二代白背飞虱对粳稻为害损失及其防治指标研究

为了解二代白背飞虱对粳稻的为害损失,确定合理的防治指标,作者在武育粳３号上,通过接不同的虫量,然后一直保持自然状态的办法,研究了二代白背飞虱的增殖规律和为害损失及其防治指标。结果表明,不同水稻生育期,不同虫口密度的白背飞虱的增长速度不一样;同一生育期,低密度的增殖速度要大于高密度,但总虫量高密度处理显著高于低密度区。二代白背飞虱百丛虫量与水稻产量损失呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９４４４＊＊）,关系式为Ｙ＝－１３．８７５＋７．４５１ｌｇ（ｘ）（ｘ为７月１９日白背飞虱百丛虫量）,防治指标为百丛１８０～２００头。因此,当二代白背飞虱早发生或中等发生程度时,必须用药防治,控制其为害。     

二代白背飞虱对粳稻为害损失及其防治指标研究

通过接虫笼罩法,研究了二代白背飞虱在武育粳三号上的增殖规律,为害损失及防治指标。结果表明,不同水稻生育期,不同虫口密度的白背飞虱的增长速度不一样,同一生育期,低密度的增殖速度要大于高密度,但总虫量高密度处理显著高于低密度区。二代白背飞虱百丛虫量与水稻产量损失呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９７６１）,关系式为Ｙ＝１４．２５０３ｌｇ（Ｘ）－２９．０９５５（Ｘ为７月１９日白背飞虱百丛虫量）,防治指标为１８０￣     

中粳稻区白背飞虱灾变特点及其测报技术

分析１９７８年以来通州市白背飞虱和褐飞虱的系统监测资料,白背飞虱在苏北中粳稻区具有成虫迁入量大,增殖倍数高,迁入成虫繁殖的子代即为主害代,与褐飞虱在发生时期和空间分布上此起彼伏等暴发成灾特点。白背飞虱暴发期二代若虫高峰期虫量,与一代７月１０日、１５日前虫量极显著正相关。据此建立预测式,提出发生程度预测指标,预测准确率达８５％以上。     

枝江市2012年稻飞虱发生特点及综合治理对策

2012年又是稻飞虱大发生的一年,为了进一步摸清稻飞虱发生为害特点及规律,为下一步防治稻飞虱害虫探讨最佳防治方案,特总结如下: 1发生特点 1.1迁入早 今年灯下见虫为5月6日,比一般年份早15d ～ 20d,比去年早32d,属偏早年份.迁入偏早稻飞虱可多繁殖一代,危害多一代,大大增加主害代虫源基数. 1.2迁入量大 5月7日全市普查,均见白背飞虱、百蔸虫量平均30头,往年田间零星见虫,百蔸虫量不足5头. 1.3迁入范围广 5月21日全市普查,全市主产水稻乡镇均见白背飞虱,往年5月份仅在我市西部顾家店、白洋等镇见虫.     

稻飞虱自然种群变动与药剂防治技术研究

模拟稻飞虱迁入和田间系统调查结果表明：褐飞虱增殖倍数与迁入基数关系不显著，而与水稻生育期有密切关系，最高虫量在孕穗至齐穗期。白背飞虱最高虫量在分蘖末期，其数量和结构变化与水稻生育期无明显关系。若虫是为害水稻的主要虫态。药剂防治试验结果表明：选用虱纹灵防治稻飞虱可兼治纹枯病，优于叶蝉散和甲胺磷。防治1次以水稻孕穗初期施药（均在低龄若虫高峰时）为好。防治２次以始穗期为适期。     

稻飞虱自然种群变动与药剂防治技术研究

模拟稻飞虱迁入和田间系统调查结果表明：褐飞虱增殖倍数与迁入基数关系不显著，而与水稻生育期有密切关系，最高虫量在孕穗至齐穗期。白背飞虱最高虫量在分蘖末期，其数量和结构变化与水稻生育期无明显关系。若虫是为害水稻的主要虫态。药剂防治试验结果表明：选用虱纹灵防治稻飞虱可兼治纹枯病，优于叶蝉散和甲胺磷。防治１次以水稻孕穗初期施药（均在低龄若虫高峰时）为好。防治２次以始穗期为适期。     

模糊数列在白背飞虱主害代测报上的应用

利用模糊数列分析方法,预测白背飞虱主害代发生程度,可以提高预测准确度,增强预见性,是一种较好的预测手段。一、主要因子的选取利用我县渤海测报点1978—1991年间的田间系统资料和灯下诱蛾资料进行分析选择,选取结果为:白背飞虱主害代发生轻重主要受近期迁入虫情影响,也就是主要与6月迁入总虫量,迁入峰次,峰次虫量以及主迁入峰期虫量相关。计算结果表明,以上4个因子与白背飞虱主害代发生程度达到极相关水平     

我国西南稻区白背飞虱,褐稻虱的迁飞和发生特点

由于西南稻区的地理位置、地势、地形、气候和水稻种植制度等因素的影响,白背飞虱和褐稻虱的迁飞和发生情况与我国东部稻区相比较,有其不同的特点: 迁飞特点有:贵州东南部迁入期较早,全区迁入虫量大,白背飞虱为春季迁入的优势种;云南境内,从南向北地势逐步抬升,迁入期和主要为害时期亦逐渐推迟,虫种由褐稻虱较多而变成白背飞虱为优势虫种;四川盆地迁入始期和主要迁入期由东向西推进;主害代的迁入虫源路径多;夏季短、中距离的迁飞频繁,有的年分在中稻上常造成两次主害时期等。发生特点有:常年三省的东、南部地区发生程度重,三省的西、北部地区发生程度轻;近期迁入虫量是中稻或晚稻上主害代的主要虫源;虫量相应集中,加重为害程度;另方面天敌种类多,数量较大,对飞虱种群数量有一定的抑制作用。上述迁飞和发生特点可作为拟定西南稻区对两种稻飞虱预测预报和防治策略的理论依据。     

余庆县2007年白背飞虱大发生特点及原因分析

2007年贵州省余庆县水稻种植面积1.1万hm<'2>,全县白背飞虱发生面积1.933万hm<'2>次,综合发生程度4.8级;其中,第三代、第四代大发生,第五代为中等发生.全县累计防治白背飞虱面积1.8万hm<'2>次,占发生面积的93.10%,累计挽回损失1 251万kg,仍损失323万kg.发生特点为:始见期比2006年晚、与历年接近,第二代、第三代迁入峰次多,第三代迁入主峰期田间成虫量大,第四代补充迁入大.第三代、第四代大发生.田问虫量三代重于四代,后期第五代发生程度中等,重于2006年和历年.6月5日田间成虫量是预报第三代白背飞虱发生程度的重要依据:6月下旬第三代白背飞虱残存虫量和第四代补充迁入虫量是预报第四代发生程度的重要依据;7月下旬白背飞虱田间成虫量多少决定第五代白背飞虱发生程度.     

1991年稻飞虱大发生原因及防治策略初探

1991年稻飞虱在枣阳市大发生,全市种植水稻74.61万亩,有60万亩遭受稻飞虱危害。通过防治挽回稻谷1922.52万公斤,分析发生特点是:迁入早、虫量多,范围广、上升快、短翅成虫多、卵量高,虫体发育不一,冒穿早,为害重。由于措施得力,全面控制了危害。一、大发生特点1.灯下虫量多,峰次明显。20瓦黑光灯7月13日—9月20日累计诱虫134360头。其中有白背飞虱86550头,占64.27%,褐飞虱48010头,占35.73%,日诱虫千头以上24天,高峰日8月13日灯上白背飞虱     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.