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1.
ZHENG Yi  ZHANG Fu-Suo 《土壤圈》2000,10(4):333-338
A three-compartments rhizobox was designed and used to study the low-molecular-weight organic acids in root exudates and the root apoplastic iron of “lime-induced chlorosis“ peanut grown on a clacareous soil in realtion to different soil moistrue conditions.Results showed that chlorosis of peanuts developed under condition of high soil mositure level(250 g kg^-1),while peanuts grew well and chlorosis did not develop when soil moisture was managed to a normal level(150 g kg^-1).The malic acid maleic acid and succinic acid contents of chlorotic peanut increased by 108.723,0.029,and 22.446ug cm^-1 ,respectively,compared with healthy peanuts.The content of citric acid and fumaric acid also increased in root exudates of chlorotic peanuts.On Days 28 and 42 of peanut growth,the accumulation of root apoplastic iron in chlorotic peanuts was higher than that of healthy peanuts.From Day 28 to Day 42,the mobilization percentages of chlorotic peanuts and healthy peanuts to root apoplastic iron were almost the smae,being 52.4% and 52.8%,respectively,indicating that the chlorosis might be caused by the inactivation of iron within peanut plant grown on a calcareous soil under soil moisture conditions.  相似文献   

2.
    
Plant species have different traits for mobilizing sparingly soluble phosphorus (P) resources,which could potentially lead to overyielding in P uptake by plant species mixtures compared to monocultures due to higher P uptake as a result of resource (P) partitioning and facilitation.However,there is circumstantial evidence at best for overyielding as a result of these mechanisms.Overyielding (the outcome) is easily confused with underlying mechanisms because of unclear definitions.We aimed to define a conceptual framework to separate outcome from underlying mechanisms and test it for facilitation and complementarity with respect to P acquisition by three plant species combinations grown on four soils.Our conceptual framework describes both mechanisms of complementarity and facilitation and outcomes (overyielding of mixtures or no overyielding) depending on the competitive ability of the species to uptake the mobilized P.Millet/chickpea mixtures were grown in pots on two calcareous soils mixed with calcium-bound P (CaP) and phytate P (PhyP).Cabbage/faba bean mixtures were grown on both acid and neutral soils mixed with P-coated iron (hydr)oxide (FeP) and PhyP.Wheat/maize mixtures were grown on all four soils.Rhizosphere carboxylate concentration and acid phosphatase activity (mechanisms) as well as plant P uptake and biomass (outcome) were determined for monocultures rhizosphere and species mixtures.Facilitation of P uptake occurred in millet/chickpea mixtures on one calcareous soil.We found no indications for P acquisition from different P sources,neither in millet/chickpea,nor in cabbage/faba bean mixtures.Cabbage and faba bean on the neutral soil differed in rhizosphere acid phosphatase activity and carboxylate concentration,but showed no overyielding.Wheat and maize,with similar root exudates,showed overyielding (the observed P uptake being 22%higher than the expected P uptake) on one calcareous soil.We concluded that although differences in plant physiological traits (root exudates) provide necessary conditions for complementarity and facilitation with respect to P uptake from different P sources,they do not necessarily result in increased P uptake by species mixtures,because of the relative competitive ability of the mixed species.  相似文献   

3.
    
Plant species have different traits for mobilizing sparingly soluble phosphorus (P) resources, which could potentially lead to overyielding in P uptake by plant species mixtures compared to monocultures due to higher P uptake as a result of resource (P) partitioning and facilitation. However, there is circumstantial evidence at best for overyielding as a result of these mechanisms. Overyielding (the outcome) is easily confused with underlying mechanisms because of unclear definitions. We aimed to define a conceptual framework to separate outcome from underlying mechanisms and test it for facilitation and complementarity with respect to P acquisition by three plant species combinations grown on four soils. Our conceptual framework describes both mechanisms of complementarity and facilitation and outcomes (overyielding of mixtures or no overyielding) depending on the competitive ability of the species to uptake the mobilized P. Millet/chickpea mixtures were grown in pots on two calcareous soils mixed with calcium-bound P (CaP) and phytate P (PhyP). Cabbage/faba bean mixtures were grown on both acid and neutral soils mixed with P-coated iron (hydr)oxide (FeP) and PhyP. Wheat/maize mixtures were grown on all four soils. Rhizosphere carboxylate concentration and acid phosphatase activity (mechanisms) as well as plant P uptake and biomass (outcome) were determined for monocultures rhizosphere and species mixtures. Facilitation of P uptake occurred in millet/chickpea mixtures on one calcareous soil. We found no indications for P acquisition from different P sources, neither in millet/chickpea, nor in cabbage/faba bean mixtures. Cabbage and faba bean on the neutral soil differed in rhizosphere acid phosphatase activity and carboxylate concentration, but showed no overyielding. Wheat and maize, with similar root exudates, showed overyielding (the observed P uptake being 22% higher than the expected P uptake) on one calcareous soil. We concluded that although differences in plant physiological traits (root exudates) provide necessary conditions for complementarity and facilitation with respect to P uptake from different P sources, they do not necessarily result in increased P uptake by species mixtures, because of the relative competitive ability of the mixed species.  相似文献   

4.
间作对玉米根系分泌物及团聚体稳定性的影响   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7  
通过田间小区试验种植玉米(玉米单作、玉米∥大豆、玉米∥马铃薯),测定3个生育期(拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄期)玉米根系分泌总糖含量、总有机酸含量和土壤团聚体状况,分析间作对玉米根系分泌物及团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:玉米根系分泌总糖含量和总有机酸含量随生育期的推移而增加,间作显著提高玉米根系分泌总糖含量和总有机酸含量,玉米∥马铃薯玉米∥大豆。在抽雄期,玉米∥大豆、玉米∥马铃薯相比玉米单作0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量(R_(0.25))分别显著提高6.19%,8.17%;平均质量直径(MWD)分别提高5.04%,10.08%;几何平均直径(GMD)分别提高6.12%,12.24%;分形维数(D)分别显著降低0.72%,1.09%;团聚体破坏率(PAD)分别显著降低16.77%,26.08%。在根系分泌物最大的抽雄期,玉米根系分泌总糖含量、总有机酸含量与R_(0.25),GMD,D,PAD呈极显著相关关系(P0.01)。因此,间作可通过增加玉米根系分泌总糖含量和总有机酸含量,进而提高土壤团聚体的稳定性。  相似文献   

5.
采用完全随机裂区设计,常规灌溉量(330mm),节水20%灌溉量(264mm)和节水40%灌溉量(198mm)作为主处理,施磷量(0,60,120和180kg/hm2)作为副处理,研究了不同灌溉量和施磷量对紫花苜蓿土壤贮水量、耗水强度、水分利用效率和根重的影响。结果表明,土壤贮水量、紫花苜蓿耗水强度和根重随灌溉量增加而增加,水分利用效率随灌溉量增加而降低。施磷对紫花苜蓿土壤贮水量和耗水强度影响不明显。紫花苜蓿水分利用效率和深度0-40cm根重随施磷量的增加表现为先增加后降低,当施磷量达到120kg/hm2时,紫花苜蓿水分利用效率﹝26.50kg/(mm·hm2)﹞和全生育期平均根重(1 320.78g/m2)达到最大值。  相似文献   

6.

我国农田土壤大多存在耕层浅、易板结、土壤紧实等结构性障碍,严重影响作物产量形成,威胁粮食安全。传统调控土壤结构的措施如深耕深松、施用有机肥、秸秆还田、添加生物炭等,尽管改良效果明显,但成本较高,并可能带来环境风险。相比传统的土壤结构障碍消减措施,植物可通过根系生长和根分泌物的释放改变土壤孔隙特征,进而改变土壤结构,因此,利用植物学特征进行根区土壤结构调控是消减土壤障碍的“绿色”方式,具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文综述了根区土壤结构特点及现有土壤结构障碍消减措施的优势和不足之处,并基于根际生命共同体理论,探讨挖掘和强化根系–土壤互作,利用植物根系重塑土壤结构的可行性。重点从土壤孔隙角度讨论理想土壤结构的设计与构建,不同直径的土壤孔隙对应着不同的功能。通过选择具有特定根表型的植物来重塑土壤孔隙网络,进而构建理想的根区土壤结构,实现土壤结构和功能的耦合。

  相似文献   

7.
为了揭示间作对马铃薯根系和坡耕地红壤结构稳定性的影响,田间试验采用随机区组设计,设置马铃薯单作、玉米马铃薯间作2个处理,测定马铃薯各生育阶段的土壤团聚体稳定性指标、根系形态特征及其分泌物含量,分析了不同种植模式下马铃薯的根系形态及其分泌物对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:(1)在同一种植模式下,除根平均直径外的马铃薯根系形态特征指标均随生育期的推移呈先增加后降低的趋势。在马铃薯的开花期和块茎膨大期,间作马铃薯根系总根长、总根表面积和总根体积与单作相比均较高,且在块茎膨大期间作马铃薯根系总根长、总根表面积和总根体积相对于单作分别显著增加了24.41%,24.75%,35.03%(p<0.05)。(2)马铃薯根系分泌物总糖和总有机酸含量随生育期推移的变化趋势与形态指标变化相同,呈先增加后降低趋势。马铃薯块茎膨大期的根系分泌物总糖、总有机酸含量与单作相比分别显著增加了37.85%,34.64%(p<0.05)。(3)在单间作种植模式下,土壤团聚体稳定性指标R0.25,MWD和GMD均随生育期的推移呈增加趋势(p>0.05),D呈显著下降趋势(p<...  相似文献   

8.
[目的]分析栾树、樟树根系分泌物在菲胁迫下的变化特征,为筛选抗多环芳烃污染树种,进一步开展植物修复多环芳烃污染提供科学依据。[方法]设置3种菲处理浓度[L_0(CK, 0 mg/kg);L_1(100 mg/kg);L_2(1 000 mg/kg)],通过盆栽试验的方法,对栾树、樟树的根系分泌物中总有机碳(TOC)、全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)含量及根系活性进行测定。[结果]①随着菲浓度的升高,栾树与樟树根系分泌物中TOC与TC含量均呈下降趋势,TN含量则呈先升后降的趋势;②随着菲浓度的升高,栾树和樟树根系的总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积总体呈下降趋势;③3个处理水平下,栾树根系分泌物中TC,TOC,TN含量均高于樟树,且栾树根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积也高于樟树。[结论]通过菲胁迫下栾树与樟树根系分泌量和根系活性的比较,表明栾树相较于樟树对菲具有更好的耐受性。  相似文献   

9.
根分泌物对活化土壤中难溶性磷的作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
土壤大部分磷以难溶性磷形式存在,是影响作物生产的重要限制因素之一。作物根分泌物活化难溶性磷的能力对改善其磷素营养具有重要意义。采用室内培养方法,研究3种土壤不同磷(KH2PO4)处理后有效磷动态变化情况;同时将不同玉米基因型分别置于全磷和低磷的营养液中生长15 d后,收集根系分泌物,然后加入预先采用磷酸钙和磷酸铝处理并已培养95 d的土壤样品中进行试验。不同磷处理研究结果表明,所有施磷处理短期内速效磷含量急剧上升,并随培养时间推移不断下降,60 d后趋于稳定。酸性土对磷的吸附和固定作用较强,磷处理后有效磷增加量显著小于中性土、碱性土。土壤加根系分泌物的试验表明,磷酸钙和磷酸铝有效磷的含量较对照有所提高,其中加入耐低磷基因型M02低磷根系分泌物浸提的土壤有效磷含量显著高于去离子水的浸提量,且根系分泌物对磷酸铝的活化能力大于磷酸钙。  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

Leaf samples were collected from upper and lower crown positions at three times during the 1971 and 1972 growing seasons for planted black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) trees on the Kaskaskia Experimental Forest in Hardin County, Illinois. The average dry weight of leaves was affected by crown position and time of year. Foliar concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were affected by season, but not by crown position. The content of all elements tested and the concentrations of Ca and Mg increased with season while concentrations of N, P, and K decreased as the season progressed. Suggestions for sampling dates are given.  相似文献   

11.
糖类作为一种重要的根系分泌物,如何影响土壤微生物及酶化学计量特征目前尚不清楚,制约着人们对上述过程的认识。为探究糖类对森林生态系统中土壤微生态环境和酶活性的影响,以黄土高原子午岭地区森林演替先锋(山杨林)、中期(油松林)和气候顶级群落(辽东栎林)为研究对象,通过野外土壤采样、添加3种不同浓度的葡萄糖(0.1,0.5,1 g/kg干土),和室内培养的方法,研究了葡萄糖添加对土壤微生物量和酶活性及化学计量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着森林演替,土壤中速效磷(SAP)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)等速效养分显著降低。在葡萄糖影响下,3种林地土壤全氮(TN)降低,山杨林土壤C/N值显著大于油松林和辽东栎林。(2)随着森林演替,山杨林和辽东栎林微生物碳(MBC)和微生物氮(MBN)的值显著大于油松林,均为先减小后增加。随葡萄糖浓度增加,3种林地MBC和MBN均增加,微生物(MBP)呈波动趋势。(3)山杨林和辽东栎林土壤酶活性均显著大于油松林。随葡萄糖浓度增加,油松林和辽东栎林4种酶活性均为先增加后减小。BG/(LAP+NAG)、BG/AP和(LAP+NAG)/AP辽东栎林的值最大,山杨林和辽东栎林的值显著大于油松林。(4)RDA分析表明,土壤酶、微生物量及其酶活性分别与有机质(SOC),MBC有着显著性正相关关系,土壤酶活性(除NAG)与pH值均呈显著负相关。本研究说明碳输入增加了3种林分土壤的激发效应,土壤微生物量增加,降低了土壤TN含量,改变了土壤养分化学计量,进而加剧了油松林地微生物N限制和辽东栎林地微生物P限制,影响根际土壤有机质分解和养分代谢等过程,从而影响了森林演替过程。  相似文献   

12.
    
Limited fertilization adapted to plant demand is of high economical and ecological relevance. This requires a reliable analysis of plant available P, based on knowledge of phosphorus dynamics in soils and P mobilization by plants. On chernozem-like soils, as well as under dry conditions, the double-lactate (DL) phosphate extraction methods apparently do not adequately reflect the P uptake ability of plants. This paper summarizes rhizosphere processes that affect P availability partly by reference of selected own experiments. Root exudates increased the double-lactate (DL) extractable P amount of soils in sterile and non sterile cultures. Microbial colonisation increased both the exudate amount and the specific ability of exudates to solubilize P. In spite of rapid exudate turnover, DL-P solubility was increased. Sugars released from P-deficient plants increased the P solubilizing ability of a bacterial strain (Enterobacter radicincitans), perhaps by changing bacterial acid production. Root exudates solubilized more P from soil than lactate extracts did. An investigation of physiological processes in the rhizosphere could contribute to a better understanding of nutrient availability and perhaps lead to the development of extraction methods that better reflect the availability of soil phosphorus to plants. Connecting field experiments with basic studies offers the opportunity to better understand plant nutritional processes to realize an effective and sustainable agriculture.  相似文献   

13.
以大豆、黑麦草和南瓜为材料,采用盆栽实验,研究了3种植物的单作和相互间作的不同种植方式对多氯联苯污染土壤的根际修复效应与机理。结果表明:(1)PCB去除率与土壤蛋白酶和磷酸酶活性均呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.878和0.929(P〈0.01),推测这两类酶可能参与了PCB的生物降解过程;(2)PCB去除率与土壤真菌密度呈显著相关(r=0.797),而PCB去除率与土壤细菌及放线菌密度相关不显著;(3)在本实验条件下,微生物因素对土壤PCB的降解起主导作用,非灭菌土处理的土壤PCB去除率比灭菌土相对应的对照高出17.7%~30.75%;(4)根系分泌物能显著强化微生物的降解功能,添加黑麦草和大豆根系分泌物处理的土壤PCB去除率分别比只加营养液的对照高出21.4%和24.9%。  相似文献   

14.
为准确模拟土壤计划湿润层内墒情动态变化,基于土壤-植物-大气连续体物质能量运动及土壤水动力学的基本理论,考虑作物根系伸展和吸水特性,把土壤水分变化土层划分为随作物根系伸展而改变深度的包含主要根系的动态根区和无根系的储水区,构建了变根区墒情动态二区模型。模型根区深度随着作物根系伸展改变,以此准确表达土壤计划湿润层内墒情的动态变化;将储水区的土壤水分作为模型变量,计算根区下界面水分通量,由此间接地考虑了深层土壤水分对作物蒸发蒸腾量的影响。将模型拟合误差作为目标函数,采用自由搜索算法率定模型参数。应用建立的模型进行墒情模拟,模拟相对误差小于±5%和±10%所占的比例分别为49.09%和94.55%;经t检验和回归分析表明预测值和实测值相差不大,具有较好的一致性,决定系数为0.779,模型具有较高的模拟精度,能准确反映计划湿润层内墒情的变化。  相似文献   

15.
16.
Soil replant disease is the main bottleneck interfering with tree growth of peach in soils with poor traits. A potted study was conducted to evaluate the effects of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Acauloapora scrobiculata, on plant growth, mineral nutrients, soil enzyme activities, soil microbial populations, and root exudate compositions of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) seedlings grown in replant soil and non-replant soil. After 15 weeks in AMF inoculation, replant soil heavily inhibited root mycorrhizal colonization. In replant soil, AMF inoculation significantly increased shoot biomass and root phosphorus, potassium, calcium, copper, zinc, iron, and boron concentrations. Mycorrhizal peach seedlings showed a higher number of soil bacteria and total microbes but a lower number of soil fungi under replant conditions, as well higher soil urease and acid phosphatase activity and lower soil sucrase and catalase activity. Greater soil aggregate stability was observed in mycorrhiza-inoculated replant soil than in non-mycorrhizal soil due to the increase of water-stable aggregates in 2–4 mm and 1–2 mm size. In addition, a total of 92 substances were identified in root exudates, and the mycorrhizosphere had considerably more root exudate compositions. AMF inoculation had a significantly inhibitive effect on the relative abundance of allelochemical substances, including benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, diisooctyl phthalate, phenols, and sterols, while there was an increase in diphenyl-ethanedione and à-(benzoyloxy)-benzeneacetonitrile in replanted peach. It was concluded that AMF inoculation could partly mitigate soil replant disease of peach through modulating soil microbe balance, improving soil aggregate stability, and changing root exudate compositions.  相似文献   

17.
间套作改善作物矿质营养的机理研究进展   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10       下载免费PDF全文
【目的】合理的间套作能够改善作物的矿质营养。近年来国内外对间套作提高作物生产力、 改善作物矿质营养的机理研究越来越深入。本文分析了国内外不同间套作中作物根际养分动态及作物营养吸收变化,阐述了间套作改善作物矿质营养的可能机理。【主要进展】 1)根系分泌物中的铵态氮和氨基酸态氮作为作物的氮源; 根系分泌物能够诱导豆科作物固氮作用的增强,增加间套作系统中的氮营养; 2)根系分泌物中的有机酸类物质能够活化根际土壤中的磷、 铁、 钾等营养,将其转变为植物可以利用的营养; 3)根系分泌物或地上部的种间互作能诱导作物的根系构型和矿质营养吸收相关基因的表达发生变化,形成空间上的营养生态位互补,增强根系吸收矿质营养的能力,充分利用土壤营养资源; 4)丛枝菌根真菌与作物间形成的网络便于营养在作物之间的转移和吸收; 5)间套作能够改变土壤生物多样性(土壤动物和微生物),而土壤的生物多样性能够促进作物矿质养分的吸收。间套作中,由于微生物代谢功能的多样性,作物对微生物的选择和富集使得根际土壤功能微生物的种类和数量增多,提高了土壤中矿质营养的生物有效性; 6)间套作提高了土壤的酶(如脲酶,酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶)活性,促进了有机氮、 磷向无机氮、 磷的转化,提高了土壤无机氮、 磷的浓度。总之,根系分泌物、 根系构型变化、 土壤生物多样性、 土壤酶在作物的营养有效利用中发挥重要作用,其中根系分泌物是它们之间的纽带,介导了作物-作物、 作物-土壤、 作物-微生物之间的相互作用。【建议与展望】由于技术手段的限制及地下根际过程的复杂性,人们对于地下生物学过程的认识还远远不够。根系分泌物的原位定性与定量、 间套作中种间的识别和响应、 间套作对土壤生物多样性的影响及土壤生物多样性对作物生长的反馈、 间套作中功能微生物的筛选、 分离、 鉴定及应用都将成为研究的重点。  相似文献   

18.
条桑在河北省东部平原沙地和丘陵梯田广泛种植,与农作物间作是其主要栽培模式。2006年在河北省迁安市进行了桑粮间作田条桑根系断面积、根量、根系直径分布特征及其对土壤水分、养分影响的研究。结果表明:根系分布主要集中在20~40 cm土层内,此范围内的根系重量占总根量的60%~80%。根系以直径小于3 mm的细根居多,占总根量的30%~40%,大于7 mm的粗根数量很少,占总根数的5%~15%。平原沙地条桑根系主要分布在距桑丛中心100 cm范围内,桑丛外缘100 cm处的根量仅为总根量的6.52%,水平延伸幅度较窄,根系垂直分布明显;丘陵梯田条桑根系水平延伸可达桑丛外250 cm处,只有少量根系垂直深入岩石中,水平分布趋势明显。条桑根量、根系直径、根系断面积分布依立地条件及土层深度的不同而异。桑丛中心外1 m处深层土壤含水量增加,桑丛附近2.5 m内没有存在严重的土壤水分亏缺。平原沙地和丘陵梯田桑丛附近条桑富集土壤养分作用明显。  相似文献   

19.
在邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)不同污染水平下水培油青60天菜心和特青60天菜心,采用蒸馏水法收集根系分泌物,研究其根系分泌物对水稻土壤中DEHP解吸效应的影响及其与菜心吸收累积DEHP的关系。结果表明,2种基因型菜心根系分泌物均能显著提高土壤中DEHP的解吸效应,添加根系分泌物处理上清液中DEHP含量是对照处理的1.9~26.6倍,较高污染条件下2种基因型菜心根系分泌物对土壤中DEHP具有更强的解吸效应。油青60天菜心根系分泌物的解吸效应大于特青60天菜心,前者是后者的1.6~4.6倍。2种基因型菜心根系分泌物对土壤中DEHP的解吸效应强弱与其根系、茎叶中DEHP含量达极显著相关(r≥0.924 9),说明2种基因型菜心根系分泌物对DEHP解吸效应的影响可能是导致其根系、茎叶中DEHP含量差异的重要原因之一。  相似文献   

20.
The tropical pasture grass Brachiaria humidiola (Rendle) Schweick releases nitrification inhibitory compounds from its roots, a phenomenon termed 'biological nitrification inhibition' (BNI). We investigated the influence of root exudates of B. humidicola on nitrification, major soil microorganisms and plant growth promoting microorganisms using two contrasting soil types, Andosol and Cambisol. The addition of root exudates (containing BNI activity that is expressed in Allylthiourea unit (ATU) was standardized in a bioassay against a synthetic inhibitor of nitrification, allylthiourea, and their function in soil was compared to inhibition caused by the synthetic nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide. At 30 and 40 ATU g−1soil, root exudates inhibited nitrification by 95% in fresh Cambisol after 60 days. Nitrification was also similarly inhibited in rhizosphere soils of Cambisol where B. humidicola was grown for 6 months. Root exudates did not inhibit other soil microorganisms, including gram-negative bacteria, total cultivable bacteria and fluorescent pseudomonads. Root exudates, when added to pure cultures of Nitrosomonas europaea , inhibited their growth, but did not inhibit the growth of several plant growth promoting microorganisms, Azospirillum lipoferum , Rhizobium leguminosarum and Azotobacter chroococcum. Our results indicate that the nitrification inhibitors released by B. humidicola roots inhibited nitrifying bacteria, but did not negatively affect other major soil microorganisms and the effectiveness of the inhibitory effect varied with soil type.  相似文献   

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