猪卵母细胞与猪、水牛及食蟹猴精子的胞质内显微受精

为探讨猪精子、水牛精子及食蟹猴精子分别注入到猪卵母细胞后原核形成及早期胚胎发育情况,利用屠宰场收集的猪卵母细胞,经体外成熟44～48h后,进行胞质内显微受精(ICSI)操作。试验1:体外培养18～19h,用Ho-echst33342荧光染色,检查原核形成情况。试验2:进行体外培养,ICSI后2d检查分裂率,7d记录囊胚率。试验1结果显示:在原核形成率上,猪同种显微受精,原核形成率(50.10%)显著高于注入水牛精子(37.06%)及食蟹猴精子(37.48%),且差异显著(P0.05),注入水牛精子和食蟹猴精子间差异不显著。试验2结果显示:猪同种显微受精所得的分裂率(86.58%)和囊胚率(29.93%)与水牛精子注入(70.98%,18.48%)、食蟹猴精子注入(78.69%,16.92%)差异显著(P0.05)。结果表明,水牛精子、食蟹猴精子分别注入到猪卵母细胞后,观察到雌雄原核和精子解聚;水牛精子注入猪卵母细胞与食蟹猴精子注入猪卵母细胞,经体外培养发育到囊胚。     

小尾寒羊腔前卵泡体外生长发育的研究

近20年来,胚胎移植、体外受精、核移植、转基因等胚胎工程技术在理论和生产应用上已取得了很大进展.然而,所有这些技术是建立在具有完全发育能力的卵母细胞的基础之上的.大量卵母细胞的体外成熟培养是这些技术的限速步骤之一.目前采用的有腔卵泡卵母细胞的体外成熟和超数排卵,不能提供充足的卵母细胞以支撑胚胎工程技术的进一步发展.此外,卵巢中的卵母细胞绝大多数以无腔的形式存在于卵巢皮质内,有腔卵泡所占比例不到1%,屠宰场屠宰羊只后的卵巢内含有大量的腔前卵泡.如果建立腔前卵泡的体外培养体系,获得大量的具有成熟和受精能力的卵母细胞,一方面将会最大限度地挖掘保存卵巢上遗传资源;另一方面将极大的促进胚胎工程技术的研究与应用,还有利于研究卵泡和卵母细胞的生长和发育规律.     

我国首例冷冻“试管牛犊”出生

我国第一头冷冻体外受精胚胎的雄性“试管牛犊”于1989年9月在江苏农科院出生。该试验是将奶牛卵母细胞体外培养成熟,再与解冻后的精子体外受精。受精卵在体外培养发育至囊胚,然后冷冻並保存在-196℃的液氮中。     

羊体外胚胎高效生产技术研究现状

体外胚胎生产技术作为胚胎工程技术的基础,在提高繁殖潜力、加速良种繁育等多方面具有重要意义,包括卵母细胞采集、体外成熟、体外受精、体外胚胎培养等技术。文章主要介绍羊体外胚胎高效生产技术研究现状,分析卵母细胞体外成熟、体外受精、体外胚胎培养影响因素,并提出了羊卵泡的预测标记、卵母细胞新型质检手段、模拟羊体内环境的培养体系,以期为羊卵母细胞体外培养技术的研究及在胚胎高效生产中的应用提供参考。     

牛体外胚胎高效生产技术优化研究

为了探讨小卵泡液、放线菌酮(CHX)对卵母细胞预成熟、囊胚滋养层细胞囊泡(TVS来源于体外受精培养14 d的滋养层细胞)、维生素对牛体外胚胎质量的影响。在B超仪下进行牛活体取卵(OPU),从牛活体卵巢采集卵母细胞,进行体外成熟、体外受精、早期胚胎体外培养。结果表明:10%小卵泡液及8%CHX的卵母细胞预成熟4 h组显著优于对照组;在体外受精及早期胚胎培养液CR1aa中添加10μg/m L维生素C组与TVS共培养组的卵裂率和囊胚发育率均高于其他试验组(P0.05);体外胚胎与TVS共移植受胎率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。说明活体采集的卵母细胞经体外预成熟处理,可以达到核质同期化的目的,早期胚胎的培育过程中加入TVS、抗氧化剂等可以克服早期胚胎的发育阻滞,提高体外胚胎的囊胚发育率。     

食蟹猴妊娠早期剖宫取胎术的建立

为建立规范的食蟹猴妊娠早期剖宫取胎术以获得实验用胚胎，对16只妊娠食蟹猴(胎儿胎龄为28～70 d)使用盐酸氯胺酮和异氟烷施行麻醉后，进行剖宫取胎术，并给予静脉滴注止血、消炎药物7 d和肌内注射缩宫素3 d等术后护理。共获得21枚结构完整的胚胎，受术食蟹猴的切口在术后2周左右愈合。结果表明：所建立的食蟹猴妊娠早期剖宫取胎术可获得高质量的实验用胚胎。     

褪黑素对动物生殖功能的影响

正哺乳动物卵巢中含有大量的腔前卵泡,但是在发育到有腔卵泡前大约99.9%的卵泡都走向闭锁、退化,这无疑是动物繁殖领域内巨大的浪费。卵母细胞是体外受精、胚胎移植、动物克隆和转基因等胚胎生物技术研究和开发不可或缺的材料,然而卵母细胞来源十分匮乏成为其发展的一个制约性因素,无疑腔前卵泡的体外培养技术为其提供了一个有效途径。目前,在动物卵泡体外培养实验中仅有小鼠的原始卵泡经培养后,卵母细胞发育成熟并获得了活体后代。     

食蟹猴肝门静脉置管并体外留置模型的建立

目的:建立食蟹猴肝门静脉置管并体外留置模型。方法:将6只食蟹猴行气管插管吸入麻醉,取右腹直肌切口,定位肠系膜上静脉及肝门静脉主干,游离、切断肠系膜上静脉左侧属支,将中心静脉导管(PICC)插入并置于肝门静脉主干内,结扎固定。导管末端经右侧腹壁皮下引至背部穿出固定并穿特制猴衣保护。结果:实验组6只食蟹猴麻醉效果良好,手术全部成功,平均手术时间约1h,术后7d手术切口愈合。结论:食蟹猴肝门静脉置管并体外留置模型成功建立,为开展相关实验研究提供技术支持。     

幼畜胚胎体外生产技术的研究进展

家畜JIVET技术采用外源促性腺激素处理幼龄母畜,诱导其卵泡大量发育,并与活体采卵、卵母细胞体外成熟、体外受精技术相结合体外生产胚胎,经胚胎移植后产生后代。本文综述了JIVET技术的研究现状,以及JIVET技术中幼畜的选择、超排方案、卵母细胞采集和体外培养的条件等,并进一步分析了JIVET技术生产胚胎的影响因素及存在的问题。     

幼畜胚胎体外生产技术的研究进展

家畜JIVET技术采用外源促性腺激素处理幼龄母畜,诱导其卵泡大量发育,并与活体采卵、卵母细胞体外成熟、体外受精技术相结合体外生产胚胎,经胚胎移植后产生后代.本文综述了JIVET技术的研究现状,以及JIVET技术中幼畜的选择、超排方案、卵母细胞采集和体外培养的条件等,并进一步分析了JIVET技术生产胚胎的影响因素及存在的问题.     

In Vitro Production of Equine Embryos

The development of methods to produce embryos in vitro in the horse has been delayed compared with other domestic species. Oocytes can be collected from excised ovaries or from the small or preovulatory follicles of live mares. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is the only reliable method to fertilize equine oocytes in vitro. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection-produced embryos can be transferred into the oviducts of recipient mares or cultured to the morula or blastocyst stage of development for nonsurgical embryo transfers into recipients' uteri. Embryos cultured in vitro have some morphological differences compared with embryos collected from the mares' uteri. Most notably, the embryonic capsule does not form in culture, and the zona pellucida fails to expand completely. However, embryo produced in vitro can result in viable pregnancies and healthy offspring.     

哺乳动物体内、外生产胚胎的表观遗传差异研究进展

体外胚胎生产作为一项高效的辅助生殖技术,对优质种质资源的保存利用及遗传改良具有重要意义。但与体内生产胚胎相比,体外生产胚胎在培养过程中出现生长发育缓慢、卵裂率低、凋亡比例增加等问题,移植后伴随着胎盘肥大、孕期延长等问题,还可能出现早产、出生体重降低、巨胎综合征(LOS)等,这与基因表达异常和表观遗传修饰异常有重要关系。文章简单回顾了近年来表观修饰学在体内、外生产胚胎的研究进展,主要介绍了印记基因的表观修饰、DNA甲基化及组蛋白乙酰化在哺乳动物体内、外生产胚胎之间的差异,简述了微阵列技术在体内、外生产胚胎之间的应用,以期找到导致体内、外胚胎质量差异的关键印记基因及其作用途径,探讨体外生产胚胎质量低于体内胚胎的原因,进而改善体外胚胎生产体系。     

Successful blastocyst production by intracytoplasmic injection of sperm after in vitro maturation of follicular oocytes obtained from immature female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis)

Advanced reproductive technologies are being applied for the propagation of squirrel monkeys, to ensure their preservation as a genetic resource and the effective use of their gametes in the future. In the present study, oocytes and spermatozoa were collected from live squirrel monkeys, following which piezo intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was performed using these gametes. Follicular development was induced by administering equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) containing inhibin antiserum to an immature squirrel monkey female. The unilateral ovary was excised after the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), to induce ovulation, following which the larger developed follicular oocytes were collected. Follicular oocytes were prepared for ICSI using sperm from the epididymal tail of a unilateral testis extracted from a mature male. The embryos were continuously incubated in CMRL 1066 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum. Embryo culture was performed with cumulus cells. Two experiments of ICSI carried out with three females resulted in 14 mature oocytes from the 49 cumulus-oocyte complexes collected and five embryos, three of which developed into blastocysts. These blastocysts were vitrified, thawed, and transferred to recipient monkeys, but no pregnancies resulted. In conclusion, the present study is the first to successfully produce ICSI-derived blastocysts from MII oocytes obtained by means of hormone administration (a combination of eCG+inhibin antiserum and hCG) and in vitro maturation in immature squirrel monkeys.     

Development of interspecies cloned monkey embryos reconstructed with bovine enucleated oocytes

This study was carried out to determine whether culture media reconstructed with bovine enucleated oocytes and the expression pattern of Oct-4 could support dedifferentiaton of monkey fibroblasts in interspecies cloned monkey embryos. In this study, monkey and bovine skin fibroblasts were used as donor cells for reconstruction with bovine enucleated oocytes. The reconstructed monkey interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) embryos were then cultured under six different culture conditions with modifications of the embryo culture media and normal bovine and monkey specifications. The Oct-4 expression patterns of the embryos were examined at the two-cell to blastocyst stages using immunocytochemistry. The monkey iSCNT embryos showed similar cleavage rates to those of bovine SCNT and bovine parthenogenetic activation (PA). However, the monkey iSCNT embryos were not able to develop beyond the 16-cell stage under any of the culture conditions. In monkey and bovine SCNT embryos, Oct-4 could be detected from the two-cell to blastocyst stage, and in bovine PA embryos, Oct-4 was detectable from the morula to blastocyst stage. These results suggested that bovine ooplasm could support dedifferentiation of monkey somatic cell nuclei but could not support embryo development to either the compact morula or blastocyst stage. In conclusion, we found that the culture conditions that tend to enhance monkey iSCNT embryo development and the expression pattern of Oct-4 in cloned embryos (monkey iSCNT and bovine SCNT) are different than in bovine PA embryos.     

拉曼光谱结合支持向量机对猪胞质内单精子显微注射胚胎性别的鉴定分析

【目的】 探求一种无损的、非侵入性的、快速的胚胎性别鉴定方法。【方法】 以207个猪卵胞质内单精子显微注射(intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI)胚胎及其培养液为研究对象,单个胚胎经巢式PCR扩增鉴定其性别后随机分成训练集和测试集,同时利用拉曼光谱技术获取单个ICSI胚胎培养液的拉曼光谱。原始光谱经过处理后,采用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)算法构建分类模型,先用训练样本进行训练和建模,然后预测测试样本的性别,结合PCR性别鉴定的结果,计算分类准确率。【结果】 通过巢式PCR对207个胚胎进行性别鉴定,鉴定出71个雄性胚胎、128个雌性胚胎,8个样品扩增失败。猪ICSI雄性胚胎培养液在1 082和1 360 cm^-1拉曼位移处特征峰强度明显高于雌性胚胎,构建的胚胎性别鉴定模型的分类准确率为81.5%,雌性和雄性胚胎的分类准确率分别为81.3%和81.8%。【结论】 本研究将拉曼光谱技术与SVM法相结合构建了胚胎性别鉴定模型,分类准确率达到81.5%,提供了一种新的、无损的胚胎性别鉴定方法。     

ICSI受精卵胞质注射生产转基因猪胚胎的初步研究

试验旨在探讨单精子胞浆内注射（intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI）法生产猪体外受精卵和应用猪ICSI受精卵进行胞质注射生产转基因胚胎的可行性。首先对比了猪体外受精（in vitro fertilization,IVF）受精卵与ICSI受精卵的胚胎发育效率;然后观察了猪ICSI受精卵的双原核形成时间及效率,对精子注射到胞质后6~18 h分6个时间段进行地衣红染色,对比精子进入卵胞质后的状态及原核形成;最后对猪IVF受精卵受精后8~10 h及ICSI受精卵受精后12~14 h进行EGFP-N1质粒（20 ng/μL）胞质注射,观察胚胎发育效率及转基因效率。结果表明,ICSI受精卵的胚胎发育率（卵裂率89.4%和67.9%、囊胚率36.5%和16.1%）显著优于IVF组（P<0.05）,适合用于猪的体外受精卵试验;猪ICSI受精卵双原核在精子注射到卵胞质后12~14 h形成,双原核形成率为54.90%,显著高于其余5个试验组（P<0.05）;ICSI受精卵胞质注射组胚胎卵裂率（86.2%和66.3%）、囊胚率（30.0%和13.6%）及转基因效率（18.5%和0）均显著高于IVF受精卵胞质注射试验组（P<0.05）。本试验结果为采用ICSI受精卵进行胞质注射生产转基因猪的研究奠定了基础。     

影响猪ICSI转基因技术效率的主要因素研究

以猪体外成熟卵子和冷冻解冻的死精子为材料,以pEGFP-N1为模式基因,探讨注射台温度、激活后6-DMAP的处理和精子与PEGFP-N1孵育液添加BSA(牛血清白蛋白)对精子胞质内注射(ICSI)转基因效率的影响。结果表明:注射台温度为30℃时的阳性率为40.07%,而38.5℃时为20.97%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。添加BSA的囊胚转基因率为55.56%,对照组为33.33%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。6-DMAP处理组与对照组的转基因率分别为52.53%和26.25%,差异极显著(P<0.01);而且6-DMAP处理组的囊胚率(9.96%)显著高于(P<0.05)对照组(2.30%)。研究表明注射台温度对转基因效率有明显影响,温度高转基因率低;精子与PEGFP-N1孵育液添加BSA对转基因胚胎发育有一定促进和保护作用,有利于提高囊胚转基因率;激活后用6-DMAP处理能提高转基因率和囊胚率。     

Application of laser-assisted zona drilling to in vitro fertilization of cryopreserved mouse oocytes with spermatozoa from a subfertile transgenic mouse

Development of assisted reproductive technologies is necessary to obtain fertilized oocytes in a subfertile transgenic mouse strain. Here, we showed the application of laser-assisted drilling of the zona pellucida to in vitro fertilization of cryopreserved mouse oocytes with sperm from subfertile transgenic mice (C57BL/6N-Tg(UCP/FAD2)U8 strain). After cryopreservation by vitrification, the recovery and survival rates of the zona-drilled mouse oocytes were 97% (97/100) and 94% (91/97), respectively. In vitro fertilization of the cryopreserved zona-drilled mouse oocytes with sperm from the subfertile transgenic mice was greatly facilitated (60%, 55/91) compared to that of the cryopreserved zona-intact mouse oocytes (11%, 81/768). In vitro fertilized embryos that developed to the 2-cell stage were again cryopreserved by vitrification, and after warming they were transferred into recipient females. Subsequently, six viable offspring were delivered, and all were confirmed to be transgenic mice. These results indicate that laser-assisted zona drilling of oocytes combined with cryopreservation by vitrification may be a useful approach for large-scale production of in vitro fertilized embryos for managing transgenic mouse strains with reproductive disabilities such as subfertile sperm.     

Developmental competence of porcine blastocysts produced in vitro

The establishment of in vitro embryo production (IVP) system in pigs enables us to generate viable embryos with a quality equal to that of in vivo derived embryos. This technology contributes not only to developments in reproductive physiology and agriculture but also to biotechnologies for producing cloned or genetically modified pigs. The birth of piglets from in vitro matured and fertilized embryos at the two- to 4-cell stage was first achieved about 10 years ago, but it was only quite recently that piglets were produced after the transfer of IVP blastocysts. This improvement to the blastocyst stage of the in vitro culture system after in vitro maturation and fertilization can be expected to play a part in the development of an advanced IVP system. Here, we discuss the developmental ability of porcine embryos produced by our improved IVP system and the utilization of this technique in the new biotechnology.