奶牛乳腺炎防治研究进展

本文对近年来国内外对奶牛乳腺炎防治的研究进展进行了综述。内容包括抗生素治疗、疫苗免疫、生物疗法(细胞因子疗法、溶菌酶疗法、抗菌肽疗法)、中药疗法的研究进展等。     

奶牛乳腺炎及其防治研究进展

主要分析了诱发奶牛乳腺炎的物理性、生物性和营养性因素及其发病规律,介绍了奶牛乳腺炎的预防措施及治疗方法,以期为临床有效防治奶牛乳腺炎提供参考。     

奶牛乳腺炎防治研究进展

奶牛乳腺炎是制约奶牛业发展和危害消费者健康的最主要因素。据国内外相关资料显示。近年来．各种类型的乳腺炎特别是隐性乳腺炎的发病数约占泌乳期奶牛总数的1／3，而且发病率呈不断上升的趋势。该病不仅影响奶牛的产奶量、降低牛奶品质、危害消费者健康、延长产后发情期、增加奶牛淘汰率．而且是降低奶牛业经济效益的最主要原因。     

中草药防治奶牛乳腺炎的研究进展

综述了近年来中草药防治奶牛乳腺炎的研究进展、防治机理,并对中草药防治奶牛乳腺炎的前景进行了展望,指出中草药治疗奶牛乳腺炎具有广阔的前景.     

中草药防治奶牛乳腺炎的研究进展

乳腺炎是影响现代奶牛生产的重要疾病之一,对奶牛养殖业和消费者健康危害很大.使用中草药治疗奶牛乳腺炎可利用中草药对细菌的抑制和杀灭作用,清除致病因素,恢复机体的正常状态;同时还可利用中草药改善乳房局部的血液循环,调节乳腺细胞的血液供应,进而修复被损害的乳腺细胞,达到治愈乳房炎的目的.中草药治疗与其他治疗法相比还具有低残、低毒、不易产生耐药性等特点.     

中草药防治奶牛乳腺炎研究进展

作为奶牛常发病之一的奶牛乳腺炎,因影响牛奶的产出率和质量而在对奶业造成巨大经济损失的同时,对人类的健康也构成了威胁。据报道,全世界三分之一的奶牛患有该病,每年因此病造成的损失高达350亿美元。李晓楠等研究发现,呼和浩特地区奶牛乳腺炎的发病率为29.60%,临床型乳腺炎的发病率为7.16%;双城地区隐性乳腺炎的发病率为22.99%,临床型乳腺炎的发病率为9.87%。     

奶牛乳腺炎的综合防治

奶牛乳腺炎是一种多因素性疫病,是奶牛饲养中花费最高的疾病之一。乳腺炎的发生与病原微生物、环境卫生和挤奶方式有着直接的关系。本文主要介绍奶牛乳腺炎的病因、发病症状、诊断、治疗及综合预防等,为预防和治疗该病提供参考依据。     

奶牛乳腺炎的诊断与防治

奶牛乳腺炎是由多种致病因素引起的乳房急慢性炎症,特征是患病奶牛乳汁发生理化性质的改变,乳腺组织产生病灶。在实际生产中,最易观察到的是乳汁颜色发生明显改变,乳汁中出现大量凝块及白细胞。本文总结了奶牛乳腺炎的主要症状和流行病学,并提出了抗生素治疗、全身治疗、乳房灌注和干奶期疗法等治疗措施。     

奶牛乳腺炎疫苗的研究进展

乳腺炎是世界上最常见、最重要的奶牛疾病之一,每年乳腺炎给奶牛产业带来了巨大的经济损失,主要包括奶牛过早淘汰或死亡,高成本的兽药治疗以及滞销奶的成本等。乳腺炎主要是由接触性传染病原微生物或环境性病原体引起的,对上述两种乳腺炎的防治最好是通过预防而不是治疗。防控乳腺感染的手段除了在产奶期间加强管理外,疫苗接种是大部分奶牛场防止或减少临床乳腺炎发生而广泛采取的手段。本文就近年来临床上使用的不同类型的奶牛乳腺炎疫苗的应用进行总结,综述并比较了近几年不同类型的乳腺炎病原体疫苗在奶牛临床应用情况。     

Vaccine development for the prevention of staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows

Staphylococci are the most common and costly mammary disease of dairy cattle worldwide. Target of RNAIII Activating Protein (TRAP), a membrane associated 167AA protein, is highly conserved among staphylococci and was shown in Staphylococcus aureus to be involved in bacterial stress response. The aims of this study were to test the safety and efficacy of recombinant TRAP (rTRAP) vaccine in dairy animals. The vaccine was safe as 2-3 subcutaneous injections of rTRAP (54-100 μg) with adjuvant ISA 206 to cows and goats did not lead to any abnormal symptoms of sensitivity to the vaccine. The rTRAP vaccine was immunogenic and caused the induction of a humoral immune response that remained high for at least 160 d post second immunization. The rTRAP vaccine was efficacious; at parturition only 13.5% (5/37) heifers in the immunized group were infected with Staphylococcus chromogenes as compared to 42.9% (18/42) in the non-immunized group. Additionally, when cows were immunized in mid-lactation, the difference between somatic cell count (SCC) in immunized and control animals was profound (45 ± 7 vs. 470 ± 194, respectively). At the same time, the difference in milk yield was also evident (48.3 ± 1.4 L d(-1)vs. 44.3 ± 0.9 L d(-1), respectively). Put together, these studies indicate the value of the rTRAP vaccine in preventing new udder infections by staphylococci, which significantly lead to lowered SCC and some increase in milk yield. TRAP is conserved among all strains and species and is constitutively expressed in any strain of S. aureus or CNS tested so far, including those isolated from cows. TRAP may thus serve as a universal anti-staphylococcus vaccine.     

中药防治奶牛乳房炎的研究进展

奶牛乳房炎(Bovine mastitis)是乳腺受到物理、化学、微生物刺激所发生的一种炎性变化,是奶牛的常见病和多发病.引起奶牛乳房炎的主要致病因素是病原微生物感染,一般根据病原微生物传染方式及生存繁殖的场所分为两类:传染性病原菌和环境性病原菌.传染性病原菌包括无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等,主要在奶牛乳房内生存繁殖,多是在挤奶时通过挤奶员的手、清洗乳房的毛巾、挤奶杯等途径传染;环境性病原菌主要包括大肠杆菌、乳房链球菌、化脓性棒状杆菌等,主要在牛体外生活和繁殖,如粪便、垫料、污水、泥土及蝇类等.当牛与外界环境接触或机体抵抗力下降时发生感染而发病.     

奶牛乳房炎的治疗方法

奶牛乳房炎是乳腺受到物理、化学、微生物刺激所发生的一种炎性变化.本病以乳汁的理化性改变为主,由多种非特定的病原微生物引起,不仅影响产奶量、牛乳质量、延长产后发情和妊娠时间,严重时还能使奶牛泌乳机能丧失而被淘汰,是世界奶牛业的主要危害因素之一[1-3].笔者根据多年的治疗经验,总结如下.     

奶牛乳腺炎防治的思考与探讨

从 3个方面分析了奶牛乳腺炎防治失败的原因 ,包括 :抗生素 ,细菌和宿主之间相互作用和自身发生变化 ;不注重隐性乳房炎的治疗 ;挤奶技术、设备、程序不当等。提出防治乳腺炎几点建议 :创造良好的饲养环境 ;补充维生素和微量元素 ;开发研制奶牛乳腺炎疫苗 ;奶牛乳腺炎的综合治疗     

畜禽遗传参数估计方法的研究进展

遗传参数估计是动物育种中的一项基础工作，它可以归结为方差组分估计。随着计算技术和数量遗传学的发展，进行遗传参数估计的新的统计分析模型和朝的估计方法不断涌现。本文则综述了从最初的方差分析（ANOVA）方法到最近的R新方法等方差组分估计方法的原理及优缺点。     

Experimental Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis mastitis in dairy cows

The inoculation of 2000 colony-forming units of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis into one teat canal of each of three cows resulted in severe, chronic, pyogranulomatous mastitis. Within three days the cows had a reduced haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration and red cell count. The anaemia was initially normocytic, normochromic and non-regenerative, and was associated with a brief peak of neutrophilia; a regenerative response became evident two to three weeks later. Clinical signs of mastitis appeared seven to 14 days after the inoculation, with a peak of high fever, more severe anaemia, a second peak of neutrophilia and the complete cessation of milk production from all quarters; extensive and severe pyogranulomatous mastitis developed in the inoculated quarters. No other lesions were detected postmortem, and C pseudotuberculosis was cultured from the affected quarters but not from the supramammary lymph nodes and viscera.     

生物氧疗法辅助治疗奶牛临床型乳房炎疗效观察

乳房炎是成年奶牛最常见的一种疾病,发病率可达30%(Gardner等,1990),奶牛生产单位每年因乳房炎导致的淘汰率约10%,占牛群总淘汰率的1/2左右[1].乳房炎可以降低奶牛产奶量(下降10%～15%)、增加医疗费用支出,从而造成严重的经济损失;此外,乳房炎还会降低牛奶品质、造成牛奶的公共卫生安全隐患[1-3].     

Pathological and microbiological characterization of mastitis in dairy cows

Mastitis may be caused by a wide range of microorganisms able to induce distinct lesions in mammary tissues. This study aims to characterize the gross and microscopic features of mastitis in dairy cows and to correlate them with the pathogens involved. The udders of slaughtered dairy cows were inspected and milk samples from each mammary quarter or fragments of the parenchyma were sent for microbiological analysis, and tissue collected for histopathological evaluation. A total of 148 cows and 592 mammary quarters were collected. From these, 432 quarters (73%) had mastitis and in 160 (27%), no changes were observed. Mastitis was classified into seven patterns based on the histopathological findings, of which mixed, lymphoplasmacytic, and suppurative mastitides were the most prevalent with 35.9% (155/432), 27.1% (117/432), and 14.3% (62/432) of the cases, respectively. These patterns were associated with the same set of pathogens: Streptococcus spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and Corynebacterium bovis. The pyogranulomatous pattern represented 7.2% (31/432) of the cases with distinct distribution based on the agent involved, mostly S. aureus and Nocardia sp. Abscedative mastitis accounted for 6.0% (26/432) of the cases; it was characterized by multiple abscesses in the parenchyma and was mainly caused by Trueperella pyogenes. Necrosuppurative mastitis represented 5.8% (25/432) of the cases which were characterized by severe parenchyma necrosis and were caused by bacteria such as CNS and Escherichia coli. The granulomatous pattern represented 3.7% (16/432) of the cases and was occasionally associated with Mycobacterium sp.

     

Automated detection of estrus and mastitis in dairy cows

The development and test of detection models for oestrus and mastitis in dairy cows is described in a PhD thesis that was defended in Wageningen on June 5, 2000. These models were based on sensors for milk yield, milk temperature, electrical conductivity of milk, and cow activity and concentrate intake, and on combined processing of the sensor data. The models alert farmers to cows that need attention, because of possible oestrus or mastitis. A first detection model for cows, milked twice a day, was based on time series models for the sensor variables. A time series model describes the dependence between successive observations. The parameters of the time series models were fitted on-line for each cow after each milking by means of a Kalman filter, a mathematical method to estimate the state of a system on-line. The Kalman filter gives the best estimate of the current state of a system based on all preceding observations. This model was tested for 2 years on two experimental farms, and under field conditions on four farms over several years. A second detection model, for cow milked in an automatic milking system (AMS), was based on a generalization of the first model. Two data sets (one small, one large) were used for testing. The results for oestrus detection were good for both models. The results for mastitis detection were varying (in some cases good, in other cases moderate). Fuzzy logic was used to classify mastitis and oestrus alerts with both detection models, to reduce the number of false positive alerts. Fuzzy logic makes approximate reasoning possible, where statements can be partly true or false. Input for the fuzzy logic model were alerts from the detection models and additional information. The number of false positive alerts decreased considerably, while the number of detected cases remained at the same level. These models make automated detection possible in practice.