Kisspeptin对哺乳动物生殖调控的研究进展

Kisspeptin是由KISS1基因编码的一种神经肽。Kisspeptin与其受体是GnRH神经元上游的关键调节因子,通过调控GnRH释放刺激垂体促性腺激素的分泌。Kisspeptin在哺乳动物下丘脑、垂体和性腺等器官组织中表达,参与下丘脑-垂体-性腺(HPG)轴功能调控,在哺乳动物生殖过程中发挥重要作用。文章主要从下丘脑、垂体和性腺三个方面阐述Kisspeptin对哺乳动物生殖功能的调控作用,并就Kisspeptin在动物初情期启动、季节性繁殖和繁殖性能上的研究进行分析总结,以期为Kisspeptin在动物繁殖领域的研究和应用提供参考依据。     

Kiss1基因调控哺乳动物繁殖性能的研究进展

Kiss1基因是近年来繁殖生理学领域的研究热点。Kiss1基因编码的多肽类激素叫Kisspeptin。Kiss1基因主要表达于下丘脑弓状核和下丘脑前腹部室旁核区域。Kisspeptin可通过其受体GPR54的介导来发挥作用。Kiss1基因是促性腺激素释放激素的关键上游调节子,在性腺轴系统中起到中枢节点作用。Kiss1在动物初情期启动、季节性发情、生殖调控中起着关键作用。论文就Kiss1基因在哺乳动物繁殖方面的研究进展进行简单综述。     

GPR54在初情期中的作用

初情期时,激素脉冲式分泌促使性腺的发育成熟.GPR54(G蛋白偶联受体)与它的配体一起在初情期启动时起着决定性的作用,缺失GPR54的小鼠不能达到初情期,生殖器官发育不成熟,性激素类固醇和促性腺激素水平低,但GnRH的水平正常.在人类,由于GPR54基因突变导致性腺机能衰退.在更小程度上来说,Metastin(肿瘤迁移抑制因子)和GPR54的产量是通过睾酮和雌激素来负调节的.在啮齿目动物上,注射GPR54配体能够增加激素的分泌.因此,可能在GnRH分泌水平上,下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的正常功能需要GPR54.     

瘦素对动物生殖调控的研究进展

瘦素是由白色脂肪细胞分泌的一种蛋白类激素,对动物的采食量及能量平衡调控具有明显的作用。除此之外,瘦素对生殖系统也有着重要的调节作用。瘦素通过JAK-STAT途径及与KiSS-1/GPR54系统的相互作用,对动物初情期的启动,下丘脑—垂体—性腺(HPG)轴及胎盘与子宫等产生广泛的影响。     

猪GPR54基因在下丘脑、垂体、卵巢发育性表达变化的研究

分别随机选取处于初生、60日龄、120日龄、初情期、180日龄的苏姜猪母猪各4头,进行屠宰,采集下丘脑、垂体、卵巢,采用反转录多聚酶链式反应（RT-PCR）,以-βactin作内标,定量分析下丘脑、垂体、卵巢中GPR54mRNA发育性变化。结果显示：苏姜猪GPR54 mRNA在下丘脑、垂体、卵巢组织内从初生到初情期表达量逐渐上升,初情期后呈下降趋势,初情期GPR54 mRNA表达丰度与初生、180日龄差异显著（P〈0.05）;在不同组织器官中,GPR54 mRNA表达丰度在卵巢中最高,下丘脑中表达丰度最低,下丘脑的表达丰度与垂体、卵巢中的表达丰度均差异显著（P〈0.05）。     

瘦素对哺乳动物初情启动的影响及其可能机制

脂肪细胞分泌的瘦素作为新陈代谢的信号因子在动物繁殖过程中扮演着重要的角色。由能量负平衡造成的血液中瘦素浓度降低或因缺少功能性的瘦素及其受体时会导致动物初情期启动发生紊乱。近年来研究表明,瘦素能调节下丘脑Kiss-1神经元Kisspeptin蛋白分泌来影响下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能,进而引起动物一系列生理活动的变化。因此,本文结合近年来的新发现总结了瘦素对哺乳动物初情启动的影响及其可能的作用机制。     

初情期前后GPR54 mRNA在猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴内的定位

研究应用原位杂交技术检测GPR54 mRNA在苏姜猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴中的分布定位.在60日龄和初情期(160日龄)2个不同发育阶段的下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴中均检测到GPR54 mRNA阳性杂交信号,结果表明:苏姜猪2个不同发育阶段的3种组织中均有GPR54 mRNA表达.其中下丘脑以弓状核、腹内侧核的阳性杂交信号最强,尤其是在初情期更明显;各级卵泡中以初情期时成熟卵泡的阳性杂交信号最强.     

KISS基因的研究进展

KISS-1基因与GPR54基因一起组成KISS-1/GPR54系统,参与动物下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能的调节；KISS-2基因也参与动物性腺轴调控,而且作用比KISS-1基因强.研究经济动物KISS基因与繁殖性状的相关有非常重大的意义.本文主要论述了KISS-1基因的结构、组织分布、产物结构和功能,对KISS-2基因的研究进展也作了简单综述.     

Kisspeptin/GPR54信号通路对下丘脑-脑垂体-性腺轴的调节机制

作为耦联体的kisspeptin/GPR54在动物体的下丘脑具有较高表达,kiss I mRNA的表达不仅受光照周期的影响,而且受雌激素的调节,然而雌激素对下丘脑Arc和AVPV区域kisspeptin神经细胞的调节却截然相反。kisspeptin/GPR54通过G蛋白耦联机制激活GnRH细胞的脉冲分泌,从而对下丘脑-脑垂体-性腺轴进行调节。     

梅山与长大母猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴Kiss1和GPR54基因的表达差异

研究早熟与晚熟品种母猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴Kiss1和GPR54基因的表达差异。选用8头梅山母猪与12头长大(LY)母猪为研究对象,梅山母猪于70 d和100 d屠宰,LY母猪于70、100 d和199 d屠宰,收集血清及下丘脑、垂体、卵巢组织样品。ELISA检测血清瘦素(Leptin)和雌二醇(E2)水平,PCR克隆梅山与LY母猪Kiss1基因编码序列,实时荧光定量PCR检测母猪下丘脑、垂体、卵巢组织Kiss1和GPR54基因表达水平。结果表明:梅山与LY母猪Kiss1基因编码序列相似性为100%;梅山与LY母猪初情期下丘脑Kiss1基因表达量极显著高于垂体与卵巢(P<0.01),卵巢GPR54基因表达水平显著高于下丘脑与垂体(P<0.05)。梅山母猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴Kiss1基因表达水平都显著高于相同日龄和初情期LY母猪(P<0.05),梅山母猪血清Leptin水平极显著高于相同日龄LY母猪(P<0.01)。而E2水平显著高于100 d与初情期LY母猪(P<0.01)。Leptin与下丘脑Kiss1和GPR54基因表达呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而E2仅与下丘脑Kiss1基因表达有极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);梅山与LY母猪Kiss1基因编码区序列相似性为100%,梅山母猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴上kiss1基因表达量较LY母猪高,主要原因可能是初情日龄早,下丘脑Kiss1基因表达水平的高低与血清Leptin和E2浓度密切相关。     

Research Progress of Kisspeptin/GPR54 in Mammalian Reproduction

Kisspeptin is the coding product of the Kiss1 gene, which can bind to its G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 and activate the PLC/PKC/MAPK signaling pathway, thereby playing an important role in inhibiting tumor metastasis, regulating animal reproduction and initiating the estrus. Kisspeptin/GPR54 is not only expressed in hypothalamus but also widely expressed in pituitary and gonads, which is involved in regulating reproduction of animals. We summarizes the latest researches about kisspeptin/GPR54 regulating reproduction and puberty initiation of animals in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. More importantly, the location and distribution of kisspeptin/GPR54 and its possible direct regulation on gametogenesis were highlighted in the gonads in this article. Besides, some problems faced in kisspeptin/GPR54 related research and its future research directions were concluded, which will better help the research and application of kisspentin/GPR54 in animal reproduction.     

Seasonal differential expression of KiSS‐1/GPR54 in the striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) among different tissues

Kisspeptins and G protein coupled receptor (GPR54) play significant roles in regulating reproductive activity among seasonally reproductive animals; however, the mechanisms of KiSS‐1 and GPR54 gene affecting the seasonal reproduction in striped hamster are still unknown. In this study, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was employed to examine the expression profiles of KiSS‐1 and GPR54 in the hypothalamus, ovaries, testes, uterus and epididymis of striped hamsters across 4 different seasons. Our results showed that, across different seasons, the KiSS‐1 expression mode of male striped hamsters and the GPR54 expression mode of female striped hamsters were consistent with the seasonal photoperiod in the hypothalamus. Meanwhile, across different seasons, the expression profile of KiSS‐1 in the testes and the GPR54 expression profile of male striped hamsters in the hypothalamus were consistent with the intensity of their seasonal reproductive activity. Among different tissues, the expression trend for GPR54 is consistent across 4 seasons, while that for KiSS‐1 is tissue‐dependent. The expression trend for GPR54 across 4 seasons is the same regardless of gender, while that for KiSS‐1 is dramatically different and sex‐dependent across different seasons. These results suggest that the expressions of KiSS‐1 and GPR54 in the striped hamsters were regulated by complicated mechanisms, and the regulatory mechanisms in the striped hamsters are seasonal‐dependent and sex‐dependent. This research will provide a theoretical basis for studying how KiSS‐1 and GPR54 affect seasonal reproduction and the mechanisms behind their influence.     

Expression of GPR54 Gene in Different Tissues and Cellular Localization in Testis of Sheep

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the expression of G-protein coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) in various tissues and the cellular localization of testis of 4 to 6-month-old sheep.In this experiment,mRNA expression was detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.Cellular localization of GPR54 in testis was examined by immunohistochemistry.The results showed that GPR54 mRNA was expressed in all the tissues,and abundantly expressed in hypothalamus,pituitary gland and testis.The expression level gradually increased with the individual growth and development,the mRNA and protein expression of GPR54 in testis of 6-month-old was significantly higher than 4-month-old and 5-month-old (P<0.05);It was detected that GPR54 expression only in spermatogonia and a very number of primary spermatocytes in the testis by immunohistochemical staining,and it could detect significantly that the GPR54 expression in many split early sperm cells.The results demonstrated that it had close relationship between GPR54 and sexually mature of animals and the process of spermatogenesis in male animals.     

GPR54基因在绵羊不同组织中的表达及其在睾丸中的定位研究

试验旨在研究GPR54(G-protein coupled receptor 54)基因在绵羊不同组织中的表达及其在4~6月龄公羔睾丸组织中的表达特性及定位。本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测各组织GPR54 mRNA表达规律,以及其在不同月龄公羔睾丸中的表达量,运用免疫组化技术对睾丸中GPR54基因进行定位分析。结果显示,GPR54在不同组织中均有不同程度的表达,其中在下丘脑、垂体和睾丸中大量表达;GPR54在4~6月龄绵羊公羔睾丸组织中呈阶段性表达,6月龄表达量显著高于4和5月龄(P<0.05);4月龄时,在精原细胞和极少数的初级精母细胞中检测到较弱的阳性信号;6月龄性成熟时,在睾丸中分裂早期的精子细胞检测到强阳性信号。综上表明,GPR54基因在绵羊不同组织中广泛表达,在下丘脑-垂体-睾丸生殖轴中发挥重要的作用,并与动物的性成熟及雄性动物精子发生过程有密切的关系。     

Kisspeptin as a master player in the central control of reproduction in mammals: An overview of kisspeptin research in domestic animals

The hypothalamo‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPG) axis is the regulatory system for reproduction in mammals. Because secretion of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) into the portal vessels is the final step at which the brain controls gonadal activities, the GnRH neuronal system had been thought to be central to the HPG axis. A newly discovered neural peptide, kisspeptin, has opened a new era in reproductive neuroendocrinology. As shown in a variety of mammals, kisspeptin is a potent endogenous secretagogue of GnRH, and the kisspeptin neuronal system governs both the pulsatile GnRH secretion that drives folliculogenesis, spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, and the GnRH surge that triggers ovulation in females. The kisspeptin neuronal system is therefore considered a master player in the central control of mammalian reproduction, and kisspeptin and related substances could therefore be valuable for the development of novel strategies for the management of fertility in farm animals. To this end, the present review aimed to summarize the current research on kisspeptin signaling with a focus on domestic animals such as sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and horses.     

发情和乏情初产母猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴差异表达基因筛选及分析

研究旨在分析发情和乏情初产母猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴基因表达的差异,探讨母猪乏情调控的分子机制。选用6头健康的断奶初产母猪,分为发情组（3头）和乏情组（3头）,屠宰后分别采集下丘脑、垂体、卵巢进行转录组测序（RNA-Seq）、GO功能富集、KEGG通路及相关蛋白的Western blotting分析。结果发现,发情组下丘脑、垂体、卵巢分别获得52 432 800、52 573 730和52 209 252条clean reads,与猪参考基因组（Sus scrofa 11.1）的比对率分别为78.69%、81.49%和79.26%;乏情组下丘脑、垂体、卵巢分别获得52 516 724,52 476 820和52 195 962条clean reads,与猪参考基因组的比对率分别为82.38%、83.05%和80.20%。与发情组母猪相比,乏情组母猪下丘脑中共有710个差异表达基因,其中上调基因392个,下调基因318个;垂体中共有707个差异表达基因,其中上调基因283个,下调基因424个;卵巢中共有956个差异表达基因,其中上调基因635个,下调基因321个。3种组织中的共有差异表达基因为36个。与母猪情期调控相关的亲吻素-1（KISS1）、G-蛋白偶联受体54（GPR54）、速激肽3（TAC3）、速激肽3受体（TACR3）、17-α-羟化酶/17,20碳链裂解酶（CYP17A1）、芳香化酶（CYP19A1）、类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白（STAR）、促性腺激素释放激素受体（GnRHR）和雌激素受体1（ESR1）基因在乏情组母猪体内显著下调（P<0.05;P<0.01）。Western blotting分析结果显示,TAC3、TAC3R、KISS1和GPR54相关蛋白在乏情组母猪下丘脑中也显著下调（P<0.05）。GO和KEGG通路分析发现,差异表达基因显著富集于正调控胆固醇酯化反应、卵巢类固醇生成、GnRH信号通路、FoxO信号等一些与类固醇激素生成和卵泡发育相关的信号通路。本研究结果表明,发情和乏情初产母猪下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴上与情期调控相关的基因存在差异表达,尤其是Kisspeptin/GPR54和TAC3/TACR3两大系统的mRNA及蛋白表达水平在乏情组母猪下丘脑中均显著下调,推测可能是Kisspeptin/GPR54和TAC3/TACR表达受损导致了下丘脑调节功能障碍,进而导致了初产母猪乏情。该研究为揭示初产母猪乏情分子调控机制提供了重要支持,为今后利用分子技术改善母猪乏情问题提供了重要理论依据。     

Basic Aspects of the Control of GnRH and LH Secretions by Kisspeptin: Potential Applications for Better Control of Fertility in Females

The neuronal control of fertility and sterility has been a subject of research for years. However, nowadays, in spite of considerable literature about GnRH during the last few decades, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby gonadal steroids and other peripheral signals converge in the brain to achieve the fine regulation of GnRH secretion remains partially unknown. In this scenario, a major breakthrough in our understanding of the neuronal signals governing reproduction took place in 2003 with the discovery of metastin/kisspeptin as a major player in the control of GnRH secretion. This molecule, first described as having a crucial role in triggering the onset of puberty, is involved in all phases of reproductive life and hence has attracted the interest of many reproductive neuroendocrinologists. Administered either centrally or peripherally, kisspeptin strongly induces the secretion of gonadotropin in many species, mainly through stimulation of GnRH secretion. Kisspeptin cells involved in the control of GnRH secretion are located in two regions of the brain: the preoptic area and the arcuate nucleus. Carrying oestradiol receptor alpha, kisspeptin cells of these regions appear to be the main integration centres for the expression of both the positive and negative feedback of steroid on GnRH secretion. More recently, this molecule has been shown to be able to synchronize preovulatory surges in cyclic ewes and cause ovulation in seasonally acyclic ewes. This review summarizes the most relevant aspects of the role of kisspeptin in GnRH/LH release and the potential application of this molecule in new strategies for controlling female fertility.     

Involvement of anteroventral periventricular metastin/kisspeptin neurons in estrogen positive feedback action on luteinizing hormone release in female rats

Metastin/kisspeptin, the KiSS-1 gene product, has been identified as an endogenous ligand of GPR54 that reportedly regulates GnRH/LH surges and estrous cyclicity in female rats. The aim of the present study was to determine if metastin/kisspeptin neurons are a target of estrogen positive feedback to induce GnRH/LH surges. We demonstrated that preoptic area (POA) infusion of the anti-rat metastin/kisspeptin monoclonal antibody blocked the estrogen-induced LH surge, indicating that endogenous metastin/kisspeptin released around the POA mediates the estrogen positive feedback effect on GnRH/LH release. Metastin/kisspeptin neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) may be responsible for mediating the feedback effect because the percentage of c-Fos-expressing KiSS-1 mRNA-positive cells to total KiSS-1 mRNA-positive cells was significantly higher in the afternoon than in the morning in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of high estradiol (E(2))-treated females. The percentage of c-Fos-expressing metastin/kisspeptin neurons was not different between the afternoon and morning in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Most of the KiSS-1 mRNA expressing cells contain ERalpha immunoreactivity in the AVPV and ARC. In addition, AVPV KiSS-1 mRNA expressions were highest in the proestrous afternoon and lowest in the diestrus 1 in females and were increased by estrogen treatment in ovariectomized animals. On the other hand, the ARC KiSS-1 mRNA expressions were highest at diestrus 2 and lowest at proestrous afternoon and were increased by ovariectomy and decreased by high estrogen treatment. Males lacking the surge mode of GnRH/LH release showed no obvious cluster of metastin/kisspeptin-immunoreactive neurons in the AVPV when compared with high E(2)-treated females, which showed a much greater density of these neurons. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that the AVPV metastin/kisspeptin neurons are a target of estrogen positive feedback to induce GnRH/LH surges in female rats.     

动物季节性繁殖调控的研究进展

就有关动物季节性繁殖密切相关的促性腺激素释放激素、褪黑素及kisspeptin在动物季节性繁殖调控中的作用进行了探讨。     

Research Advance on the Relationship between Leptin and Reproduction Activities of Mammal

Studies in the last two decades found that Leptin not only involves in the regulation of mammalian ingestion and energy homeostasis,but also serves as a metabolic signal regulating the mammalian reproduction by acting on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis,the placenta and the uterus.Leptin gene is one of the most important candidate genes for research on livestock's growth,development and meat quality,and also for research on prolificacy of livestock due to its key role in regulating the mammalian embryo implantation.Therefore,it is of important scientific significance and potential application value in studying functions and mechanisms of Leptin and its receptor gene.This paper is to dwell on how Leptin regulates mammalian breeding activities including the onset of puberty,development of reproductive organs and gonads,secretion of reproductive hormones,and embryo implantation,and also on how some reproduction activities influence the Leptin secretion in the body.