初情期母牦牛发情期与乏情期主要生殖激素分泌特点的研究

用ELISA对10头发情期内和5头乏情期内的初情期母牦牛进行24 h内血清促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)、黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)分泌情况检测并比较体重和解剖观察子宫的发育情况。结果显示:发情期母牦牛体重、子宫重、子宫颈-子宫体长、外阴-子宫体长均高于乏情期母牦牛(P0.05),并且在发情期内发情母牦牛高于未发情母牦牛(P0.05);发情期24 h内初情期母牦牛在GnRH、LH、FSH分泌量明显高于乏情期母牦牛(P0.001);在发情期内发情母牦牛GnRH、LH、FSH的分泌量明显高于未发情母牦牛(P0.001)。对比发情期内未发情母牦牛与乏情期母牦牛,二者分泌量均较低,但是发情期内未发情母牦牛激素含量较高并且有较为明显的峰值出现。     

发情和乏情初产母猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴差异表达基因筛选及分析

研究旨在分析发情和乏情初产母猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴基因表达的差异,探讨母猪乏情调控的分子机制。选用6头健康的断奶初产母猪,分为发情组（3头）和乏情组（3头）,屠宰后分别采集下丘脑、垂体、卵巢进行转录组测序（RNA-Seq）、GO功能富集、KEGG通路及相关蛋白的Western blotting分析。结果发现,发情组下丘脑、垂体、卵巢分别获得52 432 800、52 573 730和52 209 252条clean reads,与猪参考基因组（Sus scrofa 11.1）的比对率分别为78.69%、81.49%和79.26%;乏情组下丘脑、垂体、卵巢分别获得52 516 724,52 476 820和52 195 962条clean reads,与猪参考基因组的比对率分别为82.38%、83.05%和80.20%。与发情组母猪相比,乏情组母猪下丘脑中共有710个差异表达基因,其中上调基因392个,下调基因318个;垂体中共有707个差异表达基因,其中上调基因283个,下调基因424个;卵巢中共有956个差异表达基因,其中上调基因635个,下调基因321个。3种组织中的共有差异表达基因为36个。与母猪情期调控相关的亲吻素-1（KISS1）、G-蛋白偶联受体54（GPR54）、速激肽3（TAC3）、速激肽3受体（TACR3）、17-α-羟化酶/17,20碳链裂解酶（CYP17A1）、芳香化酶（CYP19A1）、类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白（STAR）、促性腺激素释放激素受体（GnRHR）和雌激素受体1（ESR1）基因在乏情组母猪体内显著下调（P<0.05;P<0.01）。Western blotting分析结果显示,TAC3、TAC3R、KISS1和GPR54相关蛋白在乏情组母猪下丘脑中也显著下调（P<0.05）。GO和KEGG通路分析发现,差异表达基因显著富集于正调控胆固醇酯化反应、卵巢类固醇生成、GnRH信号通路、FoxO信号等一些与类固醇激素生成和卵泡发育相关的信号通路。本研究结果表明,发情和乏情初产母猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴上与情期调控相关的基因存在差异表达,尤其是Kisspeptin/GPR54和TAC3/TACR3两大系统的mRNA及蛋白表达水平在乏情组母猪下丘脑中均显著下调,推测可能是Kisspeptin/GPR54和TAC3/TACR表达受损导致了下丘脑调节功能障碍,进而导致了初产母猪乏情。该研究为揭示初产母猪乏情分子调控机制提供了重要支持,为今后利用分子技术改善母猪乏情问题提供了重要理论依据。     

染料木素对舍饲哈萨克羊乏情期诱导发情的作用

为了解染料木素对舍饲哈萨克羊乏情期诱导发情的调理作用,选用体况接近的15月龄半同胞哈萨克母羊18只,随机分成3个组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,高剂量组和低剂量组每天每只分别给予40、20 mg的染料木素,给药24 d。结果显示:高剂量组发情羊所占比例为50.00%,低剂量组16.67%,对照组无发情绵羊;与对照组和低剂量组相比,高剂量组显著提高绵羊体内雌激素水平(P0.05),与对照组相比低剂量组显著提高绵羊体内雌激素水平(P0.05);与对照组相比,试验组绵羊血清中总蛋白、白蛋白和血清钙含量均显著增加(P0.05)。结果表明:一定剂量的染料木素可以诱导舍饲哈萨克羊在乏情期发情。     

雌二醇和催产素对乏情期绵羊子宫肌电活动性的影响

用微电极技术研究了４只乏情期绵羊自发性和激素诱导性子宫肌电图（ＥＭＧ），并同时测定了血浆１７β－雌二醇（Ｅ２β）和孕酮（Ｐ４）的。自发性子宫肌电图呈节率性静、动复合波丛的基础图型，平均峰电位频率为６８２次／小时，幅度１９０μＶ，子宫运动率（ＭＲ）７．３％。催产素（ＯＸＴ）可激发频率达１７２５次／小时，使基础波丛变为活动性单一波丛，ＭＲ＝８．４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。苯甲酸睢二醇（Ｅ２）则对基础波丛呈抑     

青海高原牦牛乏情期卵巢形态和卵泡的观测

随着西部大开发和退耕还株 (草 )政策的进一步实施 ,占全国牦牛总数的 38.2 3% 〔1〕的青海牦牛的开发和利用将显得越来越重要 ,牦牛肉和牦牛的副产品受到愈来愈多国内外消费者的青睐。为了进一步加快牦牛资源的开发和利用 ,加速牦牛的转化速度和改善卵巢功能 ,提高牦牛的繁殖性能提供一些基础理论依据 ,对青海牦牛在乏情期的卵巢形态和卵泡进行了观测。1　材料与方法1 .1　供试牦牛 :本试验于 2 0 0 0年 1 0～ 1 1月份 (牦牛乏情季节 )选择生活在青海高原上 (天峻县 ,平均海拔为 34 0 0ｍ)的 1 5头成年未孕母牦牛作为试验牛。1 .2　 试验方…     

氯前列烯醇对乏情期绵羊子宫肌电活动的影响

采用浆膜表面埋植双极引导电极多道同时记录法 ,测定苯甲酸雌二醇 (E2 )诱导乏情期绵羊子宫体、子宫角肌电活动及氯前列烯醇(PGF2α)对它的影响。结果表明 :子宫肌电图 (EMG)呈节律性静、动复合波丛 ,平均峰电峰值子宫体为 (14 7 58± 33 54) μV ,子宫角为 (138 36± 40 93) μV ;峰电频率子宫体为 (1 7 0 0± 1 2 5)cpm ,子宫角为 (34 44± 3 1 8)cpm。在E2 对子宫EMG抑制 /兴奋双向作用的抑制阶段内PGF2α可以显著增加子宫体肌电活动的峰电频率 (2 7 93± 5 35)cpm ,(54 94± 7 88)cpm ,t =8 0 2 ,p <0 0 1 ) ,子宫体肌电活动比率增加了 2 10 68%(7 68,1 6 56) ;极显著地增加子宫角肌电活动的峰电频率 (35 62± 5 48)cpm ,(73 70± 2 7 74)cpm ,t=4 0 5 ,(p<0 0 1 ) ,子宫角肌电活动比率增加了 2 2 3 73%(1 4 92 ,33 38)。E2 与PGF2α在临床上配合使用能够显著地增加子宫的兴奋性     

乏情和发情初产母猪下丘脑-垂体轴中miRNA表达谱比较分析

【目的】从神经内分泌系统揭示微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)调控初产母猪情期活动的遗传机制。【方法】利用RNA-Seq技术对乏情和发情初产母猪下丘脑-垂体轴中的small RNA进行测序,获得了母猪下丘脑和垂体miRNA表达谱,并对筛选的差异表达miRNA进行GO和KEGG等功能分析。【结果】从所构建的4个文库中共鉴定出1 096个miRNAs,其中已知miRNAs 364个,新预测miRNAs 732个。以发情母猪为对照,在乏情母猪的下丘脑有16个miRNAs存在差异表达,其中6个上调,10个下调;在乏情母猪垂体有9个miRNAs存在差异表达,其中2个上调,7个下调。下丘脑中16个差异表达miRNAs共预测到5 212个靶基因,垂体中9个差异表达miRNAs共预测到6 897个靶基因。下丘脑中靶基因主要在细胞投射组装、质膜结合的细胞投射组装、神经元投射发育的负调控、蛋白丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶活性等GO条目及Ras信号通路、神经营养因子信号通路、ErbB信号通路、mTOR信号通路等KEGG信号通路中显著富集;垂体中靶基因主要在mRNA加工调控、Ras GTP酶结合、泛素样蛋白连接...     

乏情和发情初产母猪卵巢microRNA差异表达分析

为了探索卵巢microRNA （miRNA）在初产母猪生殖调控中的作用,本研究利用Illumina高通量测序技术检测了乏情和发情初产母猪卵巢miRNA的表达谱,并对表达量较高且差异显著的miRNA进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,本研究构建的两个small RNA文库共鉴定出503个miRNAs,其中已知的303个,新预测的200个。在已知的miRNA中,ssc-miR-10b在两个文库中的表达量最高,其次为ssc-miR-143-3p和ssc-miR-26a;在新预测的miRNA中,chr13_2637_mature在两个文库中的表达量最高,其次为chr8_9994_mature。与发情母猪相比,共有145个miRNAs发生显著变化（read counts>10,∣log₂（fold-change）∣>1）,上调114个,下调31个。在进一步筛选的31个表达量较高且差异显著的miRNAs（read counts>1 000,∣log₂（fold-change）∣>1）中,新预测的chr13_2585_mature上调倍数最高,且只在乏情母猪卵巢中表达。31个miRNAs共预测到7 388个靶基因,KEGG信号通路分析显示,有2 788个靶基因注释到了297个KEGG通路,前20个最富集的通路部分与生殖过程或生殖活动调控相关,表明这31个miRNAs参与了初产母猪的生殖调控。本研究结果丰富了猪miRNA数据资源,为进一步深入研究初产母猪的繁殖性能提供了理论依据。     

牦牛乏情期卵泡发育与17β-雌二醇含量相关分析

选择乏情期牦牛30头,进行卵巢卵泡发育与血浆17β-雌二醇含量相关的分析。结果表明:当卵泡大小在1.0~5.9mm(替补卵泡)时,左右两侧卵巢卵泡数与血浆17β-雌二醇含量呈负相关(P>0.05);当卵泡大小在6.0~8.9mm(选择卵泡)时,左侧卵泡数与血浆17β-雌二醇含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而右侧卵巢卵泡数与血浆17β-雌二醇含量呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01);当卵泡大小在9.0~15.0mm(优势卵泡)时,左右两侧卵巢泡数与血浆17β-雌二醇含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

孕马血清和氯前列烯醇对母猪产后乏情的作用及对比试验

应用激素孕马血清PMSG和氯前列烯醇PGC对断奶后长期不发情的母猪进行治疗对比试验。结果:PGC HCG组疗效显著,母猪发情率达66.7%、配种受胎率达87.5,%平均产仔数达9.85头,均显著高于PMSG组和PGC组(p<0.01)。试验结果表明,母猪产后乏情可能主要是卵巢持久黄体病造成,应用PGC HCG治疗,可迅速溶解黄体、促使卵泡发育、成熟,得到较好的母猪发情率、受胎率和产仔数。     

胚胎移植试验羊群发情规律的研究

为了有效提高绵羊体细胞克隆和转基因等研究工作的效率,缩短胚胎移植试验羊群中空怀个体的利用周期间隔,试验对采用不同移植方法的胚胎移植受体及供体绵羊进行了移植前后的发情规律研究。结果表明:采用自制孕激素海绵栓和进口阴道孕激素释放装置(CIDR)对绵羊进行同期发情处理时发情率均接近90%,且92%以上的个体发情起始时间均集中在撤栓后24～48 h。在胚胎移植试验结束后,未参加胚胎移植个体和子宫角法未移植受体第2情期发情起始时间主要集中在上次发情后的14～20 d,而输卵管法未移植受体和输卵管法冲卵供体的发情时间则比较分散,呈现明显延后状态。未参加胚胎移植个体和子宫角法未移植受体人工授精后的受胎率接近往年羊场的平均水平,输卵管法未移植受体的受胎率略有下降,且输卵管法冲卵供体的受胎率明显降低。     

泌乳早期发情和乏情奶牛机体代谢和生殖机能的变化

在某一集约化牛场,随机选取奶牛30头,在奶牛产后发情期(50～90 d)内根据奶牛是否发情将奶牛分为发情组和乏情组。通过对试验奶牛血液生化指标(Glu、BHBA、NEFA)、内分泌指标(FSH、LH、LP、E2、P4)等进行调查和检测。结果显示:当奶牛发情时,机体血浆Glu、FSH、LH、E2和LP浓度高,血浆NEFA、P4浓度低,但乏情时正好相反。当奶牛发情时,血浆leptin与LH、E2呈显著正相关,与P4呈显著负相关,但乏情奶牛未呈现相关性。这些结果提示奶牛乏情与机体能量代谢状况和Ins、Gn、E2、P4、Lp分泌少有关。能量平衡能促进奶牛产后发情,与机体高水平血糖、Lp、FSH、LH、E2和低水平P4、NEFA有关。LP是奶牛泌乳早期发情的一个重要调控因子,在奶牛产后能量平衡、生产性能和繁殖性能之间起到一个平衡纽带的作用。     

PMSG对甘肃高山细毛羊同期发情和繁殖率的影响

在甘肃省肃南县康乐乡对甘肃高山细毛羊应用阴道栓与孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG) 结合处理,结果表明,不同注射剂量和处理方式对母羊的同期发情和繁殖率均有影响,在埋栓后12.5 d注射550 IU PMSG并在放栓后14 d撤除阴道栓后的0-48 h发情率显著高于其他试验组(P<0.05);在埋栓后13 d注射600 IU PMSG同时撤除阴道栓的试验组繁殖率最高(P<0.05)。但综合繁殖率和经济效益考虑,在埋栓后间隔12.5 d注射550 IU PMSG并在放栓后14 d撤除阴道栓0-48 h的试验组效果最好,平均每只母羊净收入可达773.7元。     

Effect of environmental factors on estrus synchronization and artificial insemination success in farmers flock in sheep under semi-arid tropical region

Environmental cues in the different seasons might influence the estrus and lambing percentages. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of environmental factors on estrus synchronization (ES) and artificial insemination success in sheep . During the period from 2012 to 2017, a total of 1,197 ewes of Kheri and Malpura breeds of 34 farms originating from 10 villages were synchronized for estrus and then fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was done. Oestrous synchronization was done by intravaginal progesterone sponges and eCG protocol. Fixed-time cervical insemination was performed 48 and 56 hr after sponge removal in ewes exhibiting estrus, using liquid chilled semen containing 100 million sperm per dose of Patanwadi/Malpura rams. Mean sunshine hours, maximum and minimum ambient temperatures, temperature amplitude, mean relative humidity (RH), temperature-humidity index (THI), mean temperature during sponge-in to sponge-out—12-day period, sponge-out and next day, AI day and AI to next 15 days have been calculated. The estrus response and lambing percentage were higher (p < .05) when ES and FTAI were done during hot-humid with rainfall season. Successful (p < .05) ES occur when the minimum temperature was higher in cold-humid season, and the sunshine hour was higher in hot-humid with scanty rainfall season during sponge-in to sponge-out period. The success of the lambing percentage was higher (p < .05) when maximum temperature, minimum temperature, mean temperature and THI was higher on the day of AI and the next 15-day period, irrespective of the season. The success of FTAI indicates the adaptability of the local breed to tolerate the harsh climate of the hot semi-arid region without much hindrance in lambing percentages.     

东北细毛羊发情和排卵规律的研究

本实验系统观察了东北细毛羊的繁殖季节开始时间、发情周期长度、发情持续时间、排卵时间及早期胚胎发育进程等。结果表明：（１）在黑龙江地区大多数（７０．３％）东北细毛羊于７月２１日至８月９日开始发情季节，也即于夏至后１个月至５０ｄ内开始发情；（２）发情周期平均长度１６．６３±０．８４ｄ，８０％的羊为１６～１７ｄ，方差组分估计和Ｆ检验判断，发情周期长度在羊个体间和个体内的差异均不显著；（３）平均发情持续时间３８．３４±１３．７３ｈ，８５％的羊为２４～４８ｈ，方差组分估计和Ｆ检验证明，发情持续时间的个体差异显著且个体间差异显著大于个体内差异；（４）发情开始后２６～３５ｈ排卵；（５）发情５１ｈ胚胎处２．细胞期，６６～７２ｈ处４～６细胞期，７６～８１ｈ处８－细胞期。     

Toll-like receptor genes are differentially expressed at the sites of infection during the progression of Johne's disease in outbred sheep

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are engaged by ligands on microbial pathogens to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. Little is known about TLR involvement during infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. ptb), the cause of Johne's disease in ruminants, although there is a profound immunopathological response in affected animals. We have analyzed the expression of 10 TLR genes relative to validated reference genes at predilection sites in ileum, jejunum and associated lymph nodes as well as in peripheral blood, to determine if TLR expression is altered in response to infection with M. ptb in outbred sheep. Previously unexposed animals from two flocks and animals from three naturally infected flocks were used with restricted maximum likelihood linear mixed modeling applied to determine significant differences. These were related to the pathologies observed at different stages of infection in exposed sheep, after allowing for other sources of variation. In most cases there were differences in TLR expression between early paucibacillary and multibacillary groups when compared to uninfected sheep, with most TLRs for the paucibacillary group having lower expression levels than the multibacillary group. Increased expression of TLR1-5, and 8 was observed in ileum or jejunum, and TLR1-4, 6, and 8 in mesenteric lymph nodes. There was a trend for increased expression of TLR1, 2, and 6-8 in PBMCs of exposed compared to non-exposed animals. Further study of TLR expression in Johne's disease in ruminants is warranted as these observed differences may help explain pathogenesis and may be useful in the future diagnosis of M. ptb infection.     

The secretion of luteinizing hormone in ewes of Finnish landrace during estrus

The secretion of luteinizing hormone in ewes of Finnish Landrace during estrus. Acta vet. scand. 1979, 20, 216–223. — Luteinizing hormone immunoreactivity was measured in the venous plasma of four cycling Finnish Landrace sheep during the breeding season in connection with one synchronized estrus and the subsequent one. The ewes were slaughtered after the second estrus to establish the number of ovulations. To determine the LH concentration, a heterologous method of assay was used; this was based on the cross reaction of sheep plasma LH in a human LH radioimmunoassay system.As a result of the investigation, it was found that the peaks of LH were lower during the time of synchronized estrus and that these peaks occurred earlier than in the subsequent estrus. However, the differences were not statistically significant. On account of the limited material, the effect of the occurrence of the LH peak on the number of ovulations could not be established.