广州地区冬季盖播草坪草的引种栽培试验

对２４种草坪草（包括冷季型的多年生黑麦草９个品种，高羊茅８个品种，草地早熟下、硬羊茅各２个品种以及紫羊茅１个品种，暖季型的狗牙根和稗各１个品种用于对照）的冬季坪用性状进行了测定，并运用模糊数学综合评判法的对草种的冬季坪用性状进行了综合评判，结果表明，冷季型草种的冬季坪用性状大部分表现比较优良，其另引进的多年生黑麦草品种Ｐｉｎｎａｃｌｅ和Ｓａｋｉｎｉ以及高羊茅品种Ｓｐｏｒｔ、Ｏｒｎａｍｅｎ和Ｃｏｃｈ     

西宁地区草坪草引种品比试验研究

通过对西宁地区5个种16个品种草坪草的引种品比试验,对其环境适应性(青绿期,抗病性,越冬、越夏)和坪用性状指标(密度、颜色、质地、耐践踏性和幼苗生长速度)进行测定,对环境适应性、绿地型、运动型坪用性状进行综合评定.结果表明:草地早熟禾Poa pratensis的午夜和抢手股,加拿大早熟禾P.compressa的印第安酋长,多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne的阳光具较好的环境适应性和较高的坪用性状,既适宜绿地型草坪建植,又适宜运动型草坪建植;高羊茅Festuca elata的2个品种适宜运动型草坪建植;紫羊茅F.rubra派尼是绿地型草坪建植的理想品种;多年生黑麦草的美洲豹较适宜绿地型草坪建植.     

黑龙江白三叶（Mini-BL）坪用特性研究

采用田间试验和实验室分析,对黑龙江白三叶（Mini-BL）和2个引进白三叶品种瑞文德、考拉的坪用特性进行了比较,测定了3个品种的物候期、根冠比、越冬率和相对电导率等指标。结果表明：各品种坪用特性之间存在差异,Mini-BL返青早,叶片小,植株低矮,分枝快,观赏期长,能够安全越冬;在抗旱和抗寒性上,Mini-BL与2个引进品种的相对电导率差异显著（P〈0.05）,抵御逆境损伤的能力强,生态适应性和抗逆性优于引进品种。     

几种草坪草在南京地区的建坪表现与成坪质量比较研究

采用环境适应参数及坪用性评价指标对12种草坪草在南京地区建植过程中的品种特性,成坪质量及坪用性状进行了系统研究。研究结果表明供试的12个品种中,几种高羊茅品种、午夜草地早熟禾品种色泽青绿,生长速度快,盖度高,环境适应性强,成坪质量好,坪用性高,最适于在南京地区建坪。多年生黑麦草品种特性较好,比较适于建坪,匍匐翦股颖爱神特品种色泽浓绿,成坪质量良好,但越夏率低、坪用性较差;狗牙根品种抗病虫害能力及耐热性均较强,但越冬能力较差,青绿期短,坪用性较差;马蹄金、白三叶青绿期短、色泽淡、耐寒性差、坪用性较差,不适宜于南京地区建坪。     

对引进草坪草在青海西宁地区的种植品质评价

通过对巴林、亨特、白宝、首相、百琪、百绿、凌志和维加斯8个引进草坪草品种的品质评价，研究了其在西宁地区的坪用性表现以及适应能力，选择出品质较优良的品种。测定了各品种的密度、盖度、质地、耐磨度、颜色、生育型和生长速度以及越冬力。结果表明，供试8个品种中的巴林、亨特、百琪、凌志和维加斯5个品种有较好的越冬能力(WH≥3)。而8个品种均表现出良好的坪用性(TPPl或TPP2≥3)，其中，巴林(Wh＝5，TPP1＝3．6，TPP2＝3.7)、亨特(Wh＝5，TPPl＝3.4，TPP2＝3.6)、百琪(Wh＝4，TPPl＝4.1，TPP2＝3．5)、凌志(Wh＝4，TPPl＝3.0，TPP2＝3．5)和百绿(Wh＝3，TPPl＝4.0，TPP2＝3.1)5个品种无论是越冬力还是坪用性均表现突出，可以作为当地品质较优良的草坪草。     

禽霍乱基因缺陷菌株双型联合免疫的研究

将禽源多杀性巴氏杆菌Ｃ４８－１株（血清型为５∶Ａ）用化学诱变剂亚硝基胍（ＮＴＧ）处理，从３０００多个克隆中筛选出９株链霉素依赖性基因缺陷型菌株（Ｃｓｔｄ株），经２０代连续回复突变测定，除１株外，其余８株表型稳定。将８株Ｃｓｔｄ株用小鼠做毒力比较试验，其中５株加注链霉素表现毒力，不加注链霉素则不表现毒力；用小鼠做免疫力测定，其中Ｃｓｔｄ－１和Ｃｓｔｄ－７能保护１０个最小致死量（ＭＬＤ）同型强毒菌的攻击。将Ｃｓｔｄ－１株与另一禽源多杀性巴氏杆菌Ｐ１０５９株（血清型为８∶Ａ）的链霉素依赖型菌株Ｐｓｔｄ－６混合，用小鼠做双型联合免疫试验，结果小鼠能抵抗Ｃ４８－１和Ｐ１０５９两株强毒菌混合培养物１０个ＭＬＤ的攻击，保护率达１００％。     

无核椪柑良种──赣椪1号

赣椪１号是１９９８年江西省审定推广的无核椪柑良种。该品种树性直立,树形近圆柱形,枝梢分枝力强,树势较旺。果实高扁圆形,平均单果重１１４．６２ｇ;果皮光滑呈橙红色,厚度０．２３ｃｍ,松紧适度,易剥离,油胞细密;每果平均囊瓣数为 ９．６,囊瓣肾形;汁胞橙红色,肉质脆嫩、化渣,果汁多,含可溶性固形物１４．２３％、总糖１２．９％、总酸１．１２％、维生素Ｃ １９．７ｍｇ／１００ｍｌ,固酸比１２．７;果实表现无核（平均单果种子数为０．１粒）;１１月下旬成熟;贮藏性好。此外,该品种适应性强,在立地条件较差的红壤…     

用品种遗传结构预测杂种优势的可行性研究

用６个兔品种为材料，测定出５种血液蛋白质（酶）多态座位－－红细胞酯酶（Ｅｓ－１，Ｅｓ－２，Ｅｓ－３）前转铁白（Ｐｒｔ）及后白蛋白（Ｐｏ）的基因频率，依此估算出各群体的平均杂合度及Ｎｅｉ氏遗传距离值。本研究依据平均杂合度选择亲本性别（ＨＤ〉Ｈｓ），又参考种群间遗传距离值预测所可能表现优势的组合，它们基本都包括在通过配合力测定所推选的４个最佳组合之内，因而把这两项参数作为选择杂交组合的依据来预测杂种估     

草地早熟禾引种适应性研究

2000～2001年在贵州独山对引进的23个草地早熟禾不同品种进行比较试验。结果表明:有5个品种的适应性和综合坪用性状表现良好,可以在本地区及类似生态区推广。     

GT火凤凰——抗旱、耐热、耐草甘磷的新型高羊茅配比品种

“GT火凤凰”（GT Fire Phoenix）是获得美国品种专利保护的一类耐除草剂（草甘磷）的草坪草新型品种，它是专门为炎热和干旱地区建植草坪而设计组配的，由多个极耐热、抗旱、抗病又耐草甘磷除草剂的优秀高羊茅品种组合而成。因此，“GT火凤凰”不仅集合了现代草坪草的优异坪用性、密度高、色泽亮丽、质地柔细、生长低矮，耐热性、抗旱力、抗病力等综合坪用性状，而且拥有杂草防除作业简便易行的突出特点。该新品种一经问世，立即博得了业界人士的高度关注。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -