密度、氮肥互作对小麦产量及氮素利用效率的影响

为了探明小麦产量和氮素利用效率同步提高的最佳施氮量和种植密度,制定合理的栽培措施,实现高产高效提供理论依据,以大穗型品种泰农18（T18）和中穗型品种山农15（S15）为试材,在大田条件下设置4个播种密度（60、75、90和105 kg/hm2）和3个施氮水平（0、180和240 kg/hm2）,研究了氮密互作对小麦子粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,播种密度和施氮量均显著影响冬小麦产量及构成因素,且两者间存在明显的互作效应;两因素中密度是导致产量变化的主导因素。子粒产量提高引起氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥吸收利用率的协同提高。综合考虑产量和氮素利用效率等因素,在本试验条件下,泰农18的适宜播量为102 kg/hm2,适宜的施氮量为180 kg/hm2;而山农15的适宜播量为83 kg/hm2,适宜的施氮量为180 kg/hm2。说明在冬小麦高产栽培过程中,可以通过调节施氮量和播种密度,充分利用氮密互作效应,在提高氮素利用率的同时,获得较高的子粒产量。     

不同氮肥施用对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了不同氮肥处理对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率影响。结果表明:增施氮肥处理比不施氮肥处理双季稻的有效穗数、每穗粒数均显著提高,早稻产量增产77.0%~127.1%,晚稻增加62.9%~108.0%;早稻中等量控释氮肥处理较普通尿素处理水稻单位有效穗数、每穗粒数、农学利用率均增加,同时增产5.0%,氮肥利用率提高18.0个百分点;减量控释氮肥处理与普通尿素处理比有效穗数、每穗粒数、产量、氮肥农学利用率有所下降但氮肥利用率提高18.6~20.2个百分点,晚稻中各控释氮肥处理较普通尿素处理每穗粒数增加、产量增产,增产率为9.7%~27.7%,氮肥利用率提高28~31.1个百分点,且农学利用率显著提高;不同用量控释氮肥处理间早稻有效穗数、产量随氮肥用量增加而增加,晚稻中当施氮水平≤162 kg/hm2(按纯氮算)时,水稻单位有效穗、每穗粒数、结实率、产量随氮肥增加而增加;当施氮水平162 kg/hm2(按纯氮算)时,随施氮量增加而减少。     

稳定氮肥用量对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响

通过大田小区试验,研究了稳定氮肥不同用量对夏玉米产量、养分累积量、氮肥利用效率及经济效益的影响。结果表明,与不施稳定氮肥相比,稳定氮肥施氮量90、150、210 kg·hm-2和270 kg·hm-2分别增产36.7%、62.1%、76.6%和81.9%,地上部氮素总累积量分别增加39.0%、60.3%、79.0%和113.4%,经济效益分别增加36.1%、61.2%、72.7%和77.1%;与农民习惯施用氮肥相比,高量稳定氮肥用量210 kg·hm-2和270 kg·hm-2分别增产7.3%和10.5%,地上部氮素总累积量分别增加3.2%和23.0%,经济效益分别增加9.7%和11.4%。施用稳定氮肥促进夏玉米对氮素的吸收累积,高量210 kg·hm-2和270kg·hm-2处理较习惯施氮提高总吸氮量。施用稳定氮肥各处理氮肥表观利用率和农学效率显著高于农民习惯施氮,偏生产力高于农民习惯施氮,生理效率除270 kg·hm-2处理外,高于农民习惯施氮。稳定氮肥施氮量在210 kg·hm-2时,能较好地协调玉米高产与稳定氮肥合理利用的统一。     

氮肥调控与地膜覆盖对晋南旱地小麦产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

为明确在氮肥调控和地膜覆盖措施下冬小麦的产量形成变化规律和氮肥利用效率情况以及为晋南旱地小麦减少氮肥施用量及提高产量提供理论依据,于2017～2019年在晋南旱地小麦种植区设置农户种植模式(T1)、测土配方施肥模式(T2)、测土配方+垄膜沟播模式(T3)、测土配方+全膜穴播模式(T4)和不施肥(CK)5个处理,具体分析...     

氮肥和栽植密度对水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

针对部分地区水稻生产中氮肥用量过高及水稻移植密度越来越低的状况,选择2个早稻和2个晚稻品种为试验材料,设置施氮水平和移植密度互作试验,分析两因素及其互作对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,氮水平和移植密度对水稻产量有显著影响,但其互作效应不显著;氮水平、移植密度及其互作对氮素利用率的影响均达显著水平。其中,低氮水平处理平均氮素利用率比高氮水平增加2.1%5~.6%;高密度的氮素利用率比低密度增加10.1%4~5.7%。说明提高移植密度,减少氮肥用量,既可通过大幅度增加有效穗来实现高产,又能显著提高氮素利用率。在资源日益短缺、生产成本渐高及面源污染越来越严重的形势下,密植少氮应是值得推广的水稻栽培技术。在本试验条件下,早稻移植密度在29.33~6.0万穴/hm2的基础上施N 153.11~69.4 kg/hm2、晚稻移植密度在23.13~0.0万穴/hm2的基础上施N 161.51~90.1 kg/hm2氮素是高产高效节氮的合理组合。     

氮肥运筹对苏打盐碱地水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

为探究氮肥运筹对苏打盐碱地水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响,在大田条件下,于2017-2018年,以粳稻品种垦粳7号和垦粳8号为供试材料,设置5种氮肥运筹,即不施氮肥(N0)、农民常规施氮(N1,纯N总量150 kg·hm^-2,基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶3∶1)、平衡施氮(N2,纯N总量150 kg·hm^-2,基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶3∶3)、平衡减氮施肥(N3,纯N总量135 kg·hm^-2,基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶3∶3)、氮肥前移(N4,纯N总量150 kg·hm^-2,基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=5∶3∶2),其中以N1为对照,研究不同氮肥运筹下其产量、产量构成因素、地上部分植株含氮量、穗部氮素积累量以及氮肥利用率的变化。结果表明,与N1相比,N2和N3的产量分别增加了11.45%和5.71%,且N2与N1间差异达显著水平,而N4的产量减少了10.43%;N2和N3齐穗期和成熟期地上部植株含氮量及穗部氮素积累量均得到显著提高,而N4显著降低;N2和N3显著提高了氮肥吸收利用率(NRE)、氮肥农学利用率(NAE)和氮肥...     

氮肥用量对双季稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

试验采用田间小区试验,设置7个氮肥用量(N 0、 60、 120、 180、 240、 300和360 kg/hm2),研究了江西省高产田、 中产田和低产田双季稻最佳施氮量,以及不同施氮水平对水稻产量、 氮肥贡献率、 土壤氮素依存率和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,低产田、 中产田和高产田分别在施氮量为120、 180和240 kg/hm2处理取得高产; 氮肥贡献率在低产田和中产田上大于高产田,且分别在施氮处理为N 120、 180和240 kg/hm2达到最大;土壤氮素依存率为高产田中产田低产田,且在一定范围内随着施氮量的增加,土壤氮素依存率逐渐降低; 氮肥吸收利用率为低产田中产田高产田,氮肥农学效率、 氮肥生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力低、 中、 高产田间差异不大。高、 中、 低产田氮肥农学利用率、 氮肥吸收利用率和氮肥偏生产力随氮肥用量增加而降低,而氮肥生理利用率各施氮处理间变化不大。综合产量和氮肥利用率得出,低产田、 中产田和高产田双季稻适宜施氮量分别为N 120、 180和240 kg/hm2。     

氮肥用量和密度对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

【目的】高量化肥投入不仅不能使作物产量进一步增加,相反还会造成肥料资源的浪费并威胁到生态环境安全,同时导致肥料吸收利用率、农学效率等不断降低。为了明确氮肥用量和移栽密度的相互作用,在田间试验条件下研究了不同氮肥用量和移栽密度组合对江西双季稻产量、产量构成要素及氮肥利用率的影响,以期为双季稻的高产高效栽培技术提供理论基础。【方法】采用裂区试验设计,以氮肥施用量为主区,密度为副区,设4个施氮水平(N 0、135、180和225 kg/hm2,以N0、N135、N180和N225表示)和4种移栽密度(21×104、27×104、33×104、39×104hole/hm2,以D21、D27、D33和D39表示)组合,在水稻成熟期对产量以及产量构成要素进行测定,并分析其吸氮量和氮肥利用率、氮收获指数等指标。【结果】施氮水平和移栽密度对水稻产量具有显著影响;增加移栽密度有助于提高单位面积水稻的有效穗数、稻谷产量和地上部吸氮量;在高施氮量下,水稻氮素积累总量增加,而氮素吸收利用率(REN)、氮素偏生产力(PFPN)、氮素生理利用率(PEN)、氮素内在养分效率(IEN)和氮素收获指数(NHI)降低;氮素农学效率(AEN)则是先升高后降低,而产量并未增加。与其它处理组合相比,施氮量为180 kg/hm2和39×104hole/hm2密度的组合产量最高,早稻和晚稻分别为9823.0和11354.7 kg/hm2,此时早稻和晚稻的氮素吸收率分别为42.4%和47.5%。当施氮量超过180 kg/hm2时产量则不再增加,但产量随着移栽密度的增加而显著增加。【结论】合理氮肥用量和移栽密度可以显著增加水稻单位面积的有效穗数和氮累积量,进而增加水稻产量和氮肥利用率,建议在江西双季稻栽培中采用施氮量为N 180 kg/hm2,栽培密度39×104hole/hm2的组合。     

氮用量及基追比例对烟叶产量、 品质及氮肥利用效率的影响

以河南省目前种植面积较大的中烟100为试验材料,研究氮肥不同施用措施对烟叶产量、 含氮化合物及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与不施氮处理相比,施氮显著提高了烟叶产量、 产值和含氮化合物含量,烟叶产量和产值分别增加10.0%~56.7%、 11.6%~43.1%。在相同施氮量条件下,随着追施氮比例增加,烟叶产量和含氮化合物、 氮肥利用效率增加,烟叶产值在施氮37.5 kg/hm2水平随着氮肥追施比例增加而增加,而在施氮60 kg/hm2和82.5 kg/hm2水平均以氮基施75％、 追施25%处理最高。在氮基追比例相同条件下,烟叶产量和含氮化合物及氮肥贡献率随着施氮量增加而增加,氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量增加而降低,氮肥吸收利用率和烟叶产值均以N 60 kg/hm2处理最高。从烟叶产量和含氮化合物适宜, 提高烟叶产值和氮肥利用率方面综合分析,在本试验中,以施氮60.0 kg/hm2,氮50%~75%基施、 25%50%追施处理表现最优。     

耕作方式和氮肥用量对旱地小麦产量、水分利用效率和种植效益的影响

为探索旱地小麦增产增效增收协同的耕作方式及其配套施氮技术.2016—2017(欠水年)和2017—2018(丰水年)年度,在豫西典型旱区洛宁县设置夏闲期深松(ST,麦收后2周左右隔年进行)和翻耕(PT,传统的7月或底8月初连年进行)2种耕作方式为主区,设置4个氮肥用量为副区(播前基施纯氮0(N0),120(N120),...     

ENHANCING NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY BY COMBINATIONS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNT AND TIME IN WHEAT

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important impact factors on development and growth of wheat. In this study the effects of nitrogen use efficiency on quantity and quality of grains were studied by agronomic management of N fertilizers on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under field conditions for two years. The experiments were performed at 16 combinations of N application amount and time, including four levels of N at 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha^?1 that were used as pre-plant fertilizers, sub-treated with four levels of the same N amount used as top-dress fertilizers. As a result, with an increase in total N fertilizers, grain yield increased in a cubic equitation, but partial factor productivity (PFP_N, kg grain yield per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. With total fertilizers, N content and accumulation in vegetative tissues and grains increased linearly, but N uptake efficiency (UtE_N, kg nutrient taken up per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. When N was over-applied (>360 kg N ha^?1 in this study), grain yield clearly declined, due to decrease in productivity from per unit N. The high N level (240～300 kg N ha^?1), the reasonable distribution between pre-plant and top dress from the same amount N fertilizer not only increased grain yield but also enhanced N use efficiency.     

EFFICIENCY OF PRE-PLANT,TOPDRESS, AND VARIABLE RATE APPLICATION OF NITROGEN IN WINTER WHEAT

Past research about the efficiency of nitrogen application in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) based on source and timing has produced inconsistent results. The majority of the literature used data from few locations over short time periods. This study used a unique data set of yields and nitrogen quantities from 2002–2009 at ten different locations in Oklahoma, USA. The objective of this research was to determine wheat yield response for granular pre-plant, uniform foliar topdress, and variable rate foliar topdress. Topdress liquid nitrogen had a 19% higher NUE than pre-plant urea, and was the most profitable source of nitrogen.     

施氮量对间作玉米土壤硝态氮累积量及氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间定位试验,监测了不施氮和不同施氮水平(分别为210、420和630kg.hm-2)下间作玉米各关键生育时期0～200cm土层硝态氮累积量的动态变化、玉米产量及其构成,计算分析了间作玉米的氮肥利用率。研究结果表明,间作玉米0～200cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量总体表现为0～60cm土层>60～200cm土层。0～60cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量呈"M"形变化,即玉米播种前和玉米大喇叭口期出现高峰,小麦播种前、玉米拔节期和玉米收获后出现低谷。60～120cm和120～200cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量呈倒"V"形变化,总体在玉米大喇叭口期前后出现高峰值,210～630kg.hm-2施氮处理下120～200cm土层的硝态氮累积量较不施氮处理分别高出149.1%、115.6%和126.3%。随着施氮量的增加,间作玉米穗长、穗粒数、穗重呈增大趋势,秃顶呈降低趋势,增产幅度依次减小,氮肥利用率依次降低。     

垄作对冬小麦、夏玉米产量和水分利用率的影响

试验于2005-2007年两年度在河南省浚县农业科学研究所试验田进行,设冬小麦、夏玉米一体化垄作和平作（对照）2个处理,重复2个周期。采用水分平衡法,研究了一体化垄作条件下冬小麦和夏玉米的产量和水分利用效率的变化。结果表明：冬小麦、夏玉米一体化垄作后,产量性状明显优于传统平作。垄作全年2季作物较平作增产9112～21688kg/hm2,增产幅度达45%～100%,其中,垄作冬小麦增产2425～5103kg/hm2,增产幅度为27%～59%,接续的夏玉米增产6687～16586kg/hm2,增产幅度达59%～128%;产量构成因素的变化表现为,冬小麦不育小穗数降低,成穗数增加,夏玉米果穗秃尖变短,2季作物的穗粒数和千粒重均增加。垄作节水效果显著,全年2季作物总耗水量降低61%～119%,水分利用效率提高113%～249%,其中垄作冬小麦耗水量降低92%～142%,水分利用效率提高132%～234%,接续的夏玉米耗水量降低37%～95%,水分利用效率提高103%～248%。     

不同追施氮肥处理对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

以不同品质类型的2个小麦品种为试验材料,采用2因素随机区组设计,研究了不同品种和氮肥追施处理对产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在底肥量和追肥总量相同的条件下,适当增加开花期追施氮肥的比例有利于提高产量,处理间差异显著,品种间产量差异不显著;不同追肥处理对总蛋白含量影响不显著,但对清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量影响显著;追肥处...     

圆褐固氮菌对春小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

利用盆栽和田间试验,探讨了圆褐固氮菌Azotobacter chroococcum beijerinckN45及用其研制的生物氮肥对春小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,旨在为生物氮肥的研制及其与化学氮肥的最佳配比用量提供理论依据。结果表明,盆栽试验中供试菌株N45具有对春小麦的增产作用和对氮肥利用效率的促进作用。将其研制为生物氮肥后,其效果在田间得到了很好的再现,盆栽与田间试验均是与半量化学氮肥配施效果最佳,相比同量化肥处理分别提高春小麦秸秆产量12.70%和16.34%;籽粒产量15.31%和11.77%;氮素收获指数0.68%和0.13%;氮肥农学利用率30.37%和59.39%;氮素吸收利用率26.53%和88.66%;氮肥偏生产力15.27%和11.77%;氮肥生理利用率12.24%和35.24%,同时还能够提高秸秆和籽粒中全氮、全磷和全钾的累积量。     

COURSE OF DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN ACCUMULATION OF SPRING WHEAT GENOTYPES KNOWN TO VARY IN PARAMETERS OF NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY

Field experiments were conducted for two years to compare and identify bread spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes which make the most efficient use of nitrogen (N). Such information is required for breeding strategies to reverse the negative relationship between yield and protein content. Three Swiss spring wheat cultivars (‘Albis’, ‘Toronit’, ‘Pizol’) and an experimental line (‘L94491’) were grown without (N0; 0 kg N ha^?1) and with high fertilizer N [(NH₄NO₃); (N1; 250 kg N ha^?1) supply on a clay loam soil with low organic matter content. Biomass and nitrogen accumulation in biomass as well as the leaf growth and senescence patterns (SPAD) were investigated in an attempt to explain the physiology of growth and N translocation of these genotypes. The pre-anthesis accumulation of biomass and N in the biomass depended on genotype only at N1 in 2000. In this year, conditions were less favorable for the pre-anthesis accumulation of biomass and N, which was, on average, 10 and 20% lower, respectively, of the total than in 1999. The contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to the grain yield (CPAY) was higher in 1999 for all genotypes (36.9%) compared to 2000 (13.5%) except ‘Toronit’. Between anthesis and maturity the climate influenced the genetic variability of some N use efficiency components: N translocation efficiency (NTE) and dry matter translocation efficiency (DMTE). NTE was higher in 1999 (68.1%) compared to 2000 (50.7%); 1999 was a year in which the post-anthesis period was drier and warmer than usual. ‘Toronit’ produced the highest biomass by maturity due mainly to greater and longer lasting green leaf area after anthesis. ‘Albis’ performed relatively well under low input conditions, with considerable amounts of N being re-translocated to the seeds at maturity (NHI), whereas ‘Pizol’ accumulated in grains N as high as for ‘L94491’. In a humid temperate climate breeding for greater N uptake and partitioning efficiency may be a promising way to minimize N losses and produce high phytomass and grain yields. Using high protein lines as selection material and combining them with high biomass genotypes may lead to high protein contents without decreasing yield.     

微生物肥对水稻产量及氮肥利用的影响

以杂交稻中浙优1号和甬优9号为材料,研究微生物肥对水稻产量及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,在相同施氮水平下,施用微生物肥后2个水稻品种分别增产41%和87%,其中主要增加了水稻有效穗,提高结实率和籽粒粒重;但分蘖成穗率有所下降;微生物肥能提高水稻叶片的光合速率,穗分化期和齐穗期的叶片光合速率均高于对照,也有利于增加齐穗期的物质生产量。研究表明微生物肥能提高氮素的农学利用率,实现减肥增产,且随着施氮量下降,氮素利用率呈升高趋势。     

WATER STRESS AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON GAS EXCHANGE,WATER RELATIONS,AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN WHEAT

A field experiment was conducted over two years to evaluate the gas exchange, water relations, and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat under different water stress and nitrogen management practices at Crop Physiology Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Four irrigation regimes and four nitrogen levels, i.e., 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N ha^?1 were applied in this study. The photosynthetic gas exchange parameters [net carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance] are remarkably improved by water application and nitrogen (N) nutrition. Plants grown under four irrigation treatments as compared with those grown under one irrigation treatment average stomatal conductance increased from 0.15 to 0.46 μ mol m^?2s^?1mol during 2002–2003 and 0.18 to 0.33 μ mol m^?2s^?1mol during the year 2003–2004 and photosynthetic rate from 9.33 to 13.03 μmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 and 3.99 to 7.75 μmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 during the year 2002–2003 and 2003–2004, respectively. The exposure of plants to water and nitrogen stress lead to noticeable decrease in leaf water potential, osmotic potential and relative water content. Relative water content (RWC) of stressed plants dropped from 98 to 75% with the decrease in number of irrigation and nitrogen nutrition. The higher leaf water potential, and relative water contents were associated with higher photosynthetic rate. Water use efficiency (WUE) reduced with increasing number of irrigations and increased with increasing applied nitrogen at all irrigation levels.     

施磷量对不同磷效率小麦氮、磷、钾积累与分配的影响

在土培盆栽条件下,以磷高效小麦(CD1158-7、省A3宜03-4)和磷低效小麦(渝02321)为材料,研究了不施磷、施磷(P)10、20和30mg/kg对小麦不同生育时期生物量、籽粒产量及氮、磷、钾的积累与分配的影响。结果表明:(1)随施磷量的减少,不同磷效率品种小麦籽粒产量和生物量均减少;同一施磷处理,磷高效品种籽粒产量和生物产量高于磷低效基因型。不施磷、施磷10mg/kg,高效品种CD1158-7、省A3宜03-4的籽粒产量为低效品种渝02321 的1.84 倍和1.74倍、1.64倍和1.27倍。(2)低磷处理,磷高效品种小麦植株能够积累较多的氮素;扬花期之前,磷高效品种氮素积累量占小麦全生育期积累量的比例高于低效品种。拔节期、孕穗期氮素分配比例为叶>茎>根,扬花期为叶>茎>穗>根,而成熟期为籽粒、颖壳>茎>叶>根。拔节期和孕穗期磷高效品种根的氮素分配比例高于低效品种,而扬花期和成熟期磷高效品种穗(籽粒)氮素分配比例较高。(3)小麦植株磷素积累量主要集中在拔节期以后的生育时期,占全生育期的82.32%~94.23%。低磷处理,高效品种在拔节期和孕穗期磷素积累量高于低效品种,孕穗期尤为突出。扬花期之前,不施磷处理下,磷高效品种根的磷素分配比例较高。(4)不同施磷处理下,拔节期、孕穗期及扬花期,磷高效品种小麦的钾积累量高于低效品种。不同器官钾素分配比例拔节期和孕穗期均为叶>茎>根,扬花期为茎>叶>穗>根,成熟期为茎>叶>籽粒、颖壳>根。磷高效品种在颖壳和籽粒的钾素分配比例高于低效品种。