高粱优异种质资源对多种病虫的抗性鉴定

2001～2003年,在田间采用人工接菌法进行高粱抗病性鉴定和利用田间自然发生的害虫种群与人工辅助接虫相结合的方法进行高粱抗虫性鉴定,对328份高粱种质资源进行了高粱丝黑穗病、高粱靶斑病、高粱蚜虫和玉米螟等4种病虫害的抗性同步鉴定.划清了供鉴定资源对不同病虫害的抗性等级,并筛选出单抗一种病虫资源22份,其中兼抗2种病害的双抗性资源5份, 而抗虫性资源较少.加强高粱抗病虫种质资源的收集和评价对于高粱育种和病虫害非常必要.     

高粱种质资源抗高粱蚜鉴定与评价研究

１９９６－１９９９年在田间自然感虫和人工接虫相结合的条件下,对１２６６份高粱种质资源进行了高梁抗蚜性鉴定,筛选了９份高抗材料和２３份抗性材料,对这批材料同步进行了高粱黑穗病、高粱靶斑产现任玉米螟等抗性鉴定,筛选出了１３份抗高粱蚜瘘抗其它病虫害的双抗或多抗材料 。     

高粱种质资源抗高粱靶斑病鉴定与评价

1996～1999年在田间人工接种诱导发病的条件下，对1476份高粱种质资源和40个高粱杂交种或杂交组合进行了抗高粱靶搬病抗性鉴定。从中鉴定筛选出419份抗高粱靶搬病的种质资源，9个高抗和7个抗高粱靶搬病的高粱杂交种或杂交组合。     

大豆蚜虫抗性鉴定技术及抗性资源筛选

探讨人工气候箱和田间网室2种接蚜鉴定方法对大豆蚜虫的鉴定效果,并用田间网室鉴定方法对109份黑龙江省栽培大豆进行蚜虫抗性分析.结果表明:田间网室和人工气候箱均能准确鉴定大豆品种的抗性;所有鉴定品种间抗性差异明显,但是没有免疫和高抗品种,抗性材料37份,占总检测材料的33.9%.     

大豆孢囊线虫3号小种抗性资源的持久抗性研究

１９９２￣１９９５年，应用田间自然发病重复鉴定、不同省份异地鉴定和人工接种卵悬浮液的多年多点鉴定方法，对４０份大豆孢囊线虫３号小种的抗性资源：其中免疫的１２份，抗病的２８份，进一步做持久抗性研究。结果原对３号小种免疫的１２份资源有１１份仍表现免疫，１份表现抗病；原来抗病的２８份资源仍全部表现抗病。鉴定结果表明参试的抗性资源抗性持久稳定，可供抗病育种应用。     

玉米灰斑病菌人工接种方法

玉米灰斑病是严重威胁玉米生产的叶部病害。采用喷雾、菌液灌心、高粱粒灌心、注射4种方法进行接种,以探索抗病资源鉴定中更为简便、易行、可靠的田间人工接种方法。对玉米叶部病害喷雾是常用的接种方法,对玉米灰斑病菌高粱粒灌心方法不但有利于保湿,而且便于操作,是抗性鉴定时的首选方法。在植株11～12叶期(喇叭口期)应用高粱粒灌心的接种方法,可获得理想的寄主发病效果。     

小麦品种资源对根腐病的抗源筛选与利用

１９７７－１９８６年间，对２０００多份国内外材料进行人工接种小麦根腐病，筛选出抗病材料４０多份利用这些材料配制了大量的杂交组合，选育出一批抗根腐病的优良品系，同时为其他育种单位鉴定和提供抗病品种资源。     

大豆资源对SMV株系抗性的鉴定

在南京田间对我国约六千份大豆资源进行大豆花叶病毒(SMV)抗性鉴定的结果,5.3％对本地区SMV毒源群体具有较佳抗性;黄淮、长江下游等地区资源的抗性优于其他地区。从国内及一些国外资源中入选的56份材料经实验室鉴定,28份具有株系专化抗性,包括7份抗S_(?)、S_c、S_(?)、S_h4个株系,3份抗3个株系,7份抗2个株系,11份抗1个株系。其中11份既具良好田间抗性又具对江苏主要株系S(?)及S_c的专化抗性,可作为本地区抗SMV育种的抗源。     

玉米杂交种(组合)和自交系对三病一虫多抗、兼抗性鉴定评价简报

1991～1997年对1201份玉米杂交种（组合）和自交系,经田间人工接种进行抗玉米大斑病、丝黑穗病、茎腐病及玉米螟心叶期抗性鉴定,结果综合评选出多抗、兼抗性杂交种（组合）348份,占鉴定的28.9％,其中多抗玉米杂交种242份,占鉴定的21．1％,抗源自交系106份,占鉴定的8.8％;单抗大斑病的玉米材料629份,占鉴定的52．4％;单抗丝黑穗病的玉米材料623份,占鉴定的51．9％;     

烟草品种（系）的烟草黑胫病抗性鉴定

采用离体叶片法测定了分离自湖南主产烟区的3个烟草黑胫病菌菌株的致病性,结果表明以Phy2菌株致病性最强。以Phy2为接种菌株,采用田间人工接种方法对13个烟草品种（系）进行了烟草黑胫病抗性鉴定。试验结果表明,对烟草黑胫病表现抗、中抗、中感和感病的分别为10份、1份、1份、1份,占鉴定品种（系）总数的76.9%、7.7%、7.7%、7.7%。其中湘烟3号和4-10-1抗性优于抗病对照品种K326和革新3号,而津巴布韦新引进品种KRK26对烟草黑胫病抗性较差。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.