Economic efficiency analysis and fleet capacity assessment in Mediterranean fisheries

With fisheries resources being overexploited during the last decades, the matching of fleet capacity to resource conservation levels is urgently required. Data Envelopment Analysis was implemented to estimate and assess capacity utilization and efficiency for the first time in the eastern Mediterranean. The purse-seine fleet segments were found to operate below their capacity output level indicating the existence of overcapacity. The 24–40 m segment was evidenced to be more efficient than the 12–24 m fleet segment. Results suggested that purse-seiners could have increased their output by 89% (12–24 m) and 48% (24–40 m) providing current stock status and unrestricted access to resources. Fishing vessels may potentially improve their earnings by approximately 20% by increasing variable inputs. In data poor environments, such as the Mediterranean Sea, the simple DEA models applied in this study provide a useful approach to capacity and efficiency assessment. The quantitative measures of excess and overcapacity obtained, may contribute valuable information in balancing the productive capacity of the stock with the harvesting capacity of the fleet.     

中国东海、黄海及南海捕捞能力的比较分析

以《中国渔业统计年鉴》中2009~2014年东海、黄海、南海的海洋捕捞渔船数、总功率、总吨位作为不变投入,专业劳动力作为可变投入,海洋捕捞产量为产出,使用数据包络分析法(data envelopment analysis,DEA)对捕捞能力利用度以及理想投入进行分析,总结2009~2014年各海域的规模效率和纯技术效率,计算无偏能力利用度,评价投入配置的合理性以及各生产投入因素对能力利用度的影响。结果表明:黄海海域捕捞纯技术效率较高,但能力利用度受资源衰退的影响明显,并有下降趋势,存在大比例的生产浪费,生产规模亟需优化;东海海域能力利用度和纯技术效率都呈稳定增长趋势,近年对生产投入的控制有一定成效,可变投入配置比例也较合理;南海海域能力利用度和技术效率趋势与东海海域相同,但减船转产实施的不明显,生产投入还有一定的缩减空间。     

对我国休闲渔业发展的分析

我国休闲渔业的发展有利于渔业经济向多元化方向发展,有利于资源的优化配置,实现可持续发展。本文首先介绍了国内外休闲渔业的发展状况及对构建和谐社会的意义;其次阐述了目前休闲渔业的主要形态;再次分析了制约休闲渔业发展的因素,最后基于分析制约因素的基础上提出了解决制约休闲渔业发展因素的对策。     

台湾渔业近况及发展趋势

台湾渔业历史悠久,发展水平相对较高.本文在全面综述近年来台湾渔业相关文献资料的基础上,着重介绍了台湾的渔业发展现状,包括渔业类型、产业技术水平、休闲渔业发展概况及两岸渔业合作和展望等.文章同时分析了台湾渔业发展过程中出现的问题,并指出对其有效的改进手段.本文相关内容可以为我国渔业的发展提供一定的借鉴作用.     

Commercial fishing in the Brazilian Amazon: regional differentiation in fleet characteristics and efficiency

Regional differentiation in fleet characteristics and economic efficiency, as well as the total elasticity of scale in the commercial fishing fleets of the Brazilian Amazon were analysed. Data were collected in 893 interviews with boat operators in four major ports on the River Amazon. Boats operating from the largest cities (Belém and Manaus) are mostly operated by hired skippers and non‐permanent crews, while boats from smaller cities (Santarém and Tefé) are mostly owner‐operated and use permanent crews. In the lower Amazon, a large proportion of fishermen (89% in Santarém and 53% in Belém) are based in rural areas, while in the upper Amazon commercial fishermen are predominantly urban‐based. A production function analysis identified boat length, gear type used (gill net/purse seine), number of fishermen employed, quantities of fuel and ice used, and education level of the skipper as significant factors determining the catch. The analysis provided no evidence of regional differences in stock levels. The use of purse seines was associated with significantly higher catches (by 32%), all other factors being equal. Purse seines are banned in the lower Amazon (Santarem and Belem), and this results in overall lower levels of technical efficiency in this region. No significant total scale effect on efficiency was detected. These results are discussed with respect to the institutional sustainability of current fisheries co‐management initiatives.     

基于文献计量的几何形态测量学在渔业中的应用研究进展

几何形态测量学是研究生物形态变异的重要分析方法,在渔业科学及众多领域得到广泛的应用。使用Web of Science核心合集数据库检索到733篇文献,运用基于CiteSpace软件的文献计量学分析方法,对发文量趋势、期刊、作者、国家/地区、研究机构、高被引文献进行分析,并结合关键词网络知识图谱、突变检测,探究了几何形态测量学在渔业领域中的应用研究热点以及未来发展趋势。分析结果表明,渔业领域研究发文量呈现出交替增减但整体上升的趋势,以美国为主的欧美国家在该领域有较多的研究,澳大利亚、日本及我国研究相对较少。软件应用、鉴别分类、发育和演化、生态形态学仍是目前研究重点,软件开发、立体几何形态学、人工智能形态学是未来研究的重点方向。     

温州市张网捕捞能力的分析

根据2003年温州市4个地区张网渔业调查数据,运用数据包络法分析其捕捞能力。结果表明,2003年温州市张网平均利用率为89.2%。考虑了协同作用后,把占有率也当作产出,平均利用率提高至95.2%,能力产量达到109453 t。如果要保持现有产量,则可减船71艘。     

福建省灯光围网作业的捕捞能力

首次采用峰值法(PTP)和数据包络分析法(DEA)对福建省历年灯光围网的捕捞能力进行计算.结果表明,大部分年份的捕捞能力未得到充分利用.PTP技术趋势表明:20年来福建省灯光围网的捕捞技术更趋成熟、效率不断提高.采用DEA法对近13年来,福建省投入在闽南-台湾浅滩渔场的灯光围网捕捞能力进行计算,结果表明:投入在该渔场灯光围网的捕捞能力也未达充分利用,其平均能力利用度为79.9%.作业天数是制约该渔场灯光围网能力发挥的重要因素之一.最后,采用DEA法对惠安县灯光围网进行多指标限制的捕捞能力计算.结果表明:2001和2002年该县灯光围网船队捕捞能力利用率分别为84.4%和95.7%,发挥较好.影响该县灯光围网捕捞能力发挥的主要原因有诱鱼灯光设备、作业天数和主机马力或吨位大小等,而网具规格、船员数、辅机设备等配备则较合理.     

Definition, dynamics and stability of métiers in the Irish otter trawl fleet

The Irish otter trawl fleet operates in a complex multi-species multi-gear fishery, spanning a wide geographic area, and involving around 275 trawlers. Factorial and clustering methods were applied to 2003 fishing trip data to define thirty-three métiers. Definitions were based on six trip characteristics taken from logbooks, namely: fishing gear, mesh size, vessel length, species composition, area, and month. Métiers exploiting demersal species or species groups are characterised by single vessel bottom otter trawls, typically with mesh sizes of 70 mm or more, operating year round. This includes nine Nephrops dominated métiers highlighting the importance of this species to the fleet. Many demersal métiers are characterised by groups of species, such as mixed whitefish or slope species. Métiers exploiting pelagic species are often focussed on single species, and are typically seasonal, mid-water trawling (often paired) with mesh sizes less than 70 mm. Pelagic métiers account for the majority of landings by over an order of magnitude in several cases. Demersal métiers account for the majority of fishing trips and effort, (primarily Nephrops métiers), and vessels (primarily mixed species métiers). The new métier definitions were found to be appropriate remained relevant despite declining fleet landings and effort between 2003 and 2006. Species compositions within these métiers have generally remained similar to the proportions defined in 2003. These robust métier definitions present opportunities to improve fisheries sampling, assessment and management. Although métiers pose complexity challenge for such applications they can be used the building blocks for appropriate management units.     

浙江群众传统灯光围网渔业利用资源状况分析

根据浙江省海洋水产研究所1971~2006年的监测资料及2001~2006年的社会调查资料,对浙江省群众传统灯光围网渔业及其利用资源状况进行了分析。结果表明:由Schaefer和Fox模型估算,现作业渔场的平均最大持续产量为6.52×104t,相应的捕捞努力量为2.62×104组×天;在其发展过程中发生了两次过度捕捞,分别在1986~1988年与2003~2005年。2001~2006年间,2004年的经济效益最为显著,船均利润达23.35万元,而最差的2006年只及它的11.61%。建议今后将船组数量控制在2003年的水平,即300组左右,并将每年的6~7月设为休渔期,鲐鱼的最小可捕体重标准定为75 g。     

福建省刺网作业捕捞能力的比较分析

根据2002年福建省沿海流刺网作业的生产调查及全省渔业统计,应用DEA法,首次分析了福建省不同地市流刺网的捕捞能力和不同生产水域三重流刺网的捕捞能力及其影响因素,并与单位捕捞努力量渔荻量计算进行比较。结果表明,福建沿海刺网作业的捕捞能力未得到充分利用,2000和2002年,全省刺网作业的平均“能力利用度”分别为63．8％和48．9％,地市间的“能力利用度”差异显著,最低仅为18．6％和9．7％;刺网作业投入的网具数、船数、功率、作业天数、吨位和网具规格,对该作业捕捞能力的发挥有较重要的影响;相同的调查样本和数据,决策分析取向不同,计量结果亦有不同,比较、决策参考意义也不相同;CPUE与DEA法的计量,采用投入网具数和作业天数计量要比采用投入功率和作业天数合理些。但采用DEA法,更能综合反映多种投入要素下刺网作业捕捞能力变化的信息,结果比较符合实际。     

福建省近海渔业管理目标的比较

应用Schaefer和Fox剩余产量模式及其由此衍生的生物经济模式和Gulland最适产量Y0．1模式，分别估算了福建省近海海洋捕捞业的最大持续产量，最大持续捕捞力量，最适产量，最适捕捞力量，最大经济产量，最大经济捕捞力量，最佳经济效益，并对各模式计算的诸项经济指标进行比较，建立了渔业管理3种模式，并根据福建省近海渔业实际情况和渔业发展趋势 ，提出实现3种管理目标的实施步骤。     

福建底拖网捕捞能力的分析

根据2002年福建闽南地区双船底拖网和单船底拖网的生产调查及全省渔业统计，结合相关的渔捞记录，应用DEA法，分析了福建各地，市底拖网的捕捞能力和闽南地区不同作业方式捕捞能力及其影响因素，并与单位捕捞努力量渔获量计算进行比较。结果表明：福建各地、市实际拥有底拖网的渔船数量、功率和吨位可能达到的最大产出量的“能力利用度”差异悬殊，1999年和2001年最低的仅为19．4％、19．9％；全省底拖网平均“能力利用度”偏低，1999年和2001年分别为64．3％、67．5％，全省底拖网作业仍然存在渔船的投人数量过多、功率和吨位偏大的问题；因捕捞方式不同，影响捕捞能力的因子有所不同，但投入功率和作业天数都是影响双船底拖网和单船底拖网捕捞能力的主要因素；在考虑将单位捕捞努力量渔获量数据转换为“能力利用度”时，其前提条件是计算采用的因子必须一致。但单位捕捞努力量渔获量在考虑计算投入因子的数量上有很大的局限性，采用DEA法可获得各种投入要素下捕捞能力变化的信息，结果比较符合客观实际。     

The commercial fisheries of the lower Amazon: an economic analysis

This study characterizes the fishermen and the commercial fishing fleet of the lower Amazon, based on data collected from 5446 boats operating out of the city of Santarém in 1997. An economic analysis of the activities of these boats was based on 50 interviews with boat operators. Larger and smaller boats use essentially the same technology, but there are significant differences in fishing strategies. Smaller boats supply local markets and their catch consists of a large variety of fish species. Larger boats tend to specialize in a small number of catfish species, and supply fish processing plants. Smaller boats are less efficient in terms of catch per unit effort (CPUE) (kg fisherman^–1 day^–1), but are more efficient economically, earning more for each unit of capital invested than larger boats. Most boats operating from Santarém have a storage capacity of <4 t. Boats in this size (0<4 t) account for 87% of the total fleet direct employment, and 73% of total income. Thus despite the lack of attention from regional policy makers, these smaller boats are an important source of food, income and employment in the lower Amazon region.     

Fyke-netting and coarse fisheries in lowland Britain: practical advice for fishery owners and managers

Abstract  The by-catches of fish, mammals and birds from a fyke-net survey of eel, Anguilla angilla (L.), stocks (total effort 1593 end days) at 45 sites in rivers and lakes in the Thames catchment and tidal river were examined. Sizes and compositions of by-catches varied between sites, yielding a total of 21 fish species representative of the types of water body sampled. The largest catches were of shoaling juvenile perch (especially in lakes). Small roach, perch and ruffe were also fairly frequent in running waters (especially the tidal and non-tidal Thames). Carp, tench and pike were less frequently caught (mainly in still waters and upper tributaries). Juvenile flounders and smelt were fairly common in the tidal Thames. Salmonids were rarely caught and fish mortalities overall were very low. Few mammals, wildfowl or crustaceans were trapped, but it is important that nets are set below water level to avoid trapping birds swimming on the surface, and the use of otter guards is recommended. Fouling of fishing tackle was rare. Recommendations are made for practical steps that can be taken to minimize undesirable impacts of commercial fyke-netting, whilst realizing the potential financial and management benefits. The cost-effective uses of fyke-nets for sampling and culling fish for management purposes are discussed.     

福建沿海8种作业捕捞综合能力的比较研究

根据2000和2002年福建沿海捕捞生产调查资料,对8种作业不同功率级别渔船的捕捞综合能力进行比较分析。应用数据包络分析（DEA）法,采用实际产量与实际产值2个产出因子和技术、资金等多种要素投入进行计量。结果表明：福建沿海8种作业各功率级别渔船能力利用度的变化范围为58.4%～100%,平均85.7%。其中张网、笼壶、单船底拖网、流刺网和灯光围网作业对给出投入因子的利用率较高,其次是钓具和双船底拖网作业,最低为虾拖网作业。无偏能力利用度的变化范围为36.9%～100%,平均71.8%。其中灯光围网、张网和钓具作业渔船的无偏能力利用度较高,其次是流刺网和单船底拖网作业,较低是虾拖网和笼壶作业,最低为双船底拖网作业;在不改变现有投入配置情况下,单船底拖网、笼壶和张网作业依靠加强管理来提高捕捞能力比较有限,而虾拖网、流刺网、灯光围网、钓具和双船底拖网作业,通过加强管理则可使其捕捞能力得到不同程度的提高;可变投入对不同作业捕捞综合能力的发挥有较大制约作用,不变投入对不同作业捕捞综合能力的影响程度相对较小;当前福建沿海单位功率小于220 kW的渔船及单位功率小于300 kW的双船底拖网和灯光围网作业潜在的捕捞综合能力较大,应作为捕捞结构调整的重点对象;决策单元（DMU）的集合度越高,DEA法计量的能力利用度增大。反之,所得的能力产量和能力产值降低。     

福建沿海8种作业捕捞“综合能力”的比较研究

根据2000和2002年福建沿海捕捞生产调查资料,对8种作业不同功率级别渔船的捕捞“综合能力”进行比较分析。应用数据包络分析(DEA)法,采用实际产量与实际产值2个产出因子和技术、资金等多种要素投入进行计量。结果表明:福建沿海8种作业各功率级别渔船“能力利用度”的变化范围为58·4%~100%,平均85·7%。其中张网、笼壶、单船底拖网、流刺网和灯光围网作业对给出投入因子的利用率较高,其次是钓具和双船底拖网作业,最低为虾拖网作业。无偏“能力利用度”的变化范围为36·9%~100%,平均71·8%。其中灯光围网、张网和钓具作业渔船的“无偏能力利用度”较高,其次是流刺网和单船底拖网作业,较低是虾拖网和笼壶作业,最低为双船底拖网作业;在不改变现有投入配置情况下,单船底拖网、笼壶和张网作业依靠加强管理来提高捕捞能力比较有限,而虾拖网、流刺网、灯光围网、钓具和双船底拖网作业,通过加强管理则可使其捕捞能力得到不同程度的提高;可变投入对不同作业捕捞“综合能力”的发挥有较大制约作用,不变投入对不同作业捕捞“综合能力”的影响程度相对较小;当前福建沿海单位功率小于220kW的渔船及单位功率小于300kW的双船底拖网和灯光围网作业潜在的捕捞“综合能力”较大,应作为捕捞结构调整的重点对象;决策单元(DMU)的集合度越高,DEA法计量的“能力利用度”增大。反之,所得的“能力产量”和“能力产值”降低。     

Trends in carbon flux to seabirds in the Peruvian upwelling system: effects of wind and fisheries on population regulation

We hypothesized that change in the annual population size of guano‐producing seabirds (cormorant, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii; booby, Sula variegata; pelican, Pelecanus thagus) is a response to changes in primary and secondary production of the Peruvian upwelling system. We tested this hypothesis by modeling nitrate input through upwelling to the upper layers of the ocean off Peru between 6° and 14°S using data on wind stress and sea surface temperature. The model predicted the amount of carbon fixed by primary production each year from 1925 to 2000, which was then apportioned to the Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens) biomass and ultimately to the seabird population and the anchovy fishery, the largest single‐species fishery on Earth. The model predicted a marked increase in primary production as a consequence of increasing wind stress. It overestimated the anchovy biomass after the collapse of the fishery in 1972, but closely predicted the growth of seabird populations from 1925 to the mid‐1960s, and their decline thereafter, explaining about 94% of the variation in seabird numbers from 1925 to 2000. The model indicates the seabirds consumed 14.4% of the available anchovies and, thus, that seabirds consumed 2.3% of the new production, before the development of the anchovy fishery, and only 2.2% of the available anchovies and 0.3% of the new production after the development of the fishery. The model results clarify the roles that environmental and anthropogenic factors may have had in regulating the guano‐producing seabird populations. It indicates that the growth of seabird populations from 1925 to 1955 was likely a response to increased productivity of the Peruvian upwelling system and that the subsequent drastic decline in seabird abundance was likely due to competition for food with the fishery, which caught ～85% of the anchovies, which otherwise would have been available for the seabirds. This model also shows that an increase in oceanic primary production promotes reproductive success and population growth in higher trophic level organisms.     

福建省海洋捕捞与渔业资源学科发展的思路

文章首先分析了国内外在海洋渔业资源的调查与评价、海洋渔业资源的保护与管理、海洋环境生态修复和海洋渔业资源的恢复等有关海洋捕捞和渔业资源学科研究的现状和发展趋势,探讨了目前我国海洋渔业面临捕捞过度、渔具选择性差,渔业资源日益衰退等主要问题,提出2个学科的战略目标与发展思路,最后建议目前可以开展的适宜捕捞力量研究、渔具选择...     

Economic efficiency and optimum stocking densities in fish polyculture: an application of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to Chinese fish farms

Polyculture is commonly practiced in pond aquaculture where several fish species are reared together, creating a multi-output production structure. This study applied a nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique for multiple outputs to: (1) measure economic or ‘revenue' efficiency and its technical and allocative components for a sample of Chinese polyculture fish farms; and (2) derive the optimum stocking densities for different fish species. The mean economic efficiency was estimated to be 0.74. Technical inefficiencies accounted for most of the production inefficiencies in Chinese fish farms. On average, farmers should increase grass carp and decrease black carp stocking rates. Smaller farms and those from the developed regions were found to be relatively more technically and economically efficient.