有效措施。     

宁夏中部干旱带砂田抗风蚀性能研究

利用风洞模拟实验,研究了净风和挟沙风对砂田土壤风蚀的影响.结果表明:在净风吹蚀下,原状砂田的风蚀速率(0.37 gm-2 min-1)分别是农田和荒地的1/4和1/5,风蚀速率随风速的增加呈指数函数递增,其中砂田的递增速度低于农田或荒地;翻耕后的砂田在常见风速下的风蚀速率与农田和荒地相近(分别为1.67 g m-2 min-1、1.75 gm-2 min-1和1.83 gm-2 min-1),但在大风日则低于农田和荒地(分别为3.61 gm-2 min-1、58.83 g m-2 min-1和13.92 gm-2 min-1).挟砂田沙的风沙流吹蚀导致农田和翻耕砂田的风蚀速率增加,原状砂田则出现轻微的风积现象;挟农田土的风沙流吹蚀使原状砂田、翻耕砂田和荒地产生显著的风积,农田则出现更强烈的风蚀;挟沙风吹蚀下的风蚀(积)速率与风速的关系呈二次曲线函数.砂田的粗糙度明显高于农田(分别为0.023 cm和0.002 cm),且随着风速的增加,其间的差值越大;砂田和农田在不同风速条件下的风速廓线均可用指数函数表述.农田和荒地在压砂利用后,其抗风蚀和减尘性能显著增强.     

Changes in soil properties after afforestation in Horqin Sandy Land,North China

We studied the changes in soil properties after afforestation on desertification-affected sandy soils to estimate how much time would be required for soils to recover enough for use in sustainable food production. We surveyed soils near and within 3-, 9-, and 19year- old plantations of poplar (Poplus simonii) in the central part of Naiman County, eastern Inner Mongolia, China. Changes in the soil properties following afforestation included an accumulation of fine particles (clay + silt) and soil organic carbon (SOC) in the surface horizons. The contents of fine particles and SOC increased slowly in the first 9-year period and then rapidly between 10 and 19 years, being higher at concave than convex sites. Soil parameters such as available moisture level, amounts of available N and available P, and CEC that control soil fertility showed a similar trend to that of the contents of fine particles and SOC. The contents of fine particles and SOC were higher at the windward edge than in the center of the 19-year-old poplar plantation, suggesting that the accumulation of fine particles was caused by the decrease in wind velocity due to the presence of vegetation. The increase in the SOC content may be caused by the increased carbon input to soils from the vegetation and by the deposition of fine particles with a higher C concentration than that of native sandy soils. Soil fertility, represented by the amounts of available N in the upper 20 cm layer of the soil, recovered after 19 years under poplars, and was similar to that of adjacent fertile cropland. However, the amount of available N under plantations younger than 10 years was lower than that in cropland soils, suggesting that a period of between 10 and 20 years is required for soils to recover from desertified conditions and be utilized for intensive crop farming once again.     

北方农牧交错带林地、耕地和草地土壤微生物群落结构特征的PLFA分析

从内蒙古武川县采集了林地、雨养耕地、灌溉耕地和草地等4个不同利用方式的土壤,研究了土壤微生物磷酯脂肪酸的分布特征。结果表明,土壤总脂肪酸含量19.82~47.28ngg-1,以指示G-细菌的单烯脂肪酸和指示G+细菌的支链脂肪酸为主,其含量分别占脂肪酸总量的29%~37%和15%~20%,灌溉耕地和草地土壤明显高于林地和雨养耕地土壤,差异最大接近3倍。主成分分析表明,第一主成分(PC1)主要包括14∶03OH、cy19∶0、12∶0、br17∶0和18∶2ω9,12等直链及支链脂肪酸;第二主成分(PC2)包括16∶0、16∶1ω11、18∶1ω9、19∶0和a15∶0等不饱和及支链脂肪酸;灌溉耕地、雨养耕地、草地土壤有相似的微生物群落结构,与林地土壤有明显差异。     

Soil properties following cultivation and non-grazing of a semi-arid sandy grassland in northern China

Cultivation and overgrazing are widely recognized as the primary causes of desertification of sandy grassland in the semi-arid region of northern China. Very little is known about the effect of cultivation and overgrazing on soil physical, chemical and biological properties in this region. The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the magnitude of changes in soil properties due to 3 years of cultivation (3CGS) and 5 years of ungrazed exclosure (5RGS) in a degraded grassland ecosystem of the semi-arid Horqin sandy steppe. Short-term cultivation resulted in a 18–38% reduction in concentration of soil organic C, and total N and P in the 0–15 cm plow layer. Cultivation had a significant influence on N and P availability and soil biological properties, with lower basal soil respiration (BSR) and enzyme activities than the grassland soils. This was mostly due to strong wind erosion when sandy grassland was cultivated. Data indicated a considerable difference in soil particle size distribution between the cultivated and grassland soils, and fine fraction (<0.1 mm) in the cultivated soil was lower than that in the grassland soils. Moreover, grassland vegetation recovery in the 5RGS resulted in significant improvement in soil properties measured at the 0–7.5 cm depth. From the perspective of soil resource management and environmental conservation, a viable option for these sandy grasslands would be to stop conversion of grassland to cropland and adopt proper fencing practices to limit overgrazing.     

砒砂岩改良风沙土对2种引进植物生长和氮磷营养的影响

通过室内盆栽模拟试验,设计风沙土、砒砂岩、黄绵土、覆土砒砂岩、覆沙砒砂岩和砒砂岩改良风沙土6个土壤处理,种植鲁冰花和墨西哥玉米草2种引进植物,研究2种植物在砒砂岩改良风沙土和晋陕蒙接壤区原有土壤类型中的生长和氮磷营养差异,为该区域植被恢复提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)植物在砒砂岩改良风沙土中根系生长好,总体生物量大,鲁冰花地上生物量相较于黄绵土增幅达到242%,地下生物量相较于风沙土增幅达到186%,根长和根体积相较于风沙土增幅达到388%和290%;(2)2种引进植物根系在不同的土壤环境中表现出不同的适应特征,鲁冰花比根长在砒砂岩改良风沙土中最大,风沙土中最小,墨西哥玉米草比根长在黄绵土中最大,砒砂岩改良风沙土中最小;鲁冰花和墨西哥玉米草根系中直径d≤0.45 mm的细根体积占总根体积的百分比在砒砂岩改良风沙土中均较小,分别为9.99%和13.94%;(3)所有处理中植物的氮和磷含量均低于植物在正常生长条件下的氮和磷含量,植物生长受到氮和磷养分限制,并且植物氮磷比小于14,植物生长受氮素限制更严重。与几种原有土壤类型相比,砒砂岩改良风沙土土壤理化性质更好,土壤生产力高,更适宜植物生长,可以应用于晋陕蒙接壤区的植被恢复,但在种植过程中应考虑适当施用氮肥和磷肥,以加快植被恢复进程。     

Effects of potato–grain rotations on soil erosion, carbon dynamics and properties of rangeland sandy soils

The potential for wind erosion in South Central Colorado is greatest in the spring, especially after harvesting of crops such as potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) that leave small amounts of crop residue in the surface after harvest. Therefore it is important to implement best management practices that reduce potential wind erosion and that we understand how cropping systems are impacting soil erosion, carbon dynamics, and properties of rangeland sandy soils. We evaluate the effects of cropping systems on soil physical and chemical properties of rangeland sandy soils. The cropping system included a small grain–potato rotation. An uncultivated rangeland site and three fields that two decades ago were converted from rangeland into cultivated center-pivot-irrigation-sprinkler fields were also sampled. Plant and soil samples were collected in the rangeland area and the three adjacent cultivated sites. The soils at these sites were classified as a Gunbarrel loamy sand (Mixed, frigid Typic Psammaquent). We found that for the rangeland site, soil where brush species were growing exhibited C sequestration and increases in soil organic matter (SOM) while the bare soil areas of the rangeland are losing significant amounts of fine particles, nutrients and soil organic carbon (SOM-C) mainly due to wind erosion. When we compared the cultivated sites to the uncultivated rangeland, we found that the SOM-C and soil organic matter nitrogen (SOM-N) increased with increases in crop residue returned into the soils. Our results showed that even with potato crops, which are high intensity cultivated cropping systems, we can maintain the SOM-C with a rotation of two small grain crops (all residue incorporated) and one potato crop, or potentially increase the average SOM-C with a rotation of four small grain crops (all residue incorporated) and one potato crop. Erosion losses of fine silt and clay particles were reduced with the inclusion of small grains. Small grains have the potential to contribute to the conservation of SOM and/or sequester SOM-C and SOM-N for these rangeland systems that have very low C content and that are also losing C from their bare soils areas (40%). Cultivation of these rangelands using rotations with at least two small grain crops can reduce erosion and maintain SOM-C and increasing the number of small grain crops grown successfully in rotation above two will potentially contribute to C and N sequestration as SOM and to the sequestration of macro- and micro-nutrients.     

内蒙古砒砂岩地区水土流失规律研究

内蒙古砒砂岩地区是黄河重要的粗沙来源区,该地区具有水蚀、风蚀及重力侵蚀交互的特点。利用三个试验流域1983～1997年的天然观测资料,分析得到了砒砂岩侵蚀交互作用的时空分布规律;通过对砒砂岩的理化及侵蚀产沙特性的分析表明,砒砂岩的产流和产沙能力均高于当地的黄土和风沙土。本研究建立了砒砂岩地区的水蚀模型,并对水力侵蚀过程进行了模拟。